| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 102 |
(Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty) |
Full Year Range of Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty is assumed. [1480, 1613] |
present |
Although present throughout the empire, transport infrastructure was often inadequate and frequently made impassable due to the harsh Russian winters. §REF§Perrie 2006: 34§REF§ | |
| 103 |
(Kievan Rus) |
Full Year Range of Kievan Rus is assumed. [880, 1242] |
present |
Bridge-builder (the mostnik)§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 448) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ | |
| 104 |
(Bagan) |
Full Year Range of Bagan is assumed. [1044, 1287] |
present |
Tagaung in Upper Burma produced a lot of gold.§REF§(Wicks 1992, 147) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Later period? "The Bawdwin mines are reputed to have been worked since the tenth century; in addition to the refuse of mining operations there are ruins of roads, stone bridges, settlements, fortifications, and burial sites."§REF§(Wicks 1992, 134) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ | |
| 105 |
(Kazan Khanate) |
Full Year Range of Kazan Khanate is assumed. [1438, 1552] |
present |
"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe."§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§ | |
| 107 |
(Novgorod Land) |
Full Year Range of Novgorod Land is assumed. [880, 1240] |
present |
At Novgorod a bridge connected the Kreml' (fortress) to the Market Square and the Court of Iaroslav.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ | |
| 108 |
(Russian Principate) |
Full Year Range of Russian Principate is assumed. [1133, 1240] |
present |
Bridge-builder (the mostnik)§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 448) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ | |
| 109 |
(Sharqi) |
Full Year Range of Sharqi is assumed. [1394, 1479] |
present |
"Sultan Mubarak Shah Sharqi [...] dug ba'olis (vast circular wells) and other wells, and made bridges and laid gardens for the welfare of his subjects."§REF§(Saeed 1972, 114-115) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§ "As the Sharqis were always leading military expeditions, it may be reasonably inferred that they would have constructed many bridges to facilitate the movement of their troops."§REF§(Saeed 1972, 164) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§ | |
| 110 |
(Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I) |
Full Year Range of Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I is assumed. [1454, 1648] |
present |
Bridges were present, built and maintained throughout the period. §REF§(Curtis 2013: 48) Curtis, Benjamin. 2013. The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. London; New York: Bloomsbury. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TRKUBP92§REF§ |