No General Descriptions provided.
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| Year Range | Early Wagadu Empire (mr_wagadu_1) was in: |
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Inhabitants.
Koumbi Saleh
"occupied from the sixth to the eighteenth century AD and home to between 15,000 and 20,000 people when it was most densely inhabited."
[1]
-- when was Koumbi Saleh most densely inhabited?
Kumbi Saleh developed from 250 CE.
[2]
"Le royaume couvrait les villes de Bokounou, Ouagadou et de Kaarta." The kingdom covered the cities of Bokounou , Ouagadou and Kaarta
[3]
Koumbi Saleh was a city in Ancient Ghana. "excavations and aerial surveys have revealed the remains of a large town covering an area of about 250 hectares with stone buildings, some of them two storeys high, the ground floors of which appear to have been used as stores for merchandise. The houses were close together, the streets narrow; there was a mosque, and extensive cemeteries."
[1]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 280)
[2]: (Conrad 2010, 12)
[3]: (Kabore, P. http://lewebpedagogique.com/patco/tag/ouagadou/)
in squared kilometers
Estimated using google area calculator and a map of "Ghana" which I have interpreted to represent the Soninke homeland. [Conrad 2010, p. 24]
People.
Sahel states = Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad. "Before the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry the population of the area of the present-day Sahel states is unlikely to have exceeded 50,000: once pastoralism and agriculture had become well-established the population can hardly have been less than half a million. The chronology of the transition is as yet totally obscure, but there is no reason to postulate anything above the 50,000 line before 3000 BC or place the achievement of the half million later than 1000 BC. From this latter point a low rate of increase is all that is needed to bring the total to 1m by AD 1 and 2m by AD 1000." [McEvedy_Jones 1978, p. 238]
levels.
"Le royaume aurait commencé modestement dans l’Aouker par une simple confédération de tribus Sarakollés dont chacune exerçait son autorité sur un espace bien déterminé." The kingdom had begun modestly in Aouker by a simple Sarakollés confederation of tribes, each of which exercised authority over a well-defined space.
[1]
"Sudanic states had their origin in groups led by patriarchs, councils of elders, or village chiefs. The state came into existence when a local elder, an immigrant warrior, or perhaps a priestly ruler established his control over other communities."
[2]
Clan
(General reference for West African states) "the basic social and political unit appears in the past to have been the small local group, bound together by ties of kinship. When a number of groups came together they formed a clan. The heads of local clans were usually responsible for certain religious rites connected with the land."
[3]
Kinship group
(General reference for West African states) "the basic social and political unit appears in the past to have been the small local group, bound together by ties of kinship. When a number of groups came together they formed a clan. The heads of local clans were usually responsible for certain religious rites connected with the land."
[3]
"Nothing is known about the political methods or history of Ghana under its early kings. What probably happened was that heads of large families or descent-lines among the Soninke, encouraged by the needs and opportunities of the trade in gold and other goods with Berber merchants of the Sahara, saw an advantage in having a single ruler, so they elected a king from among themselves. This king’s duty was to organize the trade and keep good relations with the Saharan traders, as well as acting as senior religious leader and as representative on earth of the ’founding ancestors’ of the Soninke people. ... He made gifts and gave rewards to all who served him."
[4]
In West Africa "Early states were simple in their government ... Some were ruled by a single chief or king and his counsellors. Others were governed by a council of chiefs or elders. Others again were formed by several neighbouring peoples whose chiefs were bound in loyalty to one another. Elsewhere, at the same time, there were people who found it better to get along without any chiefs."
[5]
"Traditional groups such as clans ... or age-sets of people born at about the same time, had influence in these early states, as in later times, because they could underpin a system of law and order."
[5]
[1]: (Kabore, P. http://lewebpedagogique.com/patco/tag/ouagadou/)
[2]: (Lapidus 2012, 590)
[3]: (Bovill 1958, 53)
[4]: (Davidson 1998, 27) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.
[5]: (Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.
Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) "the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron." [Davidson 1998, p. 8]
stone quarries, copper mines [1] Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) "the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron." [2]
[1]: (Posnansky 1981, 723, 719: Posnansky, N "The Societies of Africa South of the Sahara in the early iron age." Mokhtar, G. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.)
[2]: (Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.
"In the Senegal and Gambia area there exists a number of megalithic sites in the form of stone circles. Other megalithic sites have been found further east, within the borders of modern Mali..." [Bovill 1995, p. 53] - when do these date to?
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D." [Bovill 1995, p. 51] "The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events." [Conrad 2010, p. 13] Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. [Davidson 1998, p. 44]
Cowries at Awdaghurst "in the ninth to tenth centuries.... trading in them in the north in the eleventh century." [Devisse 1988, p. 421]
At Koumbi Saleh "occupied from the sixth to the eighteenth century": "Artifacts recovered from the site included many fragments of Mediterranean pottery, stones inscribed with Koranic verses and a number of glass weights so small in size they must have been used for weighing gold." [1] "Ancient Ghana was the first source of West African gold to be exploited by the trans-Saharan trade." [2] "D. Robert thinks that Awdaghurst may have been the source of the copper wire used as ’currency’ in Ghana." [3]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 280)
[2]: (Reader 1998, 279)
[3]: (Devisse 1988, 422)
According to al-Bakri, the king of Ghana could "employ large numbers of messengers and other servants." [Davidson 1998, p. 27]
At Koumbi Saleh "occupied from the sixth to the eighteenth century": "Artifacts recovered from the site included many fragments of Mediterranean pottery, stones inscribed with Koranic verses and a number of glass weights so small in size they must have been used for weighing gold." [1]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 280)
At Koumbi Saleh "occupied from the sixth to the eighteenth century": "Artifacts recovered from the site included many fragments of Mediterranean pottery, stones inscribed with Koranic verses and a number of glass weights so small in size they must have been used for weighing gold." [1]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 280)