Stone Walls Non Mortared List
A viewset for viewing and editing Stone Walls Non Mortared.
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{ "count": 363, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/stone-walls-non-mortared/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Ai Khanum ... was protected by large towers, a moat and an acropolis, as well as a large palace complex.\" §REF§Bernard, P. 'Ar Khanoum en Afghanistan hier (1964-1978) et aujourd'hui (2001): un site en pmi- Perspectives d'avenir', CRAI, pp. 971 1029. (2001)§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Photo of Han section of Great Wall built with loose stones. §REF§(Turnball 2007, 20) Turnball, Stephen. 2007. The Great Wall of China 221 BC-AD 1644. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Walls were still constructed of rammed earth and were often damaged by heavy rain.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walls used earth surrounding by bricks or wood §REF§(Lovell 2006, 31)§REF§ At Zhengzhou: \"The two external protective walls were similarly pounded, and the outer one was coated with a layer of protective pebbles, presumably to forestall erosion by falling rain and perhaps buttress it against floodwaters.\" §REF§(Peers 2011, 191)§REF§ Walls of Zhengzhou made out of earth.§REF§(Bagley 1999, 166) Bagley, R. in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L.1999. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ No stone used for fortification. Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walls used earth surrounding by bricks or wood §REF§(Lovell 2006, 31)§REF§ At Zhengzhou: \"The two external protective walls were similarly pounded, and the outer one was coated with a layer of protective pebbles, presumably to forestall erosion by falling rain and perhaps buttress it against floodwaters.\" §REF§(Peers 2011, 191)§REF§ Walls of Zhengzhou made out of earth.§REF§(Bagley 1999, 166) Bagley, R. in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L.1999. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ No stone used for fortification. Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walls used earth surrounding by bricks or wood §REF§(Lovell 2006, 31)§REF§ No stone used for fortification. Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Miao settlement is called “chai” (Illus. 12, 13), built generally against a mountainside or along a river, without any uniform appearance. The chai wall is made of earth or stone slabs, and there is no definite number of gates. The streets of a chai zigzag up and down, with tiny alleys on both sides. In each alley there are a few families. The alleys are interconnected. Without a guide one can get lost once inside a chai; turning right and left, one will be unable to find an exit. Chinese passing through a Miao chai often cannot find a single Miao, because they have gone into hiding in small alleys, barring the doors and refusing to come out. The Miao chais are not located along lines of communication but in the deep mountains and valleys accessible only by small paths. Although visible at a distance, they often cannot be reached. Without modern arms, they cannot be easily taken. For the last few hundred years continuous Miao unrest in western Hunan may be largely related to the fact that their chais were easy to defend and difficult to capture.'§REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 59§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " we need expert input in order to code this variable" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§ However most walls made of stamped earth during this period.§REF§(Falkenhausen 1999)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Pao-tun in the late Longshan and Erlitou used \"river pebbles on exterior wall faces to improve weathering.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 91)§REF§ <i>The river pebbles were apparently to \"improve weathering\" so archaeologists did not believe they had a role strengthening the wall as a fortification.</i>" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Great Wall" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. The Great Wall §REF§(Faust 2016, p.41)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No data yet. If not the typical Song fortification it is likely that stone fortifications existed, even if on a small/local scale." }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Earth ramparts rather than stone walls. Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.\" §REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Stone-fronted walls \"perhaps dateable to the period,\" have been found by archaeologists. §REF§(Lovell 2006, 112) Lovell, Julia. 2006. The Great Wall: China Against the World 1000 BC-AD 2000. New York: Grove Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Used against Qing troops by the Jinchuan. §REF§(Theobald 2013, 17)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. The Great Wall §REF§(Silberman 2012, 620)§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walls were constructed using earth. Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " work on Great Wall used \"pounded earth and sun-dried mud bricks.\"§REF§(Wright 1979, 103)§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Engineers and laborers built walls by ramming thin layers of loose earth in wood frames to form the core of the ramparts. They then face them with brick and stone to prevent erosion by rain and constructed battlements on top to provide for their defense.\" §REF§(Benn 2002, 45) Benn, Charles. 2002. China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Engineers and laborers built walls by ramming thin layers of loose earth in wood frames to form the core of the ramparts. They then face them with brick and stone to prevent erosion by rain and constructed battlements on top to provide for their defense.\" §REF§(Benn 2002, 45) Benn, Charles. 2002. China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Defensive fortifications were common feature of all Warring States kingdoms, known from Qi, Wei, Zhao, and Yan in 4th c bce; likely Chu as well. Some stone, but most were built of stamped earth.§REF§(Loewe 1999a, 1021)§REF§ Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Bielenstein 1980, 15)§REF§ Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§ <i>Mortared or unmortared?</i>" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls present in the Neolithic period §REF§(Feinman, Gary and Liye, Xie. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " <i>In the steppe region the preceding Khitan Empire had built walls without mortar. Inferred they have inherited/maintained existing walls or used similar methods themselves.</i>" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence for fortifications in the Neguanje period has been found yet. §REF§(Giraldo 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The architectural and topographic survey of Pueblito shows that the town itself seems to have no particular contours, limits, or a predetermined shape. Neither does Ciudad Perdida. There is no perimeter or defensive wall, of any shape or form, encircling it or bounding it, and clustered residential compounds were not organized into a definite form that can be interpreted as a spatial template that was being followed.\"§REF§(Giraldo 2010, 274)§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " War-leaders had forts constructed when in danger of attack: 'When the menaced Jívaro is the chief of the tribe or a person of prestige, he constructs a very remarkable kind of a fort on the top of a hill where he can see a long way. Four enormous strong posts, 25 m. high, chosen from among the strongest in the forest, support a little room 3 m. square with a floor of strong wood, a roof like those in the houses, surrounded by a wall of chonta and caña one meter high. A big ladder is the only way of getting in. In this fort are placed an enormous tunduli, rocks to be thrown against the assailants, lances, machetes, implements of every sort, and occasionally a good Winchester rifle completes the armament. It is unnecessary to add that all the approaches are protected by numerous traps.' §REF§Rivet, Paul. 1907. “Jivaro Indians: Geographic, Historical And Ethnographic Research.”, 617-618§REF§ Stirling describes material evidence of reinforced palisades where both wood and stones were used in the construction of protective enclosures: 'On the Casu, a tributary of the Apaga River, were two large abandoned jivarías, both strongly fortified by means of an inner wall 6 or 8 inches from the main wall standing about 5 feet in height, the intervening space being filled with small boulders gathered from the river bed, thus affording an excellent barricade in case of attack. Just off the end of the building which was evidently considered least vulnerable there was a small room barely 15 feet square which was protected on all sides in the same manner, but was raised about 20 feet from the ground, supported by four stout posts and placed conveniently near the little door of the main building so that one could at once step on a notched tree trunk and climb to safety, throwing the ladder away. These places are used for the safety of women and children in times of raiding and as a final refuge. Should the enemy try to climb to the hut, a shower of rocks is dropped down upon them, a supply being kept ready for that purpose. Climbing into one of these curious towers, it was found to have convenient niches in order that the occupants could command a complete view of the clearing on all sides and any Indian being fortunate enough to own a rifle and ammunition could easily hold at bay a strong force. However, the purpose of the structure is primarily as a protection for the women while the male occupants of the jivaría fight the enemy with their lances and shields.' §REF§Stirling, Matthew Williams. 1938. “Historical And Ethnographical Material On The Jivaro Indians.”, 60§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On the Casu, a tributary of the Apaga River, were two large abandoned jivarías, both strongly fortified by means of an inner wall 6 or 8 inches from the main wall standing about 5 feet in height, the intervening space being filled with small boulders gathered from the river bed, thus affording an excellent barricade in case of attack. Just off the end of the building which was evidently considered least vulnerable there was a small room barely 15 feet square which was protected on all sides in the same manner, but was raised about 20 feet from the ground, supported by four stout posts and placed conveniently near the little door of the main building so that one could at once step on a notched tree trunk and climb to safety, throwing the ladder away. These places are used for the safety of women and children in times of raiding and as a final refuge. Should the enemy try to climb to the hut, a shower of rocks is dropped down upon them, a supply being kept ready for that purpose. Climbing into one of these curious towers, it was found to have convenient niches in order that the occupants could command a complete view of the clearing on all sides and any Indian being fortunate enough to own a rifle and ammunition could easily hold at bay a strong force. However, the purpose of the structure is primarily as a protection for the women while the male occupants of the jivaría fight the enemy with their lances and shields.\"§REF§Stirling, Matthew Williams. 1938. “Historical And Ethnographical Material On The Jivaro Indians.”, 60§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE. Were these mud-brick constructions not stone?" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE. Were these mud-brick constructions not stone?" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE." }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present in preceding Ayyubate Sultanate" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present in preceding Ayyubate Sultanate" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present in preceding Ayyubate Sultanate" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Adam 1981, 232) Adam, S. 1981. “The Importance of Nubia: A Link between Central Africa and the Mediterranean.” In <i>General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa</i>, edited by G. Mokhtar, II:226-44. General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8APQDQV3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8APQDQV3</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No walls made out of stone. Enclosure walls around a group of houses at Naqada §REF§(Midant-Reynes 2000, 52)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not made out of stone." }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " visible in temple buildings; i.e. Temple of Karnak" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_non_mortared", "stone_walls_non_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Thutmose I at Karnak \"extended its walls westwards to join two new pylon gates (the Fourth and Fifth) which he built as the entrance to the temple.\"§REF§(Bryan 2000, 223)§REF§" } ] }