Horse List
A viewset for viewing and editing Horses.
GET /api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 375, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used for cavalry. §REF§Digby, Simon. War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate: A Study of Military Supplies. Oxford: Orient Monographs, 1971.§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses were not present in the Kachi Plain at this time.§REF§Agrawal, D. P. (2007) The Indus Civilization: An interdisciplinary perspective. Aryan Books International: New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses were not present in the Kachi Plain at this time.§REF§Agrawal, D. P. (2007) The Indus Civilization: An interdisciplinary perspective. Aryan Books International: New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Yakut warriors ( säpi, säpi kisita ) were usually mounted horsemen ( minjär ), but there were also foot soldiers ( sat[unknown]ykisita ). Their weapons ( säp ) consisted of a light bent bow ( s[unknown]a ), a quiver ( käsäx, s[unknown]adax ), and arrows ( aya ) .\"§REF§Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. “Yakut.” Anthropological Papers, 172§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Yakut warriors ( säpi, säpi kisita ) were usually mounted horsemen ( minjär ), but there were also foot soldiers ( sat[unknown]ykisita ). Their weapons ( säp ) consisted of a light bent bow ( s[unknown]a ), a quiver ( käsäx, s[unknown]adax ), and arrows ( aya ) .\"§REF§Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. “Yakut.” Anthropological Papers, 172§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horse breeding, chariots, cavalry. §REF§(Török 1997, 158)§REF§ According to this source, for which we require expert confirmation: “Horses may have been considered sacred since Napatan pharaohs were often found buried together with their horses. However, unlike the Egyptians, the Kushites preferred to ride directly on top of horses rather than use chariots or oxen.\" §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.ancientsudan.org/dailylife_03_transportation.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">[4]</a>)§REF§ Horse remains from Buhen, Upper Nubia, show characteristics of domestication (1700-1600 BC) §REF§Kelekna, Pita. Northern Africa: Equestrian Penetration of the Sahara and the Sahel and Its Impact on Adjacent Regions in Olsen, Sandra, ed. 2013. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, in press.§REF§" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horses used for cavalry. §REF§(Kennedy 2001)§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a seventeenth-century Dutch source, the \"army also possesses ponies but no special horsemen are provided for. The cavalry are armed with old muskets and leather shields\" §REF§(Van Ravenswaay 1910, p. 30)§REF§." }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No references in the literature." }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry was equipped similar to the Byzantines of this era.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 65-69)§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " first used for warfare for chariots much later" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Lorenz J. and I. Schrakamp (2011) Hittite Military and Warfare, pp. 139 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) <i>Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology</i>, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 125-151§REF§. \"The horse and light chariot were introduced into the Hittite world, as elsewhere in the Near East, probably around 1600...\"§REF§(Bryce 2002, 111)§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Barjamovic G. 2011. ‘’A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period’’. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pg. 378§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the sixth century cavalry carried bow and lance but by 907 CE \"Horsemen specialised either as archers or as lancers armed with the kontarion or long thrusting spear.\"§REF§(O'Rourke 2010, 10) O'Rourke, M. 2010. The Land Forces of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire in the 10th Century. Canberra.§REF§" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horses.§REF§(Haldon 2008, 477) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Byzantine heavy cavalry were armed more after the fashion of westerners where it could be afforded\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 477) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Horsemen are depicted on coins from the early Cappadocian dynasts §REF§Iossif, P. P and Lorber, C. C. (2010) Hypaithros: A Numismatic Contribution to the Military History of Cappadocia. Historia, Band 59/4, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart. p432§REF§" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " unclear if domesticated horses became widespread in this period" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " unclear if domesticated horses became widespread in this period" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " first used for warfare for chariots much later that this polity" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Lorenz J. and I. Schrakamp (2011) Hittite Military and Warfare, pp. 139 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) <i>Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology</i>, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 125-151§REF§. \"The horse and light chariot were introduced into the Hittite world, as elsewhere in the Near East, probably around 1600...\"§REF§(Bryce 2002, 111)§REF§ \"So important were their chariot horses in their lives that the very land-measurement system of the Hittites came to be based upon the average height of their horses: twelve hands (1.21m). Yes: to the modern reader such is not even considered to be a horse, but a lowly 'pony' - nevertheless, that is the average size of the original, wild horse of Asia Minor and Iran, and such horses, trained and used as they were, were fully big enough to terrify every army in the Middle East not provided with their equals, as the panicked testimonials of the Hebrews of the Old Testament amply convey.\"§REF§(Bennett 31-32) Deb Bennet. 1998. Conquerors. The Roots of New World Horsemanship. Amigo Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Lorenz J. and I. Schrakamp (2011) Hittite Military and Warfare, pp. 139 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) <i>Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology</i>, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 125-151§REF§. \"The horse and light chariot were introduced into the Hittite world, as elsewhere in the Near East, probably around 1600...\"§REF§(Bryce 2002, 111)§REF§ The efficiency and prowess of the Hittite army stemmed largely from the ability to use a battle chariot. A light horse chariot was an invention of the second millennium BC, quickly adopted by the armies of the Hittites and other peoples. The chariots were already mentioned in the relations of the early wars of the Hittites, but only in the late empire did this type of weapon achieve a high degree of efficiency by developing a system of dressage horses and adding a third chariot warrior." }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horse bridle ornaments decorated in a nomadic animal style might reflect the impact on Lydian horsemanship of Cimmerians and Scythians, who were present at Sardis in the seventh and early sixth centuries b.c.e§REF§Crawford H. Greenewalt, ‘Sardis: A First Millennium B.C.E. Capital in Western Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p.1125§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Lund, H. S. (1992) Lysimachus: A study in early Hellenistic kingship. Routledge: London and New York. p24-5§REF§ “Horse riding epitomised the Thracians. Euripides and Homer called the Thracians “a race of horsemen”, and Thrace, “the land of the Thracian horsemen”.20 This description seems justified, as even though the cavalry onlymade up a small proportion of their army, they were quite numerous. For instance, although Sitalkes army was only one-third cavalry, this represented about 50,000men.”§REF§Webber, C. (2003) Odrysian Cavalry, Army, Equipment and Tactics. Bar International Series 1139, pp. 529-554. p530§REF§" }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At the site of Çatalhöyük in Building 1, on its Southern wall, a wallpainting depicting two horse-like animals was found [Czeszewska 2010: 171], but whether this depiction is connected with warfare is rather unknown." }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " At the site of Çatalhöyük in Building 1, on its Southern wall, a wallpainting depicting two horse-like animals was found [Czeszewska 2010: 171], but whether this depiction is connected with warfare is rather unknown." }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Lorenz J. and I. Schrakamp (2011) Hittite Military and Warfare, pp. 139 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) <i>Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology</i>, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 125-151§REF§. \"The horse and light chariot were introduced into the Hittite world, as elsewhere in the Near East, probably around 1600...\"§REF§(Bryce 2002, 111)§REF§" }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry." }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Light cavalry. Mounted archers. §REF§(Turnbull 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Light cavalry. Mounted archers. §REF§(Turnbull 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Light cavalry. Mounted archers. §REF§(Turnbull 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Based on previous polities, it is clear horses were a large part of warfare in the region, particularly chariots" }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012)§REF§" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry was important part of the Seljuk armies. §REF§‘Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman’, Holmes, Richard, ed., The Oxford companion to military history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).§REF§ The Turcomen tribal soldiers fought on horse back, wore leather-armour, using tactics such as “harassment horse archery” §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.208§REF§ Even when the Seljuks adopted new military organisation mounted archers remained central to their forces. The ghulam slave soldiers “fought and were equipped in much the same manner as the ghulams and mamluks” elsewhere in Middle east §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.208§REF§ At its best equipment was similar to that used in Iran \"with perhaps some Byzantine or even Western European influence.” §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.208§REF§" }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Based on previous polities, it is clear horses were a large part of warfare in the region, particularly chariots" }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Although the horse was adopted by the eastern tribes as a beast of burden, there seems to be little reference to its use in warfare except in the later 18th and early 19th centuries and particularly by the western tribes Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, etc. However, the Iroquois and Cherokee has large numbers of horses from the mid-18th century on.\"§REF§(Johnson and Hook 24) Johnson, Michael G., and Richard Hook. 1990. <i>American Woodland Indians</i>. Men-at-Arms. Osprey. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": 1714, "year_to": 1750, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Although the horse was adopted by the eastern tribes as a beast of burden, there seems to be little reference to its use in warfare except in the later 18th and early 19th centuries and particularly by the western tribes Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, etc. However, the Iroquois and Cherokee has large numbers of horses from the mid-18th century on.\"§REF§(Johnson and Hook 24) Johnson, Michael G., and Richard Hook. 1990. <i>American Woodland Indians</i>. Men-at-Arms. Osprey. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": 1751, "year_to": 1848, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Although the horse was adopted by the eastern tribes as a beast of burden, there seems to be little reference to its use in warfare except in the later 18th and early 19th centuries and particularly by the western tribes Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, etc. However, the Iroquois and Cherokee has large numbers of horses from the mid-18th century on.\"§REF§(Johnson and Hook 24) Johnson, Michael G., and Richard Hook. 1990. <i>American Woodland Indians</i>. Men-at-Arms. Osprey. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/943RGM7A/itemKey/X87SHFX7</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Introduced to Americas by Europeans." }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 20, "name": "us_kamehameha_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1778, "end_year": 1819 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1968[1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1: 1778-1854, Foundation and Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }