Horse List
A viewset for viewing and editing Horses.
GET /api/wf/horses/?format=api
{ "count": 375, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Indian Warfare and Afghan Innovation During the Eighteenth Century Studies in History August 1995 11: 261-280§REF§ The Durrani state was an empire sustained and governed through the maintenance of a large number of armed horseman primarily recruited from the Pashtun peoples, a diverse group of ethnic groups linked through the use of the Pashto language.§REF§Runion, Meredith L. <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.pp. 69-73§REF§Quick conquest in the period of 1747 CE-1752 CE added Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, and Hazara tribes to the growing number of horsemen in the King's army.§REF§Runion, Meredith L. <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.pp. 69-73§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The damage inflicted by the mounted archers of the Ghurid light cavalry was considerable, whereas Indian armies had few men accomplished enough to wield a bow while riding, according to the recent work of Andre Wink.\"§REF§(Asher and Talbot 2006, 28) Catherine B Asher. Cynthia Talbot. 2006. India Before Europe. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The coins from the period show lancers of the Greek style §REF§Sidky, H., The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, from Alexander to Eucratides the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 168-169§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The steppe horse was a stocky and high endurance animal superbly adapted to the harsh steppe. As a steppe people, the Hepthalites would have had several horses per mounted warrior, allowing for great mobility in raiding and warfare. §REF§Hildinger, Erik. Warriors Of The Steppe: Military History Of Central Asia, 500 BC To 1700 AD. Da Capo Press, 1997.pp 17-19§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The <i>32nd Discourse</i> delivered by Dio Cocceianus Chrysostomus (sometime after 112 CE) indicated that the Bactrians (who in this context should be identified with the Kushans) were highly skilled in the art of horsemanship and that horse riders were often among the vanguards of the Kushana army. Chinese translations of Buddhist texts also refer to campaigns led by Kanishka I riding a horse.§REF§B. N. Mukherjee, 'The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire' (Calcutta, 1988), pp. 330-31§REF§ The armies of the Kushans were largely light horse archers, supported by the heavier armoured Cataphract Calvary.§REF§The armies of Bactria 70 BC-450 AD, Montvert, 1997, pp. 57-57§REF§ \"Lively contacts and easy communications promoted the rise and spread of a fairly uniform nomadic culture in the steppe zone. The same types of horse-harness (bridle, bit, cheek-piece, saddle, trappings), arms (bow, bow-case, arrow and quiver, sword, battle-axe, mail) and garments (trousers, caftan, waist-girdle, boots, pointed cap) were used in the steppe zone from Central Europe to Korea.\"§REF§(Harmatta 1994, 476-477) Harmatta, J. Conclusion. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizatins 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"During the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. several nomadic states of northern Iranian tribes came into being in Central Asia. In the west some Saka tribal confederations are mentioned in ancient Greek literature and Old Persian inscriptions, while in the east the Hsien-yün, and later the Yüeh-chih and the Hsiung-nu, tribal confederations are attested by the Chinese sources. ... Lively contacts and easy communications promoted the rise and spread of a fairly uniform nomadic culture in the steppe zone. The same types of horse-harness (bridle, bit, cheek-piece, saddle, trappings), arms (bow, bow-case, arrow and quiver, sword, battle-axe, mail) and garments (trousers, caftan, waist-girdle, boots, pointed cap) were used in the steppe zone from Central Europe to Korea.\"§REF§(Harmatta 1994, 476-477) Harmatta, J. Conclusion. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizatins 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry \"recruited from among the Wu-huan and Hsiung-nu.\" §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 513)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horsemen. §REF§(Graff 2002, 39)§REF§ \"By the years around AD 300 ... the appearance of heavy armor for both man and house, the introduction of the stirrup, and the adoption of new patterns of edged weapons greatly added to the advantages that cavalry enjoyed over infantry.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 41)§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": -1650, "year_to": -1300, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"combat in this period was conducted by men on foot, in loosely organized forces of limited strength, almost entirely with bows and arrows and crushing weapons such as axes, clubs, dagger-axes, and a few spears (but not swords) primarily fabricated from stone rather than metal.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 129)§REF§ Chariots were introduced later than this period, c1300 BCE.§REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§. Chariots were introduced around 1300 bce §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": -1250, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"combat in this period was conducted by men on foot, in loosely organized forces of limited strength, almost entirely with bows and arrows and crushing weapons such as axes, clubs, dagger-axes, and a few spears (but not swords) primarily fabricated from stone rather than metal.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 129)§REF§ Chariots were introduced later than this period, c1300 BCE.§REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§. Chariots were introduced around 1300 bce §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": -1650, "year_to": -1300, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Combat in this period was conducted by men on foot, in loosely organized forces of limited strength, almost entirely with bows and arrows and crushing weapons such as axes, clubs, dagger-axes, and a few spears (but not swords) primarily fabricated from stone rather than metal.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 129)§REF§ Chariots were introduced later than this period, c1300 BCE.§REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§. Chariots were introduced around 1300 BCE §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": -1250, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Combat in this period was conducted by men on foot, in loosely organized forces of limited strength, almost entirely with bows and arrows and crushing weapons such as axes, clubs, dagger-axes, and a few spears (but not swords) primarily fabricated from stone rather than metal.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 129)§REF§ Chariots were introduced later than this period, c1300 BCE.§REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§. Chariots were introduced around 1300 BCE §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " we need expert input in order to code this variable" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " we need expert input in order to code this variable" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Good conditions for horse-breeding in the Zhou homeland.§REF§(Gernet 1996, 51)§REF§ The Zhou used chariots in battle drawn by four horses §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses not used in battle until the invention of the chariot in 1300 BCE §REF§(Peers 2011, 505)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Calvary. §REF§(Peers 2013, 217)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sung bought 10,000-40,000 horses a year for the military. §REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 235)§REF§ \"According to Sung calculations, maintaining one cavalryman was as expensive as maintaining five infantrymen. ... Often during the Northern Sung, 30 to 40 percent of cavalrymen were without mounts\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 235)§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Tuoba's \"domination of the open steppe ... allowed them to draw upon ... considerable resources ... Members of defeated tribes were incorporated into the Wei forces, and the steppe also provided the Wei armies with horses in very large numbers.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 72)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Dogs and pigs were the domesticated animals.\"§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012: 144, 107) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"cavalry-rich army of the Manchus.\" §REF§(Roy 2014, 82)§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Horse domesticated c1250 BCE. Use of horse chariot recorded on oracle bones. Chariot had \"western\" design.§REF§(Roberts 2003, 10)§REF§ Used horse-drawn chariots, most likely \"introduced from western Asia\".§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Armoured cavalry. §REF§(Peers 2002, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry §REF§(Graff 2002, 175) Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Plate B illustrates Tang cavalrymen.§REF§(Peers 2002, Plate B)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Lewis 1999b, 624)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Emperor Wudi wanted to breed better horses to compete with Xiongnu.§REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 133)§REF§ Cavalry.§REF§(Di Cosmo 2004, 234)§REF§ Use of the four-horse chariot discontinued during first century BCE. §REF§(Peers 1995, 17)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Good conditions for horse-breeding in the Zhou homeland.§REF§(Gernet 1996, 51)§REF§ The Zhou used chariots in battle drawn by four horses §REF§(Peers 2013, 8)§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses not used for battle until the invention of chariots in 1300 bce §REF§(Peers 2011, 505)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not native to region." }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not native to region." }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"fully armoured\" cavalry.§REF§(Nicolle 1986, 18) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent periods." }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Nicolle 1996,135-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Nicolle 1996,135-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Nicolle 1996,135-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hyksos introduced horse-drawn chariot into region at the end of this period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§ Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§ Horses and wagons known from trade and war booty. §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ \"some scholars have long recognized indications that horse riding was being adapted, possibly as early as the late Middle Kingdom, as part of military scouting and rapid movements (Schulman 1957). Horse riding may have been used in military tactics, and by elite levels of the military prior to the advent of chariot technology in Egypt. Horses may well have a history in gift exchanges among elites during the Middle Bronze Age indepedent of chariot technology (Bibby 2003).£§REF§(Wegner 2015, 76) Wegner, Josef. 2015. A royal necropolis at South Abydos: New light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period. Near Eastern archaeology. Volume 78. Issue 2. 68-78.§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE. §REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Chariots pulled by two horses. §REF§([<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/megiddobattle.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/megiddobattle.htm</a>§REF§ Horse-drawn chariot first effectively exploited as a weapon by the 18th Dynasty. §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ Horses non-native to Egypt. Introduced c1700 BCE.§REF§(Partridge 2010, 384)§REF§ Mounted scouts important from the beginning of the New Kingdom. §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ According to Egyptian administrative records, a chariot would carry \"one or two bows, two to four quivers attached at both sides of the chariot (providing eighty arrows altogether), a spear and/or a javelin, as well as axe and shield for close combat.\" The crew was the chariot driver and the bowmen with the addition of a shield man from late second millennium BCE.§REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§" } ] }