Horse List
A viewset for viewing and editing Horses.
GET /api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 375, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/horses/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": 149, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called 'Ge-ying' (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors but there must not have been very many of them as they were considered very prestigious possessions. §REF§(Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215§REF§ Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced 'Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.') into Central and East Java 78 CE. §REF§(Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": 150, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called 'Ge-ying' (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors but there must not have been very many of them as they were considered very prestigious possessions. §REF§(Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215§REF§ Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced 'Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.') into Central and East Java 78 CE. §REF§(Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"By 1650 B.P., one king in southeastern Sumatra imported horses from India (Hall 1992: 194), which might suggest that the bronze statuette of a mounted archer from Tiris and the bronze horse miniatures from Malang (Van Heekeren 1958: 39, 43) both reflect the beginnings of equestrian skills in Java by 1500 B.P. However, there is little reason to suspect the existence of specialist cavalries as opposed to spectacular mounts used in bearing the wealthiest aristocrats aloft.\" §REF§(Bulbeck in Peregrine and Ember 2000, 105)§REF§ According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called 'Ge-ying' (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors. §REF§(Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215§REF§ Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced 'Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.') into Central and East Java 78 CE. §REF§(Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Sedwayati in Ooi 2004 (b), 707)§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Noble cavalry. §REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ Experts with horses were called makuda . ; (Hall" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mataram controlled the horse-breeding districts of Java. In 1678 the Dutch encountered a force of 240 Javanese horsemen, and Trunajaya used hundred of cavalry at the siege of Kediri in 1678. The importance of cavalry grew due to the difficulties of using elephants in battle against improved firearms. §REF§(Charney 2004, 170)§REF§" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Noble cavalry. §REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ Experts with horses were called makuda. §REF§(Hall)§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"We speak about <i>equids</i>, since often the bones do not offer precise identification of species.\"§REF§Kletter/Levi (2016:9).§REF§ Used to pull battle chariots; they were not ridden.§REF§Burke (2004:54).§REF§ Under the assumption that pitched battles were rarer than sieges§REF§Cf. Burke (2004:89).§REF§ (during which a chariot would be of little use), chariots were assumed to have a limited role in combat until the Late Bronze age, being used instead during the Middle Bronze for patrolling borders or enforcing blockades, and the transportation of mobile archers.§REF§Burke (2004:56-57).§REF§" }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry was used during the later stages of the rebellion under Judah the Maccabi, and later by Simon in his campaign in 138 BCE.§REF§Bar-Kokhva (1989:69-71).§REF§ It would have been standard once the monarchy was well established, as was typical of the time." }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The strength of the Israelite horse industry is attested already in the mid-ninth century, in Shalmaneser III’s account of the chariot forces of the anti-Assyrian coalition in the Battle of Qarqar; Ahab is mentioned by the Assyrian king as arriving with the largest number of chariots.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:133)§REF§" }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 416, "name": "in_ayodhya_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Ayodhya", "start_year": -64, "end_year": 34 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On a pillar of the Amravati Tope, 300 years later than that at Sanchi, is portrayed the scene thus described. ... part of the army is seen defending the walls of the citadel, and armed with straight and scythed-shaped swords, long spears, and long bows. In front the infantry is advancing, and the rear is brought up by horsemen and elephants. There are no chariots at Sanchi, but this is probably owing to some local peculiarity.\"§REF§(Egerton 2002, 13) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.§REF§ <i>300 years later than the Bhilsa Tope monuments so possibly referring to 200 CE.</i>" }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 75§REF§ \"The Chalukyan army no doubt consisted of infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants, besides the naval unit.\"§REF§(Dikshit 1980, 263) Durga Prasad Dikshit. 1980. Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.§REF§ By the medieval period cavalry had mostly relegated the chariot to ceremonial function.§REF§(Dikshit 1980, 265) Durga Prasad Dikshit. 1980. Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There was an officer in charge of cavalry and elephants, the <i>kari-turaga (patta-)sahini</i>. §REF§K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Chalukyas of Kalyani, in G. Yazdan (ed), The Early History of the Deccan (1960), p. 391§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At a \"megalithic habitation site\" in Tamil Nadu, rock-art has been found depicting \"two horse riders fighting each other with poles\" §REF§U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008), p. 253§REF§. The Gupta Empire, after 350 CE, was built around a powerful cavalry force. §REF§(Roy 2013) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Number 8. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ \"In the Deccan and South India, chariots do not seem to have been used much at any time, because of the rugged terrain of the region - the ox-drawn chariots mentioned in early Tamil literature were probably only glorified bullock-carts.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 164) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§ According to a military historian \"By the sixth century BCE, Indian armies had large cavalry contingents\"§REF§(Gabriel 2012, 127) Richard A Gabriel. 2012. Man and Wound in the Ancient World. A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople. Potomac Books. Washington, D.C.§REF§ - do ancient Indian specialists agree?" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 88, "name": "in_post_mauryan_k", "long_name": "Post-Mauryan Kingdoms", "start_year": -205, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At a \"megalithic habitation site\" in Tamil Nadu, rock-art has been found depicting \"two horse riders fighting each other with poles\" §REF§U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008), p. 253§REF§. The Gupta Empire, after 350 CE, was built around a powerful cavalry force. §REF§(Roy 2013) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Number 8. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§ <i>1000 years earlier than the classical age would have included this period.</i> \"In the Deccan and South India, chariots do not seem to have been used much at any time, because of the rugged terrain of the region - the ox-drawn chariots mentioned in early Tamil literature were probably only glorified bullock-carts.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 164) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " At a \"megalithic habitation site\" in Tamil Nadu, rock-art has been found depicting \"two horse riders fighting each other with poles\" §REF§U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008), p. 253§REF§ <i>As cavalry absent, but don't know whether horses were used as a pack animal. Probably absent if warfare not large scale.</i>" }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The sultans armies were \"highly skilled in deploying horses in warfare.\" §REF§Kulke, H., Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 160§REF§ §REF§Catherine B. Asher, India before Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p.28.§REF§ \"The cavalry was in fact the strength of the Sultanate armies, and a lot was spent on keeping it in good shape by procuring premium war horses that were extremely expensive.\"§REF§(Ahmed 2011, 99) Ahmed, Farooqui Salma. 2011. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India.§REF§ Horses wore house shoes, horses of their Hindu adversaries did not.§REF§(? 2013, 163) ?. Sirhindi, Abdullah. Daniel Coetzee. Lee W Eysturlid. eds. 2013. Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. The Ancient to Pre-Modern World, 3000 BCE - 1815 CE. Praeger. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 415, "name": "in_ganga_ca", "long_name": "Chalcolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -601 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts." }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts." }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Moreover, the villages were also impotant as the feed the elephants and the horses, which were an integral part of the military warfare machinery, used to come from them.\"§REF§(Yadav 2011: 360-361) Yadav, D. 2011. ASPECTS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT UNDER THE GAHAAVALA DYNASTY: C. 11 TH CENTURY CE TO 13 TH CENTURY CE (AN INSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 2011, Vol. 72, PART-I (2011), pp. 360-367. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F8STV588/library§REF§" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Gupta army was \"cavalry centric\".§REF§(Roy 2016, 24) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Sulaiman (AD 851) states of the Gurjara king that no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry . . 'his camels and horses are numerous.' Ghoshal comments that the Indian autfrorities of both this period and the later eleventh-twelfth centuries agree in assigning 'the first rank in their classified list of horses to the foreign breeds, and the lowest to the indigenous breeds.'\"§REF§(Deyell 2001, 398) Deyell, J. 2001. The Gurjara-Pratiharas. In R. Chakravarti (ed) Trade in Early India. OUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF59EW5P/library§REF§" }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 117§REF§ \"Hoysala cavalrymen were lancers.\"§REF§(Roy 2015, 98) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Kadamba army included cavalry.§REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 39§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the preceding period the Hoysala had cavalrymen.§REF§(Roy 2015, 98) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Chariotry \"seems to have practically fallen into desuetude in the Gupta and later periods.\"§REF§(Mishra 1977, 147) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§ \"Cavalry had become an important division of ancient Indian army in the early centuries of the Christian era, and the later periods witnessed a gradual increase in its importance. The knowledge of horses was systematised into a science called asvasatra or asvavidya and it was included in the princely curriculum.\"§REF§(Mishra 1977, 147) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§ \"But this swift and agile animal was never given the first rank in ancient Indian army.\"§REF§(Mishra 1977, 148) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 390, "name": "in_magadha_k", "long_name": "Magadha", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Often considered a feudal age: \"domination of mounted men in combat and the acquisition of quasi-hereditary landholdings by the horse warriors.\"§REF§(Roy 2013, 27) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The later Vedic texts write about the occupations of people and mention that, \"Chariots (<i>rathas</i>) were used for war and sport, and people rode on horses and elephants.\" §REF§Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008), p.199.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (this needs confirmation from a Mauryan specialist): horses were used by cavalry.§REF§Gabriel, Richard A. The great armies of antiquity. p. 218-220§REF§ \"By now the chariot, though still a royal status symbol, was obsolete.\"§REF§(Bradford and Bradford 2001, 125) Bradford, Alfred S. Bradford, Pamela, M. 2001. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ Kautilya's Arthashastra mentions cavalry and also a battle array of chariots, and suggested 15 men and 5 horses were needed to counter one (Book X, Relating to War). According to a military historian (this needs confirmation from a Mauryan specialist): \"By the sixth century BCE, Indian armies had large cavalry contingents.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2012, 127) Richard A Gabriel. 2012. Man and Wound in the Ancient World. A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople. Potomac Books. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry used in Mughal armies. §REF§J.J.L. Gommans, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500 1700. London: Routledge, 2002, p.158.§REF§" }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Next to the infantry, cavalry and elephants occupy the place of pride in the military organization\". §REF§N.S. Ramachandra Murthy, Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country, in B.R. Gopal, The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (1994), p. 116§REF§ \"In the classical age, Indian armies were still organized, as they had been a thousand years earlier, into four divisions: infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§ However, cavalry was a less significant force for the Rashtrakuta army which \"consisted mainly of infantry, for, as Al Masudi noted, 'the seat of this government was among the mountains,' and it was impossible to deploy cavalry, elephants or chariots there.'§REF§(Eraly 2011, 163) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Pliny the Elder, the Satavahana army included 2,000 cavalrymen. §REF§U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Medieval India (2008), p. 382§REF§ Cavalry \"had an important place in the Satavahana military organisation.\"§REF§(Sharma 1996, 289) Ram Sharan Sharma. 1996. Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to one military historian (this data needs to be confirmed by a polity specialist): \"Indian armies of this period had within them a basic unit called the patti, a mixed platoon comprised of one elephant carrying three archers, or spearman and a mahout, three horse cavalymen armed with javelins, round buckler, and spear, and five infantry soldiers armed with shield and broad sword or bow.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 218) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies Of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ Inferred from continuity with Mauryan polity .§REF§(Roy 2016, 19) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The fighting force was divided into infantry, cavalry and the elephant corps.\" §REF§(Majumdar and Altekar 1986, 277) Anant Sadashiv Altekar. The Administrative Organisation. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. Anant Sadashiv Altekar. 1986. Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Michael Edwardes, A History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (1961), p. 121§REF§" }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used for cavalry. Horses and Camels were used extensively. Donkeys were used in a logistical capacity. The use of elephants is reported, but it seems to be in a purely ceremonial capacity. §REF§(Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Buyids employed the Turks to be their cavalry§REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.251§REF§ and the late Abbasids also hired mercenary Turks, which presumably were cavalry." }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " It has been mentioned that horse riding was present before the iron age but there is no explicit evidence of use in warfare at this time.§REF§Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Khuzestan in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 433§REF§" }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The horses were used as riding animals, but uncertain whether they were used in warfare.§REF§Saggs, H. W. F. 1995. <i>Babylonians</i>. London: British Museum Press, 115.§REF§" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " As far as the scribal sector of Mesopotamia was concerned, the only influence the Kassite rulers had on Mesopotamian culture was to introduce horses and cavalry, for which they had to invent new ways to describe in writing. §REF§Liverani, M. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.370§REF§" }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the second millennium BCE, the \"introduction of horses set in train a revolution on the battlefield. Faster and more powerful than donkeys, horses were better suited for drawing war chariots, particularly later in the millennium when the bit replaced the earlier nose-ring, improving their control and traction power. \"§REF§(McIntosh 2005: 190) McIntosh, J. 2005. <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 482, "name": "iq_dynasty_e", "long_name": "Dynasty of E", "start_year": -979, "end_year": -732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the second millennium BCE, the \"introduction of horses set in train a revolution on the battlefield. Faster and more powerful than donkeys, horses were better suited for drawing war chariots, particularly later in the millennium when the bit replaced the earlier nose-ring, improving their control and traction power. \"§REF§(McIntosh 2005: 190) McIntosh, J. 2005. <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the second millennium BCE, the \"introduction of horses set in train a revolution on the battlefield. Faster and more powerful than donkeys, horses were better suited for drawing war chariots, particularly later in the millennium when the bit replaced the earlier nose-ring, improving their control and traction power. \"§REF§(McIntosh 2005: 190) McIntosh, J. 2005. <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The following quote seems to suggest that horses were used in warfare just after the period under consideration. \"The introduction of horses set in train a revolution on the battlefield. Faster and more powerful than donkeys, horses were better suited for drawing war chariots, particularly later in the millennium when the bit replaced the earlier nose-ring, improving their control and traction power. The seventeenth century B.C.E. also saw structural improvements to chariots.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2005: 190) McIntosh, J. 2005. <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry. §REF§(Davidson 2012, 27)§REF§ Smallest element within army but best trained and equipped. Noblemen or Scythian mercenaries. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 10)§REF§ Two horses pulled a two-wheeled chariot. §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 77)§REF§ Three horses pulled a heavy chariot used as firing platform for composite bow archers and personnel carrier for mobile infantry.§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 11-12) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ The Assyrians also had horse riders who fired the composite bow.§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 28) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Horse", "horse": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent polities." } ] }