Handheld Firearm List
A viewset for viewing and editing Handheld Firearms.
GET /api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 364, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1690, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§ Firearms were known to the Khalkhas in the early 17th century: \"Hearing about Sholoi from the Kyrgyz as the Altyn czar (Golden Emperor), Russian Cossacks made contact with him in 1616. Hoping for firearms and Russian assistance against the Oirats, Sholoi provisioned and guided the Russian envoys to China.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 310)§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 439, "name": "mn_shiwei", "long_name": "Shiwei", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not in use at this time." }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Firearms appeared in Siberia and Mongolia in the 17th century in the form of flintlock rifles. Flintlocks were the only firearms used in most areas until the turn of the 20th century.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 229)§REF§" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"What led to this sudden collapse? A few factors can be discounted. Neither the possession of firearms by the Qing nor some inherent weakness of nomadic polities seems plausible as an explanation, since the Zünghars had been overcoming these obstacles for many decades past.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 624)§REF§ \"From 1697 on the Kalmyks as Russian allies received a regular supply of gunpowder and bullets from Russia as well as the use of cannons during war. Supplying Russian firearms to the Zünghars was still banned, however. Bukharan merchants and Zünghar trade missions frequently evaded these bans, and raids on Siberia also supplied firearms.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 422)§REF§" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented." }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented." }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented." }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented." }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced." }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Complex military technology was not present in the Valley of Oaxaca until after the Spanish conquest in the 1520s.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced." }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not yet invented or introduced." }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no gunpowder before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Guns were introduced during the colonial period (see next sheet)." }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Guns and snorkels were introduced shortly after the Second World War. §REF§Schwimmer, Eric G. 1969. “Cultural Consequences Of A Volcanic Eruption Experienced By The Mount Lamington Orokaiva.”, 34§REF§ The game population was virtually exterminated after the introduction of guns in the 1950s. §REF§Schwimmer, Eric G. 1973. “Exchange In The Social Structure Of The Orokaiva: Traditional And Emergent Ideologies In The Northern District Of Papua.”, 19§REF§ This conflicts with Kituai's account of a WW I-related incident: 'In contrast to the localized, but sometimes ferocious and lethal tribal wars, two world wars came to Papua New Guinea. During World War I, Papua New Guinea almost escaped the violence. A semblance of military combat between an Australian force and German soldiers at Bitapaka, New Britain, lasted only one day […] Significantly, New Guinean police did most of the fighting and dying for the Germans. Among those who fought, 30 died from rifle fire, 10 were wounded, and 56 were taken prisoners (Mackenzie 1987, 73-74; Burnell 1915). Germany’s New Guinea possessions, then known as the “old protectorate”, included the northeast portion of the mainland, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville. They came under Australian military rule in September 1914 and remained subject to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF) until civil administration was restored on 9 May 1921. Papua remained an Australian territory, while what was formerly German New Guinea became in 1921 a mandated territory under the League of Nations. Australia was given responsibility to administer both territories, this time under civilian government.' §REF§Kituai, August Ibrum K. 1998. \"My gun, my brother: the world of the Papua New Guinea colonial police, 1920-1960\", 166§REF§ The constabulary was armed with rifles and trained in a paramilitary fashion: 'Second, the Papua New Guinean policemen of the period did not receive professional training the same way as a teacher, lawyer, or economist. There were no hard theories to be learned, for instance, in social anthropology, to assist them in their work, and no mind-stretching examinations to be sat. A policeman’s training from the 1890s to the 1960s was brief and intellectually slight, both from the traditional perspective and in comparison to the training given today. […] Apart from that, their important achievement was as part of a small mobile army unit -foot patrolling, keeping guard using the rifle, and maintaining law and order. In this they were quite effective. […] If however, during their service they performed diligently and achieved things in a manner in keeping with those who received professional training, then credit must go to the noncommissioned officers and officers who continued their training in the field -and to their own initiative, innate abilities, and understanding of local conditions.' §REF§Kituai, August Ibrum K. 1998. \"My gun, my brother: the world of the Papua New Guinea colonial police, 1920-1960\", 108§REF§" }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Guns and snorkels were introduced shortly after the Second World War. §REF§Schwimmer, Eric G. 1969. “Cultural Consequences Of A Volcanic Eruption Experienced By The Mount Lamington Orokaiva.”, 34§REF§ The game population was virtually exterminated after the introduction of guns in the 1950s. §REF§Schwimmer, Eric G. 1973. “Exchange In The Social Structure Of The Orokaiva: Traditional And Emergent Ideologies In The Northern District Of Papua.”, 19§REF§ This conflicts with Kituai's account of a WW I-related incident: 'In contrast to the localized, but sometimes ferocious and lethal tribal wars, two world wars came to Papua New Guinea. During World War I, Papua New Guinea almost escaped the violence. A semblance of military combat between an Australian force and German soldiers at Bitapaka, New Britain, lasted only one day […] Significantly, New Guinean police did most of the fighting and dying for the Germans. Among those who fought, 30 died from rifle fire, 10 were wounded, and 56 were taken prisoners (Mackenzie 1987, 73-74; Burnell 1915). Germany’s New Guinea possessions, then known as the “old protectorate”, included the northeast portion of the mainland, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville. They came under Australian military rule in September 1914 and remained subject to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF) until civil administration was restored on 9 May 1921. Papua remained an Australian territory, while what was formerly German New Guinea became in 1921 a mandated territory under the League of Nations. Australia was given responsibility to administer both territories, this time under civilian government.' §REF§Kituai, August Ibrum K. 1998. \"My gun, my brother: the world of the Papua New Guinea colonial police, 1920-1960\", 166§REF§ The constabulary was armed with rifles and trained in a paramilitary fashion: 'Second, the Papua New Guinean policemen of the period did not receive professional training the same way as a teacher, lawyer, or economist. There were no hard theories to be learned, for instance, in social anthropology, to assist them in their work, and no mind-stretching examinations to be sat. A policeman’s training from the 1890s to the 1960s was brief and intellectually slight, both from the traditional perspective and in comparison to the training given today. […] Apart from that, their important achievement was as part of a small mobile army unit -foot patrolling, keeping guard using the rifle, and maintaining law and order. In this they were quite effective. […] If however, during their service they performed diligently and achieved things in a manner in keeping with those who received professional training, then credit must go to the noncommissioned officers and officers who continued their training in the field -and to their own initiative, innate abilities, and understanding of local conditions.' §REF§Kituai, August Ibrum K. 1998. \"My gun, my brother: the world of the Papua New Guinea colonial police, 1920-1960\", 108§REF§" }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later in history. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "There is no evidence for gunpowder at Pirak. §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.§REF§" }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not in use until the 15th century. §REF§Wood, Stephen. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§ \"But it was only in the mid-fourteenth century that gunpowder ... was introduced into India, presumably by Mongols or Turks. This was then used in various explosive devices by the army.\"§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§" }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": 1335, "year_to": 1399, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"it was only in the mid-fourteenth century that gunpowder ... was introduced into India, presumably by Mongols or Turks. This was then used in various explosive devices by the army.\"§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§ The Portuguese built a factory on the coastline and had access to gunpowder weaponry.§REF§Boyajian, James C. Portuguese trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640. JHU Press, 2007.§REF§ From second half of 15th century.§REF§Iqtidar Alam Khan, Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 24, No. 2, May, 1981: 146-164.§REF§ <i>Does the 'From the second half of 15th century' reference which I found on the Delhi Sultanate sheet refer to both artillery and handguns, or does it contradict the first use of gunpowder? What did the source say, specifically?</i>" }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1449, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"it was only in the mid-fourteenth century that gunpowder ... was introduced into India, presumably by Mongols or Turks. This was then used in various explosive devices by the army.\"§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§ The Portuguese built a factory on the coastline and had access to gunpowder weaponry.§REF§Boyajian, James C. Portuguese trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640. JHU Press, 2007.§REF§ From second half of 15th century.§REF§Iqtidar Alam Khan, Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 24, No. 2, May, 1981: 146-164.§REF§ <i>Does the 'From the second half of 15th century' reference which I found on the Delhi Sultanate sheet refer to both artillery and handguns, or does it contradict the first use of gunpowder? What did the source say, specifically?</i>" }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": 1450, "year_to": 1521, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"it was only in the mid-fourteenth century that gunpowder ... was introduced into India, presumably by Mongols or Turks. This was then used in various explosive devices by the army.\"§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§ The Portuguese built a factory on the coastline and had access to gunpowder weaponry.§REF§Boyajian, James C. Portuguese trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640. JHU Press, 2007.§REF§ From second half of 15th century.§REF§Iqtidar Alam Khan, Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 24, No. 2, May, 1981: 146-164.§REF§ <i>Does the 'From the second half of 15th century' reference which I found on the Delhi Sultanate sheet refer to both artillery and handguns, or does it contradict the first use of gunpowder? What did the source say, specifically?</i>" }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Nausharo was a pre-modern settlement." }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Nausharo was a pre-modern settlement." }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Russian-era ethnographers report the manufacture of rifles: \"I know of a case when a Verkhoyansk silversmith, Rumiantsev , made on a bet a silver engraved goblet just like one which a visiting merchant had brought from Moscow. This same Rumiantsev made rifles whose fame was known throughout the whole region. I saw one of these for which one hundred rubles had been paid and which was extremely accurate at a distance of two hundred paces.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 629§REF§ \"The methods and instruments of the Yakut smiths are very primitive; nevertheless they operate their crude tools very well, and using them even weld rifle barrels rather successfully.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 624§REF§ We have assumed here that the technology itself was introduced in the Russian period." }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " We have assumed that rifles were introduced by Russian troops: \"I know of a case when a Verkhoyansk silversmith, Rumiantsev , made on a bet a silver engraved goblet just like one which a visiting merchant had brought from Moscow. This same Rumiantsev made rifles whose fame was known throughout the whole region. I saw one of these for which one hundred rubles had been paid and which was extremely accurate at a distance of two hundred paces.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 629§REF§ \"The methods and instruments of the Yakut smiths are very primitive; nevertheless they operate their crude tools very well, and using them even weld rifle barrels rather successfully.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 624§REF§" }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" } ] }