Handheld Firearm List
A viewset for viewing and editing Handheld Firearms.
GET /api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api
{ "count": 364, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Primarily matchlocks, made in Kabul, the Sind and other areas. Domestic manufacture was possible, as well as importation of barrels from Constantinople.§REF§Elgood, Robert, ed. Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait. IB Tauris Publishers, 1995. p. 161-181§REF§ The elite corps brought in from Persia by the founding Shah of the Durrani were equipped with flintlocks, as the wakīl personal body guard were armed with flintlocks. §REF§J. Perry, Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779, Chicago, 1979. p. 280§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"But it was only in the mid-fourteenth century that gunpowder ... was introduced into India, presumably by Mongols or Turks. This was then used in various explosive devices by the army.\"§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later in history. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later in history. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " absent before the gunpowder era" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later in history. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§(Present: mace, heavy sword, dagger, trident, battle-axe, spear, scythe§REF§B. N. Mukherjee, 'The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire' (Calcutta, 1988), p. 340§REF§)" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " absent before the gunpowder era" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder introduced in 900 CE §REF§(Graff 2002, 17) Graff, David. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900. London: Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder introduced in 900 CE §REF§(Graff 2002, 17) Graff, David. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900. London: Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another couple of thousand years." }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another couple of thousand years." }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The above seven sub-prefectures and hsiens had a total of 56 t'un officers, 486 Miao officers, 200 t'un leaders, 1, 000 home guards, 7, 000 t'un males, 1, 800 old and young males, and 5, 000 Miao soldiers. There were 120 t'un and Miao camps, 731 stone houses, 151 t'un guard houses, 137 guard stations, 99 patrol posts, 11 gun emplacements, 38 gates, and 11 gate houses. The above stone houses, guard houses, guard stations, patrol posts, gun emplacements, gates, and gate houses totaled 1, 178. There were altogether 131 t'un and Miao granaries; the set rent was 79, 218 shih, 3 tou, 9 sheng. There were in all 16, 388 shotguns, 50 hand guns, 1, 643 swords, and 5, 002 spears, totaling 41, 136 weapons.'§REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 177§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " We know that in the Chinese period, Hmong men were recruited to the Chinese military and equipped with firearms: 'The above seven sub-prefectures and hsiens had a total of 56 t'un officers, 486 Miao officers, 200 t'un leaders, 1, 000 home guards, 7, 000 t'un males, 1, 800 old and young males, and 5, 000 Miao soldiers. ... There were in all 16, 388 shotguns, 50 hand guns, 1,643 swords, and 5,002 spears, totaling 41,136 weapons.' §REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 177§REF§ We need to ascertain when the Hmong started to acquire firearms. Sutton claims a tradition of hunting with muskets: 'Two easily overlooked repercussions of demographic pressure [by the late eighteenth century] were, ecologically, the diminution of fauna that the frontier people had long hunted with muskets and spears; and, socially, the frustration of the Miao practice of newly-marrieds setting up a separate household, which especially affected young unmarried males who would be the main fighters in the Miao forces.'§REF§SUTTON, D. S.. (2003). Ethnic Revolt in the Qing Empire: The \"Miao Uprising\" of 1795-1797 Reexamined. Asia Major, 16(2), 105-152. Retrieved from <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/41649879\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41649879</a>§REF§ We have therefore assumed that firearms were used in combat as well." }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not present until a later period." }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another couple of thousand years." }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fire-spear as a primitive firearm: \"By the early thirteenth century, shrapnel of various kinds was regularly added to the gunpowder of a fire-spear.\" However, \"... the weapon was not conceived of as a missile arm.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 37)§REF§ Fire-tube as a primitive firearm. \"The Bandit-striking Penetrating Tube: Use iron to make a barrel three feet long with a handle two feet long. Infantry use this. In one discharge the pellet is able to strike a bandit at a distance of three hundred paces (five hundred yards).\" \"Needham dates this particular section of the text, the Fire Dragon Classic (Huolong Jing), to the first half of the fourteenth century, but believed that the quoted passage is \"probably as old as 1200.\"\" Needham also believes the stated range is an exaggeration and that the tube fired multiple pellets rather than one. §REF§(Lorge 2011, 37-38)§REF§ \"The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290.\" §REF§(Lorge 2011, 69)§REF§<i>Are these references referring to a Later Jin or Southern Song practices; neither, or both? ET</i>" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Fire-spear as a primitive firearm: \"By the early thirteenth century, shrapnel of various kinds was regularly added to the gunpowder of a fire-spear.\" However, \"... the weapon was not conceived of as a missile arm.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 37)§REF§ Fire-tube as a primitive firearm. \"The Bandit-striking Penetrating Tube: Use iron to make a barrel three feet long with a handle two feet long. Infantry use this. In one discharge the pellet is able to strike a bandit at a distance of three hundred paces (five hundred yards).\" \"Needham dates this particular section of the text, the Fire Dragon Classic (Huolong Jing), to the first half of the fourteenth century, but believed that the quoted passage is \"probably as old as 1200.\"\" Needham also believes the stated range is an exaggeration and that the tube fired multiple pellets rather than one. §REF§(Lorge 2011, 37-38)§REF§ \"The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290.\" §REF§(Lorge 2011, 69)§REF§<i>Are these references referring to a Later Jin or Southern Song practices; neither, or both? ET</i>" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 1453 CE: Bronze firearms (銅火銃) was invented. It is the world's first metal tubular firearm is handguns, small-caliber handguns is the predecessor of the gun, large caliber artillery gun fire predecessor. \"The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290. ... A 1962 find with an inscribed date of 1332 was 35.3 centimeters long and weighed 6.94 kilograms. Both weapons had touchholes to allow ignition of the gunpowder from the back. The similar sizes, forms, and materials are striking, suggesting that this simple design was being manufactured to regular specifications.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 69)§REF§ \"Early fifteenth-century guns were virtually identical to late thirteenth-century weapons.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 69)§REF§ c1338 CE cast iron gun developed.§REF§(Lorge 2011, 70)§REF§ Portuguese arquebuses introduced 1529 CE. §REF§(Lorge 2005, 125)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"While in the eleventh century the Song dynasty had an established gunpowder manufacturing bureau, and gunpowder weapons were included in a government-produced military manual, by the twelfth and thirteenth centuries gunpowder weapons were standard devices in sieges, battles, and naval combat. The true gun itself appeared in the mid-thirteenth century.\" §REF§(Lorge 2011, 24)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder introduced in 900 CE §REF§(Graff 2002, 17) Graff, David. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900. London: Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another few thousand years." }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Arquebuses. §REF§(Lorge 2005, 166)§REF§ The Green Standard Army, an imperial military unit made of up mostly Han Chinese, relied heavily on firearms by 1700.§REF§(Lococo, 2002, 125)>§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. musket §REF§(Elliott 2001, 177)§REF§ Despite playing catchup, \"China's firearms and artillery were similarly state-of-the-art for Asia\" in their replication of Western models. §REF§(Andrade 2017, 274)§REF§<br><b>Handheld weapons </b>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another couple of thousand years." }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Cannons and firearms first used by the Song. §REF§(Liang 2005) Liang, J. 2005. Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity. Da Pao Publishing. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Cannons and firearms first used by the Song. §REF§(Liang 2005) Liang, J. 2005. Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity. Da Pao Publishing. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Cannons and firearms first used by the Song. §REF§(Liang 2005) Liang, J. 2005. Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity. Da Pao Publishing. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Technology invented later" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not present until a later period." }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Gunpowder not invented for another few thousand years." }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The general consensus is that hand cannons originated in China, and were spread from there to the rest of the world §REF§Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). Firearms: a global history to 1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9. Retrieved 11 June 2011.§REF§ \"The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290. ... A 1962 find with an inscribed date of 1332 was 35.3 centimeters long and weighed 6.94 kilograms. Both weapons had touchholes to allow ignition of the gunpowder from the back. The similar sizes, forms, and materials are striking, suggesting that this simple design was being manufactured to regular specifications. ... It is even possible that true guns were used in the Mongol invasion of Japan.\" §REF§(Lorge 2011, 69)§REF§ c1338 CE cast iron gun developed.§REF§(Lorge 2011, 70)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society." }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society." }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Ethnographers and travelers report the use of firearms for the Ecuadorian period. The Shuar acquired firearms where possible: 'Guns clearly were revolutionary in their impact, producing a situation analogous to that reported by Vayda (1970) for the Maori of New Zealand. The same strenuous efforts were made by hostile Jivaroan groups to obtain firearms from a limited number of access points. The missionary, Vacas Galindo, reports of one local group allied with Candoshi along the Situye River who, under great pressure from expanding Upano Jívaro, ambushed a war party from that district with plans to exchange their shrunken heads with traders down on the Marañón for more firearms (Vacas Galindo 1895:173-178)... Access to firearms was difficult at best along the Alto Marañón and certainly uneven among the various Jivaroans at this time. Antipas and Aguaruna Indians, whom Up de Graff subsequently encountered upriver near the Pongo, also were known to descend the Marañón to barter at Barranca, even subsequent to the Huambisa treachery of 1898. Yet not one of their approximately 200 warriors carried a firearm as they escorted the explorer up the Santiago River on a collective headtaking expedition against the Huambisas in 1899 (1923:241, 251). Furthermore, they quickly fled southward after raiding several settlements, fearful of retaliation by enemies whom they knew to possess weapons far superior to their own (1923:275; cf. Stirling 1938:58)... As among the Maori, in the early days of acquiring Western weapons, “the outcomes of engagements … reflected mainly the relative success of groups in obtaining guns” (Vayda 1970:580). It is perhaps equally true that while the acquisition of guns became a material goal of raids and head-hunting (setting aside the supernatural motivations), the possession of guns also facilitated long-distance forays, enabling men from the Upano Valley, for example, to range as far south as the Marañón River (Harner 1972:116) through otherwise hostile country (cf. Vayda 1970:580).' §REF§Bennett Ross, Jane. 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro.\", 90-92§REF§ It remains to be confirmed when exactly the Shuar started to acquire iron and steel tools, including firearms. We have provisionally assumed that firearms were not in widespread use before the Ecuadorian period." }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Guns clearly were revolutionary in their impact, producing a situation analogous to that reported by Vayda (1970) for the Maori of New Zealand. The same strenuous efforts were made by hostile Shuar groups to obtain firearms from a limited number of access points. The missionary, Vacas Galindo, reports of one local group allied with Candoshi along the Situye River who, under great pressure from expanding Upano Shuar, ambushed a war party from that district with plans to exchange their shrunken heads with traders down on the Marañón for more firearms (Vacas Galindo 1895:173-178)... Access to firearms was difficult at best along the Alto Marañón and certainly uneven among the various Shuar at this time. Antipas and Aguaruna Indians, whom Up de Graff subsequently encountered upriver near the Pongo, also were known to descend the Marañón to barter at Barranca, even subsequent to the Huambisa treachery of 1898. Yet not one of their approximately 200 warriors carried a firearm as they escorted the explorer up the Santiago River on a collective headtaking expedition against the Huambisas in 1899 (1923:241, 251). Furthermore, they quickly fled southward after raiding several settlements, fearful of retaliation by enemies whom they knew to possess weapons far superior to their own (1923:275; cf. Stirling 1938:58)... As among the Maori, in the early days of acquiring Western weapons, “the outcomes of engagements … reflected mainly the relative success of groups in obtaining guns” (Vayda 1970:580). It is perhaps equally true that while the acquisition of guns became a material goal of raids and head-hunting (setting aside the supernatural motivations), the possession of guns also facilitated long-distance forays, enabling men from the Upano Valley, for example, to range as far south as the Marañón River (Harner 1972:116) through otherwise hostile country (cf. Vayda 1970:580).§REF§Bennett Ross, Jane. 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro.\", 90-92§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"A major development came around 1230 when knowledge of saltpetre reached the Middle East from Central Asia. A primitive form of gunpowder was soon in use, combining ten parts saltpetre, two of charcoal and one and a half of sulphur. ... Whether or not this primitive gunpowder was used as early as 1300 to propel a projectile, or (more probably) to spray a form of grapeshot from a fixed position, remains a hotly debated question.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1986, 40) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet invented" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"A major development came around 1230 when knowledge of saltpetre reached the Middle East from Central Asia. A primitive form of gunpowder was soon in use, combining ten parts saltpetre, two of charcoal and one and a half of sulphur. ... Whether or not this primitive gunpowder was used as early as 1300 to propel a projectile, or (more probably) to spray a form of grapeshot from a fixed position, remains a hotly debated question.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1986, 40) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used in low numbers. Mamluks had a cultural resistance to the introduction of fire-arms (cannon and arquebuses).§REF§(Oliver 1977, 39-67)§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"A major development came around 1230 when knowledge of saltpetre reached the Middle East from Central Asia. A primitive form of gunpowder was soon in use, combining ten parts saltpetre, two of charcoal and one and a half of sulphur. ... Whether or not this primitive gunpowder was used as early as 1300 to propel a projectile, or (more probably) to spray a form of grapeshot from a fixed position, remains a hotly debated question.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1986, 40) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not present during this time period" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet invented" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not yet developed" } ] }