Handheld Firearm List
A viewset for viewing and editing Handheld Firearms.
GET /api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 364, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/handheld-firearms/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD §REF§Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.§REF§" }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD §REF§Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD §REF§Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.§REF§" }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": 1339, "year_to": 1472, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Ottomans \"drove their rivals - the Ak Koyunlu and the Safavids in Persia, and the Mamluks in Egypt\" to import firearms from Europe.§REF§(Chew 2012, 32-33) Emrys Chew. 2012. Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean During the Age of Global Empire. PalgraveMacmillan. Houndmill.§REF§ Venetians allies shipped firearms in 1473 CE§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ but do not know if they were used in battle. The Ak Koyunlu military's \"weakness was its lack of firearms\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ but that does not mean they had no fire arms at all, as the shipment of firearms from the Venetians demonstrates. Bosworth, referring to a battle near Terǰān 1473 CE against the Ottomans, says \"One significant aspect of Āq Qoyunlu military organization is their use of firearms.\"§REF§(Bosworth 2011) Bosworth, C E. 2011. ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-ii§REF§ \"The sultan’s personal guard (nowkarān-e ḵāṣṣa, bōy-e nūkarān, īnāqān) had handguns\" later 15th century.§REF§(Bosworth 2011) Bosworth, C E. 2011. ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-ii§REF§" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": 1473, "year_to": 1501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Ottomans \"drove their rivals - the Ak Koyunlu and the Safavids in Persia, and the Mamluks in Egypt\" to import firearms from Europe.§REF§(Chew 2012, 32-33) Emrys Chew. 2012. Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean During the Age of Global Empire. PalgraveMacmillan. Houndmill.§REF§ Venetians allies shipped firearms in 1473 CE§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ but do not know if they were used in battle. The Ak Koyunlu military's \"weakness was its lack of firearms\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ but that does not mean they had no fire arms at all, as the shipment of firearms from the Venetians demonstrates. Bosworth, referring to a battle near Terǰān 1473 CE against the Ottomans, says \"One significant aspect of Āq Qoyunlu military organization is their use of firearms.\"§REF§(Bosworth 2011) Bosworth, C E. 2011. ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-ii§REF§ \"The sultan’s personal guard (nowkarān-e ḵāṣṣa, bōy-e nūkarān, īnāqān) had handguns\" later 15th century.§REF§(Bosworth 2011) Bosworth, C E. 2011. ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-ii§REF§" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i><br>" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented at this time.<br>" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i>" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i>" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i>" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented at this time." }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented at this time.<br>" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented at this time." }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as came later. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"matchlock.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Not as advanced in comparison to other large states of the period.§REF§(Ward 2014, 64) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC.§REF§ Muskets were used by tribal cavalry.§REF§(Ward 2014, 65) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC.§REF§ Abbas Mirza (who was a prince/commander not the ruler) established factories for cannon and muskets.§REF§(Ward 2014, 67) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC.§REF§" }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Esmāʿil introduced corps of musketeers into his army. §REF§Rudi Matthee ‘SAFAVID DYNASTY’<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</a>§REF§ The Safavid armies were equipped with 'traditional' weapons and armour: bows, swords, cavalry horses. But this period also saw the use of firearms: both artillery (mainly in a defensive capacity) and muskets on the battle. They did not have a professional navy, instead employing mercenaries when needed. §REF§Haneda, Masashi. “The Evolution of the Safavid Royal Guard.” Iranian Studies 22, no. 2/3 (January 1, 1989): 62§REF§ §REF§Savory, R. M. “The Sherley Myth.” Iran 5, 1967 / : 75§REF§ §REF§Steven R. Ward, Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces (Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2009), p.49.§REF§" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD §REF§Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.§REF§" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD §REF§Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.§REF§" }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i>" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented at this time." }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i><br>" }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not invented at this time.</i><br>" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 179, "name": "it_latium_ba", "long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 178, "name": "it_latium_ca", "long_name": "Latium - Copper Age", "start_year": -3600, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Papal States 1450s CE: \"the large scale introduction of hand firearms. The earliest hand firearm was the schioppetto or hand-gun, and the introduction of these has been postulated as early as the late thirteenth century.\".\"§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The battle of Pavia (1525) proved the value of arquebusiers, and firearms dominated European warfare from thereon, although Charles VIII had used mobile artillery in his initial (1494-1498) invasion of Italy.§REF§Mallett and Shaw, 152§REF§ Papal States 1450s CE: \"the large scale introduction of hand firearms. The earliest hand firearm was the schioppetto or hand-gun, and the introduction of these has been postulated as earl as the late thirteenth century. By the second half of the fourteenth century there is a good deal of sporadic evidence of their use but almost entirely in the defence of towns. The primitive hand-gun was three or four feet long, rather cumbersome and shapeless and had to be fired with a match. ... by the 1430's there was growing evidence of groups of specialist hand-gun men in the field armies. ... appeared in the papal army from at least the mid-1450's.\"§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§ The arquebus was introduced in the late 15th CE.§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The battle of Pavia (1525) proved the value of arquebusiers, and firearms dominated European warfare from thereon, although Charles VIII had used mobile artillery in his initial (1494-1498) invasion of Italy.§REF§Mallett and Shaw, 152§REF§ Papal States 1450s CE: \"the large scale introduction of hand firearms. The earliest hand firearm was the schioppetto or hand-gun, and the introduction of these has been postulated as earl as the late thirteenth century. By the second half of the fourteenth century there is a good deal of sporadic evidence of their use but almost entirely in the defence of towns. The primitive hand-gun was three or four feet long, rather cumbersome and shapeless and had to be fired with a match. ... by the 1430's there was growing evidence of groups of specialist hand-gun men in the field armies. ... appeared in the papal army from at least the mid-1450's.\"§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§ The arquebus was introduced in the late 15th CE.§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Handheld firearms became a major part of European warfare during this period. The battle of Pavia (1525) proved the value of arquebusiers, and firearms dominated European warfare from thereon, although Charles VIII had used mobile artillery in his initial (1494-1498) invasion of Italy.§REF§Mallett and Shaw, 152§REF§ Papal States 1450s CE: \"the large scale introduction of hand firearms. The earliest hand firearm was the schioppetto or hand-gun, and the introduction of these has been postulated as earl as the late thirteenth century. By the second half of the fourteenth century there is a good deal of sporadic evidence of their use but almost entirely in the defence of towns. The primitive hand-gun was three or four feet long, rather cumbersome and shapeless and had to be fired with a match. ... by the 1430's there was growing evidence of groups of specialist hand-gun men in the field armies. ... appeared in the papal army from at least the mid-1450's.\"§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§ The arquebus was introduced in the late 15th CE.§REF§Michael Mallett (2009) Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. Pen & Sword Military. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Handheld_firearm", "handheld_firearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet." } ] }