Earth Rampart List
A viewset for viewing and editing Earth Ramparts.
GET /api/wf/earth-ramparts/?format=api
{ "count": 368, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/earth-ramparts/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The mud brick palisades used to defend smaller settlements. §REF§Roy, Kaushik. War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849. Taylor & Francis, 2011. pp. 30-35§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Malik 'Abbas built numerous fortress-like villages in Ghur. Qutb al-Din Muhammad founded the fortress-like villages in Ghur. Qutb al-Din Muhammad founded the fortress and city of Firuzkuh. Basha al-Din Sam erected strong fortresses in Ghur, the Garmsir, Gharchistan and Herat, keeping strategic needs in view. A castle constructed at Wadawajzd by Sultan Ghiyath al-Din was so impregnable that it survived the onslaught of the Mongols.\"§REF§(Nizami 1999, 189) K A Nizami. The Ghurids. M S Asimov. C E Bosworth. eds. 1999. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume IV. Part One. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Delhi.§REF§ Reference for use of the mud rampart in ancient India.§REF§(Singh 2008, 336) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mud wall at the city of Taxila. §REF§Tarn, William Woodthorpe. <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press: 1951, p.124-5. Sidky, H., The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, from Alexander to Eucratides the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 168-169</i>§REF§ Ai Khanoum \"There was also a \"lower city\" protected by a fearsome defensive wall (with ramparts more than 30 feet high and twenty to twenty-six feet thick)\".§REF§(www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html)§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Iskender-Mochiri p. 63 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§ The Questions of King Milinda on Salaka: \"Wise architects have laid it out ... strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated.\"§REF§(Bauer 2010, 180-181) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarite rule \"coincided with the building of new fortifications\" (Samarkand, Paykent).§REF§(Grenet 2005) Grenet, Frantz. 2005. KIDARITES. Iranicaonline. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kidarites§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Palaces and castles were built on high platforms and surrounded by strong fortifications.\"§REF§(Mukhamedjanov 1994, 279) Mukhamedjanov, A R in Harmatta J, Puri B N and Etemadi G F eds. 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. UNESCO.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Fortifications along frontier 1st century. §REF§(Peers 1995, 11)§REF§ Walls of Luoyang constructed using tamped earth.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 262)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ \"field defences such as wagon laagers, earth ramparts or felled trees became very widespread, and many battles to the form of assaults on fortified lines or camps.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rammed-earth defensive walls: \"Comparing the inner and outer walls, the inner walls are built on a more or less rectangular plan aligned roughly 20 degrees east of north5 and were built directly upon the ground surface. The outer wall, on the other hand, was built according to the contours of the land, with a foundation trench to strengthen it, and is currently 12-17 m thick at the base. These facts suggest to Yuan and Zeng (2004) that the walls served different defensive functions, the inner wall protecting the “palaces,” and the outer wall, moat, and lake defending the site as a whole. An- other, additional possibility, is that the outer wall served as flood protection.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 72)§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rammed-earth defensive walls: \"Comparing the inner and outer walls, the inner walls are built on a more or less rectangular plan aligned roughly 20 degrees east of north5 and were built directly upon the ground surface. The outer wall, on the other hand, was built according to the contours of the land, with a foundation trench to strengthen it, and is currently 12-17 m thick at the base. These facts suggest to Yuan and Zeng (2004) that the walls served different defensive functions, the inner wall protecting the “palaces,” and the outer wall, moat, and lake defending the site as a whole. Another, additional possibility, is that the outer wall served as flood protection.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 72)§REF§ Walls used earth surrounding by bricks or wood §REF§(Lovell 2006, 31)§REF§ At Zhengzhou: \"The two external protective walls were similarly pounded, and the outer one was coated with a layer of protective pebbles, presumably to forestall erosion by falling rain and perhaps buttress it against floodwaters.\" §REF§Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.§REF§ Walls of Zhengzhou made out of earth.§REF§(Bagley 1999, 166) Bagley, R. in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L.1999. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The chai wall is made of earth or stone slabs §REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 59§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'With Qing advances in 1795, the Miao would build fortications of an unspecified type quickly, presumably wooden palisades, earth ramparts, and ditches.' §REF§SUTTON, D. S.. (2003). Ethnic Revolt in the Qing Empire: The \"Miao Uprising\" of 1795-1797 Reexamined. Asia Major, 16(2), 105-152. Retrieved from <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/41649879\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41649879</a>§REF§ Ling et al claim earth slabs for the fortified walls around settlements: 'The Miao settlement is called “chai” (Illus. 12, 13), built generally against a mountainside or along a river, without any uniform appearance. The chai wall is made of earth or stone slabs, and there is no definite number of gates. The streets of a chai zigzag up and down, with tiny alleys on both sides. In each alley there are a few families. The alleys are interconnected. Without a guide one can get lost once inside a chai; turning right and left, one will be unable to find an exit. Chinese passing through a Miao chai often cannot find a single Miao, because they have gone into hiding in small alleys, barring the doors and refusing to come out. The Miao chais are not located along lines of communication but in the deep mountains and valleys accessible only by small paths. Although visible at a distance, they often cannot be reached. Without modern arms, they cannot be easily taken. For the last few hundred years continuous Miao unrest in western Hunan may be largely related to the fact that their chais were easy to defend and difficult to capture.' §REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 59§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The number of cities with earth fortifications grew rapidly near the end of the Western Zhou.\"§REF§(Cooke 2010, 62) Cooke, Tim. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas of China. Marshall Cavendish.§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Tamped-earth walls §REF§(Sawyer 2011, 47-8)§REF§ Rammed-earth walls. \"So far, about 30 cities with massive defensive hangtu walls dating to the Longshan era have been identified. Several others are under excavation, and new ones are being identified with regular frequency. While most of the best known are located in the middle-lower Yellow River Valley (in the Henan-Shandong there are about ten), several others are found throughout China, such as in the Hunan- Hubei area, in Inner Mongolia, and in Sichuan. What is most relevant is that all appear to be arranged in significant regional clusters (Fig. 4; Appendix 1).\"§REF§(Demattè 1999, 123)§REF§ \"Of these fortified sites, Taosi (陶寺) in Shanxi is the most impressive (Fig. 1). Its walls are up to 10 m wide, and at the peak of the site’s expansion they would have enclosed an area of some 280 ha.\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 339)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " early sections of the Great Wall were mostly made with earth and stone §REF§(Faust 2016, p.41)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The walls of Chinese fortifications were built of tramped earth, usually thicker than it was high, which was gradually faced with brick over the course of the Song dynasty.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 29)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Willow palisade, completed in 1681. §REF§(Reardon-Anderson 2005, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " large tracts of The Great Wall are essentially earthen ramparts §REF§(Silberman 2012, 620)§REF§ Dinghai did not have any accessible quarries, so its defenses would have to built out of earthen ramparts. Zhoushan also had earth walls as fortifications during the Opium Wars. §REF§(Mao 2016, 296)§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled settlements, stamped earth foundations. §REF§(Hook 1991, 142)§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city. §REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Work on Great Wall used \"pounded earth and sun-dried mud bricks.\"§REF§(Wright 1979, 103)§REF§ The city walls of Chang'an built under Yang Chien: \"the building material was the light brown earth.\" §REF§(Wright 1978, 86) Wright, Arthur. 1978. The Sui Dynasty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Engineers and laborers built walls by ramming thin layers of loose earth in wood frames to form the core of the ramparts. They then face them with brick and stone to prevent erosion by rain and constructed battlements on top to provide for their defense.\" §REF§(Benn 2002, 45) Benn, Charles. 2002. China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Engineers and laborers built walls by ramming thin layers of loose earth in wood frames to form the core of the ramparts. They then face them with brick and stone to prevent erosion by rain and constructed battlements on top to provide for their defense.\" §REF§(Benn 2002, 45) Benn, Charles. 2002. China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Lewis 1999b, 630)§REF§ Defensive fortifications were common feature of all Warring States kingdoms, known from Qi, Wei, Zhao, and Yan in 4th c bce; likely Chu as well. Some stone, but most were built of stamped earth.§REF§(Loewe 1999a, 1021)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ After the 121-119 BCE campaigns against Hsiung-nu \"A line of earthworks was built to extend the Ch'in defence line further into the steppe. For the next 18 years, there were no recorded Hsiung-nu raids into China.\"§REF§(Peers 1995, 7)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Hang-tu earth walls still the dominant technology. \"The number of cities with earth fortifications grew rapidly near the end of the Western Zhou.\"§REF§(Cooke 2010, 62) Cooke, Tim. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas of China. Marshall Cavendish.§REF§ Hang-tu earthern walls. \"Large stones were usually piled as a foundation, then earth was rammed above it layer upon layer. Traces of wood, possibly the remains of round posts used to hold the wall in place, have been discovered there.\" Qi wall §REF§(Steinhardt, Nancy. 2002. Chinese Architecture. 新世界出版社. 10)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Hang-tu earth walls §REF§(DuTemple 2003, 15)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Within technical capability of time." }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence for fortifications in the Neguanje period has been found yet. §REF§(Giraldo 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The architectural and topographic survey of Pueblito shows that the town itself seems to have no particular contours, limits, or a predetermined shape. Neither does Ciudad Perdida. There is no perimeter or defensive wall, of any shape or form, encircling it or bounding it, and clustered residential compounds were not organized into a definite form that can be interpreted as a spatial template that was being followed.\"§REF§(Giraldo 2010, 274)§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " older reports describe palisades and watchtowers made from wood only" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " older reports describe make-shift palisades and watchtowers made from wood only." }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Due to lack of trees in Egypt possibly the earth rampart would be a likely defensive fortification for a smaller town." }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ 1st Dynasty fortress built \"on the highest point of the shore on Elephantine Island.\"§REF§(Bard 2000, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Middle Kingdom fortresses \"were remarkable examples of military architecture with huge walls, ramparts and ditches, bastions, and fortified gates with drawbridges. Inside them were barracks, magazines, workships and offices, as well as small temples for Egyptian gods... Large granaries contained the rations to feed the troops and personnel stationed there.\" §REF§(Van De Mieroop 2011, 113) Van De Mieroop, Marc. 2011. A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Backwell. Chichester.§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\"§REF§(Gnirs 2001) Gnirs A M in Redford, D B (2001) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, OUP, Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Earth_rampart", "earth_rampart": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§" } ] }