Complex Fortification List
A viewset for viewing and editing Complex Fortifications.
GET /api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 367, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No references identified in the literature. RA." }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No references in the literature." }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The reasons for the abandon of Sarazm by its inhabitants have not yet been identified. Hypothesis include migration of the population, epidemic disease, attack of this prosperous settlement which wasn’t fortified, ..., but none could really be verified.\"§REF§(Razzokov and Kurbanov 2005: 12) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IDTTJNJT\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IDTTJNJT</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fortified towers. §REF§(Nicolle 1996, 81)§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Alişar Hüyük §REF§Çevik Ö., \"The Emergence of Different Social Systems in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: Urbanisation versus Centralisation\", In: \"Anatolian Studies\", Vol. 57, Transanatolia: Bridging the Gap between East and West in the Archaeology of Ancient Anatolia (2007), p. 136.§REF§. A fortification wall was constructed, and only 10 meters of fortification found on the terrace were excavated. One of these walls was set behind the other and rectangular-shaped bastions were constructed onto it. §REF§Joukowsky M. S., \"Early Turkey. An Introduction to the Archeology of Anatolia from Prehistory through the Lydian Period\", USA 1996, p. 170.§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " same as the previous polity: 'this fortification system arrangement remained unchanged throughout the imperial Hittite and Neo-Hittite periods’§REF§Marcella Frangipane, ‘Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 985§REF§" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Settlements have continuity with previous polity. Alişar Hüyük §REF§Çevik Ö., \"The Emergence of Different Social Systems in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: Urbanisation versus Centralisation\", In: \"Anatolian Studies\", Vol. 57, Transanatolia: Bridging the Gap between East and West in the Archaeology of Ancient Anatolia (2007), p. 136.§REF§. A fortification wall was constructed, and only 10 meters of fortification found on the terrace were excavated. One of these walls was set behind the other and rectangular-shaped bastions were constructed onto it. §REF§Joukowsky M. S., \"Early Turkey. An Introduction to the Archeology of Anatolia from Prehistory through the Lydian Period\", USA 1996, p. 170.§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Preiser-Kapeller says present. Theodosian Landwalls of Constantinople - maintained from the preceding period.§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Fortifications of Mersin XVI are the earliest of the type of structure. Carefully planned, built of mudbrick on a stone foundation, it stood on the top of a fifty-foot mound. The sides had been steeply revetted to from a glacis, adding considerably to its strength. The fortress appears to have had single storey, with a continuous roof over the barrack rooms which provided a platform for the garnison whose main weapons was the sling. Behind the 1-5 metre thick defensive wall, provided with stout offsets, lay a series of rooms each lit by two slit windows in the outer walls. Each rooms had small open courtyard in front, grinding platforms, grain bins, hearths and other domestic arrangements. Doors in the site walls made communication possible along the inner face of the wall. On the northwest site of the mound, a track or ramp led from the river to the \"Water Gate\" which was about two metres wide and flanked on either site by a projecting tower containing a guardroom. An important building, which the excavators thought to be the ruler's residence, formed a rectangular block divided down the middle by a long central courtyard containing a domed oven. The group of rooms lay on either side. Thus the plan of the structure resembles that of manny an Early Bronze Age house at Byblos\". §REF§The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages in the Near East and Anatolia, James Mellaart, KHAYATS Beirut1966, p.102§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Theodosian Landwalls of Constantinople" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " same as the previous polity: 'this fortification system arrangement remained unchanged throughout the imperial Hittite and Neo-Hittite periods’§REF§Marcella Frangipane, ‘Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 985§REF§" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Parallel walls joined by diagonal walls were part of the fortification: '(e.g. Hattusa) The fortification walls were built in a casemate system with a width of up to 8 m. Two parallel walls were connected by diagonal walls, and the compartments thus constructed were filled with rubble. Towers protruded at regular intervals from the outer face of the walls. The walls are always situated on earthen ramparts, which provided protection against battering rams.' §REF§Lorenz J. and I. Schrakamp (2011) Hittite Military and Warfare, pp. 141 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) <i>Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology,</i> Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 125-151§REF§" }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'By the end of Croesus’s reign, Sardis was a city of monumental architecture that included: a fortification wall twenty meters thick (figure 52.3) that enclosed a lower city area of about 108 hectares; terraces of white ashlar masonry that regularized natural slopes and contours of the acropolis (figures 52.4, 52.5; Ratté 2011); probably the triple-wall defenses of the acropolis—if they are not Persian—that later impressed Alexander the Great (Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.17.5; Lucian, Charon 9); three huge tumuli at Bin Tepe—the largest more than 350 m in diameter (figure 52.6)—that were visible from afar and heralded the city to those approaching it (Roosevelt 2009).'§REF§Crawford H. Greenewalt, ‘Sardis: A First Millennium B.C.E. Capital in Western Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p.1117§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Lysimachus built a fortified camp near Dorylaeum that was fortified with a \"deep ditch and three lines of palisades\".§REF§(Champion 2014, 155) Jeff Champion. 2014. Antigonus the One-Eyed: Greatest of the Successors. Pen & Sword. Barnsley.§REF§ “No excavations in Lysimacheia have been undertaken up to now, the only particular building we know about is the temple renamed Lysimacheion after the death of Lysimachos. There the King was buried and certainly venerated as an oikist (App. Syr. 341; ИTM: 330). One may expect impressive fortifications to have defended the new foundation with the sites of older Kardia and Paktia.” §REF§Dimitrov, K. (2011) Economic, Social and Political Structures on the Territory of the Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace (5th - first half of the 3rd century BC). ORPHEUS. Journal of IndoEuropean and Thracian Studies. 18, p. 4-24. p15§REF§" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'this fortification system arrangement remained unchanged throughout the imperial Hittite and Neo-Hittite periods’§REF§Marcella Frangipane, ‘Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 985§REF§ e.g. Carchemish: \"The defence consisted of several walls or ramparts that protected an outer city with private houses and an inner city with gates, temples, the Great Staircase and hilani-buildings. A fortified citadel was located by the river at what was probably the centre of the city. ... According to Mazzoni a new lay-out of the citadel, squares and public buildings with facade sculptures took place during the late 11th and early 10th centuries B.C. (Mazzoni [1995] 182). Thereafter there is a change in iconography marked by the disappearance of the traditional Hittite motifs...\"§REF§(Thuesen 2002, 47)§REF§" }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Kilidülbahir castle overlooks the Dardanelles from the Gelibolu peninsular. It was first built by the Ottomans in the late 15th century.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 7)§REF§ Yeni Kule (Seven Towers fort) 1458 CE. Kars, Erivan had a double wall and 51 towers. Maintained fortifications that had been built by Hungarians along Danube and Carpathian borders.§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 23-24)§REF§ On the Examples include one on the Asiatic Bosphorus called Anadolu Hisar, and one on the European coast called Rumeli Hisar. The latter was completed in 1452 CE and allowed the Ottomans to control, using artillery, the route to and from the Black Sea. §REF§(Turnbull 2003, 37)§REF§" }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Grand Vizier Mehmet Koprulu ordered the building of Seddulbahr and Kumkale castles.§REF§(Turnbull 2003, 82)§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Citadel in Gordion." }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " in preceding Principate: Hadrian's wall. 15 feet high for 73 miles. Milecastle every Roman mile up to 21 feet high. Milecastle could house 60 troops. Between Milecastles, two watchtowers with centuries. 17 large forts along wall home to 1000 soldiers. Nine foot ditch dug at base of wall while a Vallum behind (120 ft wide ditch) ran the entire length of the stone wall. 15-20000 men used to build. 5 year build. §REF§(Canciello 2005)§REF§." }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " All descriptions are of a single wall with towers around the city, with a citadel at the centre in some cases. §REF§Cahen, Claude. The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Translated by P. M. Holt. A History of the Near East. Harlow, England: Longman, 2001. P.121.§REF§" }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Based on previous polity fortifications and the stone fortresses built in this time, it seems safe to say the history of complex fortifications continue here" }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " In terms of settlement organisation, the main defensive strategy seems to have been to construct larger villages.§REF§Illinois State Museum, Illinois Economy: Settlements (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/ec_settle.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/ec_settle.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": 1566, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Having run a trench several feet deep, around five or ten acres of land, and thrown up the ground upon the inside, they set a continuous row of stakes or palisades in this bank of earth, fixing them at such an angle that they inclined over the trench. Sometimes a village was surrounded by a double, or even triple row of palisades. Within this enclosure they constructed their bark-houses, and secured their stores.\" §REF§Morgan & Lloyd 1901, 305§REF§ Some sources suggest that the building of palisades ceased to be a common occurrence after the 17th century: \"The necessity of stockading the villages had almost ceased by the beginning of the seventeenth century, and by the close of the century the stockades were abandoned. Villages became less compact, but houses continued to be built near enough together to form a neighborhood.\" §REF§Lyford 1945, 11§REF§ We follow Lyford's periodization in selecting the end of the 17th century as the date of transition. Indeed, it's suggestive that all sources we could find describing Iroquois fortification date to the seventeenth century." }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": 1701, "year_to": 1713, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Having run a trench several feet deep, around five or ten acres of land, and thrown up the ground upon the inside, they set a continuous row of stakes or palisades in this bank of earth, fixing them at such an angle that they inclined over the trench. Sometimes a village was surrounded by a double, or even triple row of palisades. Within this enclosure they constructed their bark-houses, and secured their stores.\" §REF§Morgan & Lloyd 1901, 305§REF§ Some sources suggest that the building of palisades ceased to be a common occurrence after the 17th century: \"The necessity of stockading the villages had almost ceased by the beginning of the seventeenth century, and by the close of the century the stockades were abandoned. Villages became less compact, but houses continued to be built near enough together to form a neighborhood.\" §REF§Lyford 1945, 11§REF§ We follow Lyford's periodization in selecting the end of the 17th century as the date of transition. Indeed, it's suggestive that all sources we could find describing Iroquois fortification date to the seventeenth century." }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Though the Iroquois were known for their impressive fortifications in the seventeenth century, no sources could be found describing Iroquois fortifications in the eighteenth century. This, combined with Lyford's claim that the Iroquois had abandoned their traditional fortification methods by the end of the seventeenth century, suggests that most of our \"fortification\" variables cannot be confidently coded as \"present\". \"The necessity of stockading the villages had almost ceased by the beginning of the seventeenth century, and by the close of the century the stockades were abandoned. Villages became less compact, but houses continued to be built near enough together to form a neighborhood.\" §REF§Lyford 1945, 11§REF§ Because, in seventeenth century descriptions, earth ramparts are not mentioned separately from palisade system, it seems reasonable to infer this variable as inferred absent." }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " By this period villages were often located on defensible hilltops, away from major routes, and were fortified \"either by ravines or by artificial earthworks and multiple palisades,\" and included man made ditches and usually one to two gates. There were also\"watch towers, reached by ladder, served as an outlook above the palisade wall.\"§REF§(Snow 1994: 52) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE</a>.§REF§§REF§(Wright 1979: 20) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MKRRCUSL\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MKRRCUSL</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 20, "name": "us_kamehameha_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1778, "end_year": 1819 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " [When there are more than one concentric ring of walls.]" }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 469, "name": "uz_janid_dyn", "long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara", "start_year": 1599, "end_year": 1747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Another early city of the same date, Kalalî-gîr, was surrounded by triple walls with bastions and had four gates with entrance barbicans and a hill-top palace, but it was never completed.\"§REF§(Negmatov 1994: 446) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2ZC77C82\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2ZC77C82</a>.§REF§" } ] }