Complex Fortification List
A viewset for viewing and editing Complex Fortifications.
GET /api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api
{ "count": 367, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Citadel of Herat 'سکندرۍ کلا'§REF§Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed. A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Trafford Publishing. pp. 41-45§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Malik 'Abbas built numerous fortress-like villages in Ghur. Qutb al-Din Muhammad founded the fortress-like villages in Ghur. Qutb al-Din Muhammad founded the fortress and city of Firuzkuh. Basha al-Din Sam erected strong fortresses in Ghur, the Garmsir, Gharchistan and Herat, keeping strategic needs in view. A castle constructed at Wadawajzd by Sultan Ghiyath al-Din was so impregnable that it survived the onslaught of the Mongols.\"§REF§(Nizami 1999, 189) K A Nizami. The Ghurids. M S Asimov. C E Bosworth. eds. 1999. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume IV. Part One. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Greeks' capitol at Bactra (present-day Balkh) included a huge Seleucid-era fortress and Hellenistic-style architecture.\"§REF§(www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html)§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Chaliand, Gerard. Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube. Transaction Books, 2006.§REF§ The Questions of King Milinda on Salaka: \"Wise architects have laid it out ... strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated.\"§REF§(Bauer 2010, 180-181) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The strong fortification walls reinforced by projecting towers, and the intricate labyrinths with multi-tiered loopholes, were some examples of major developments in the art of fortification at this time.\"§REF§(Mukhamedjanov 1994, 279) Mukhamedjanov, A R in Harmatta J, Puri B N and Etemadi G F eds. 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. UNESCO.§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The site of Kalai Zakhoki Maron is composed of three concentric terraces separated by walls. However, its identification as Tocharian has not been confirmed. It could however be characteristic of nomadic cities in the region. §REF§(Abdoullaev 2001, 205)§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred that consecutive rings of walls existed as they had done previously." }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The layout of the ancient city of Zhengzhou has been identified after many years of excavations. The city plan is nearly rectangular with two rings of protective walls that form the outer and the inner city. The inner city is approximately rectangular with a perimeter of almost 7,000m and an area of 300ha. The outer city wall only protects the southern and western portions of the site, located 600-1,100m away from the inner city wall (Figure 16.1). The outer wall was designed to follow natural topography surrounding the inner city, obviously having a defensive function.\" §REF§(Yuan 2013, 327)§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"...the Erlitou primary center was not fortified… the secondary center in the periphery was walled\".§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012: 386) Seshat URL. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY</a>?.§REF§ The following quote may refer to a later period. \"The layout of the ancient city of Zhengzhou has been identified after many years of excavations. The city plan is nearly rectangular with two rings of protective walls that form the outer and the inner city. The inner city is approximately rectangular with a perimeter of almost 7,000m and an area of 300ha. The outer city wall only protects the southern and western portions of the site, located 600-1,100m away from the inner city wall (Figure 16.1). The outer wall was designed to follow natural topography surrounding the inner city, obviously having a defensive function.\" §REF§(Yuan 2013, 327)§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " we need expert input in order to code this variable" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The guard stations and garrisons of the imperial army may qualify as complex fortifications: 'During the Ts'ung Cheng reign period /1628/ /the end of the Ming dynasty/, the Miao rebelled, demolishing the guard stations and leveling the border wall. The “Great Wall” to blockade Miao country disappeared.' After the later Hmong rebellions of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were suppressed, 'the Manchu court realized that the time was yet inopportune to change the Miao by teaching, and the blockade policy was once more used. The various hsiens along the Miao border were heavily garrisoned for protection.'§REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 168§REF§ However, Hmong fortifications probably don't qualify (see above), as it appears that settlements were surrounded by single walls and additional fortifications were constructed quickly on an ad hoc basis. This is open to review and may need expert confirmation." }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Yancheng in Wujin, “an irregularly shaped site some 850 m in diameter, surrounded by three roughly concentric tiers of walls and moats and accessible only by boat.” §REF§(Falkenhausen 1999, 526)§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence settlements defended by consecutive rings of walls. However, walls were surrounded by moats or ditches. \"Some of the walled settlements have surrounding ditches that may have served as moats. One of the functions of the walls probably was defense.\" §REF§(Underhill in Peregrine and Ember 2001, 157)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Peers 2013, 220)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " reconstruction and new additions of the Great Wall during the Ming period included the redesigning of many towers and fortifications that stood along the length of the wall, as well as the addition of cannons to some strategic locations. In some areas near the west of Beijing, the Great Wall splits into the Inner Wall and Outer Wall offering additional defence through this section of concentric walls. The wall was heavily garrisoned with soldiers manning battlements, gates, and signal towers. §REF§(Faust 2016, p.41)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Kaifeng was surrounded by three rings of walls.§REF§(Du and Koenig 2012, 180) Du, P and Koenig, A. in Angelakis, Andreas Niklaos. Mays, Larry W. Koutsoyiannis, Demetris. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fortresses.§REF§(Graff 2002, 98)§REF§ Ditch and wall. \"Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in sources." }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Armed land and coastal forts, <i>paotai,</i> first built in the 1650s under Emperor Kangxi's reign. \"In keeping with Kangxi's emphasis on coastal fortifications, the Yongzheng and the Qianlong emperors both considered a network of forts to be a vital component of the empire's defense network along its maritime frontier.\" §REF§(Po 2018, 135)§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. coastal forts, <i>paotai</i> §REF§(Po 2018, 135)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Zhengzhou had an inner and outer wall, still present in Late Shang.§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012: 359: 384) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY</a>?.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ditch and earth wall. Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " during different stages of building, old walls of a city were often incorporated as ‘inner walls’ of new city, e.g. in ‘double cities’ like Xue. Not clear if this was always for defensive purposes, though§REF§(Hung 1999, 660)§REF§. It does seem clear that the multiple-wall system served to ‘protect’ the elite residences and palace structures from external invasion, whether military threat or social removal from non-ruling classes" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Up until the Tang and Song Dynasties wide ramparts and ditches were a typical part of the defense system for a fortified town or city.§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Zhou capital cities had \"inner walled cities within outer walls.\" §REF§(Steinhardt, Nancy. 2002. Chinese Architecture. 新世界出版社. 10)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Sawyer 2011, 46)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence for fortifications in the Neguanje period has been found yet. §REF§(Giraldo 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"There are no doors or doorways, restricted passageways, labyrinthine corridors or walls physically restricting access to any structure within the towns. As a matter of fact, there are no town walls or enclosures for defense either.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 28)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " older reports describe make-shift palisades and watchtowers made from wood only" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " older reports describe make-shift palisades and watchtowers made from wood only." }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Citadel built on the Muqattam Hills 1176 CE §REF§(Raymond 2000, 83)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§ According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ 1st Dynasty fortress built \"on the highest point of the shore on Elephantine Island.\"§REF§(Bard 2000, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§ According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ 1st Dynasty fortress built \"on the highest point of the shore on Elephantine Island.\"§REF§(Bard 2000, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Small forts used as coastal warning system.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 159-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Small forts used as coastal warning system.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 159-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Small forts used as coastal warning system.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 159-181)§REF§" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The strength of these forts and the effort made to render them impregnable can be seen from the fortress at Buhen, which was one of the best-preserved forts in Nubia before it was flooded by the waters of the new Aswan High Dam . This formidable Middle Kingdom fortress consisted of an elaborate series of fortifications within fortifications built on a rectangular plan measuring 172 by 160 metres. The defence system consisted of a brick wall 4.8 metres thick and at least 10 metres high with towers at regular intervals. At the bottom of this main wall was a brickpaved rampart, protected by a series of round bastions with double rows of loopholes. The whole fort was surrounded by a dry ditch cut into the bed rock 6.5 metres deep. The ditch was 8.4 metres wide and the other scarp was heightened by brickwork. There were two gates on the east side facing the Nile, and a third, heavily fortified, on the west side facing the desert.\"§REF§(Mokhtar ed. 1981, 258)§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ Fortress of Sile was an \"important stronghold on the landbridge connecting the Egyptian Delta with Syria-Palestine.\" §REF§(Van Dijk 2000, 285-286)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"With the exception of planned settlements, we have no evidence for wall-construction around towns in the New Kingdom.\"Spence does not describe complex fortifications.§REF§(Spence 2004: 270) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4BFTF9V\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4BFTF9V</a>.§REF§ According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§ According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ Construction of a fortress at Elephantine. §REF§(Juan Carlos Moreno García 2013, 190 cite: Building the Pharaonic state: Territory, elite, and power in ancient Egypt in the 3rd millennium BCE <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15127.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15127.html</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned for this period in Shaw's (1991, 15-24) discussion of Egyptian fortifications.§REF§(Shaw 1991: 15-24) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§ According to Gnirs, \"fortification architecture and techniques of siege had become the basic means of warfare by the third millennium BCE.\" §REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§ Construction of a fortress at Elephantine (possibly Classic Old Kingdom). §REF§(Juan Carlos Moreno García 2013, 190 cite: Building the Pharaonic state: Territory, elite, and power in ancient Egypt in the 3rd millennium BCE <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15127.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/toc/15127.html</a>)§REF§" } ] }