Complex Fortification List
A viewset for viewing and editing Complex Fortifications.
GET /api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 367, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Another important Uighur site, Baibalyk on the Tsagaan River (Bayar 1999, p. 176), consists of three large square enclosures, one still with very substantial walls.\" §REF§(Rogers 2012, 227)§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The fortified settlement of Ivolga in Russia, situated near the modern city of Ulan-Ude, is the most investigated one among them. The site was an irregular rectangle with sides equal to approximately 200 and 300 m. On three sides, it was protected by fortification works of three walls alternating with three ditches while on the fourth side the site was protected by the Selenga river.\" §REF§(Kradin 2011, 85)§REF§ Not 'concentric' but I think we can code as present since the fourth side is protected by a river." }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The fortified settlement of Ivolga in Russia, situated near the modern city of Ulan-Ude, is the most investigated one among them. The site was an irregular rectangle with sides equal to approximately 200 and 300 m. On three sides, it was protected by fortification works of three walls alternating with three ditches while on the fourth side the site was protected by the Selenga river.\" §REF§(Kradin 2011, 85)§REF§ These fortifications are not 'concentric' but the fourth side is protected by a river." }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Monte Albán was built with a 3km defensive wall along the shallower slopes of the hill.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§ Another wall was constructed along the northern boundary of Monte Albán, but not until the Late I or II periods.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Monte Albán was built with a 3km defensive wall along the shallower slopes of the hill.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§ Another wall was constructed along the northern boundary of Monte Albán, but not until the Late I or II periods.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Monte Albán was built with a 3km defensive wall along the shallower slopes of the hill.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§ Another wall was constructed along the northern boundary of Monte Albán, but not until the Late I or II periods.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Monte Albán was built with a 3km defensive wall along the shallower slopes of the hill.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§ Another wall was constructed along the northern boundary of Monte Albán, but not until the Late I or II periods.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Monte Albán was built with a 3km defensive wall along the shallower slopes of the hill.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§ Another wall was constructed along the northern boundary of Monte Albán, but not until the Late I or II periods.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The fortifications along the northern sector of Monte Alban consisted of an inner and outer wall, although the outer wall may have been much older (constructed in the Late I or II phases).§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p151§REF§" }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Whereas no sites are documented as fortified or military observatories during the Formative and Classic periods, approximately one quarter of sites are during the Epiclassic and one-third of sites are during the Postclassic.\"§REF§(Carballo and Pluckhahn 2007: 615) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"For fortifications, Aztec sites show a broad range with some totally exposed on valley floors and others being walled or at elevations. Tenochtitlan only had walls around the sacred precinct but of course had natural fortification by being an island in a lake that could be entered only through a few causeways. At the high end of fortification was the Tlaxcalan stronghold of Tepeticpac, up on a high hill and encircled by walls. That was their strategy of resistance against the Aztec empire. Huexotla is a site in the domain of Texcoco with a large wall and their were fortified garrisons on the frontier between the Aztec and Tarascan empires, in west Mexico. But probably more sites were not fortified than were. There was nothing comparable to the medieval European pattern or earlier fortified city states of Mesopotamia or elsewhere in Eurasia.\"§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 12, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7", "long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Whereas no sites are documented as fortified or military observatories during the Formative and Classic periods, approximately one quarter of sites are during the Epiclassic and one-third of sites are during the Postclassic.\"§REF§(Carballo and Pluckhahn 2007: 615) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " None have been found, and fortifications themselves are scarce." }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " None have been found, and fortifications themselves are scarce." }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Whereas no sites are documented as fortified or military observatories during the Formative and Classic periods, approximately one quarter of sites are during the Epiclassic and one-third of sites are during the Postclassic.\"§REF§(Carballo and Pluckhahn 2007: 615) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MUW5MHB7</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"For urban centres in the rest of Mesoamerica, the lack of perimeter walls and defensive settings is striking. The undefended nature of Aztec towns, for example, contrasts sharply with the ethnohistoric record of Aztec warfare\".§REF§(Smith 2003: 38) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WEIQNSNP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WEIQNSNP</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Sources§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ do not mention any archaeological evidence for fortification for this period." }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The fact that sources mention evidence for defensive palisades§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2005). Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum, p102§REF§ but not evidence for any other kind of fortification suggests that there is only evidence for the former. Evidence for large or complex fortifications has not been found for this period." }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The fact that sources mention evidence for defensive palisades§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2005). Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum, p102§REF§ but not evidence for any other kind of fortification suggests that there is only evidence for the former. Evidence for large or complex fortifications has not been found for this period." }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization." }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " North west of Cuzco in the area of Quilliscachi there are fortified Killke era sites. Largest is Huata where there are three concentric fortification walls. Area probably not unified during the Killke Period.§REF§(Bauer 2004, 76)§REF§" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " North west of Cuzco in the area of Quilliscachi there are fortified Killke era sites. Largest is Huata where there are three concentric fortification walls. Area probably not unified during the Killke Period.§REF§(Bauer 2004, 76)§REF§" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Pukara fortresses usually located on tops of hills often had \"concentric terraces spiralling up the slopes of the hill to encircle a temple-storehouse-garrison complex\" and the complex at the top \"was surrounded by a wall, and, if possible, a moat.\" §REF§(Kaufmann and Kaufmann 2012)§REF§" }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred lack of substantial circumvallation. §REF§(Gregory L. Possehl. 'Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization', Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 19. (1990), p. 271)§REF§." }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred lack of substantial circumvallation. §REF§(Gregory L. Possehl. 'Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization', Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 19. (1990), p. 271)§REF§." }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred lack of substantial circumvallation. §REF§(Gregory L. Possehl. 'Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization', Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 19. (1990), p. 271)§REF§" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"when the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the Indus region in 180 BC, he established a Greek centre called Sirkap near the Indian city. Sirkap was a Greek walled city built on the river bank opposite Taxila, but the two centres shared administrative duties and the royal mint remained in the Indian capital.\"§REF§(McLaughlin 2016, 80) Raoul McLaughlin. 2016. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Pen and Sword History. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "No evidence of fortifications have been found at Pirak.§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.§REF§" }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred lack of substantial circumvallation. §REF§(Gregory L. Possehl. 'Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization', Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 19. (1990), p. 271)§REF§" }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The decline of the Delhi Sultanate in the 15th century led to a situation where each lord needed to fortify his province with numerous castles.\"§REF§Konstantin S Nossov. 2012. Indian Castles 1206-1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Indus city walls and gates are not generally thought to have performed defensive functions, analogous to those in contemporary Mesopotamia.\"§REF§(Cork 2006: 4) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IQQCEMPC/q/cork\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IQQCEMPC/q/cork</a>.§REF§ There is no evidence for complex fortifications at Nausharo.§REF§Agrawal, D. P. (2007) The Indus Civilization: An interdisciplinary perspective. Aryan Books International: New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Indus city walls and gates are not generally thought to have performed defensive functions, analogous to those in contemporary Mesopotamia.\"§REF§(Cork 2006: 4) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IQQCEMPC/q/cork\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IQQCEMPC/q/cork</a>.§REF§ There is no evidence for complex fortifications at Nausharo.§REF§Agrawal, D. P. (2007) The Indus Civilization: An interdisciplinary perspective. Aryan Books International: New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with warfare" }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with warfare" }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Despite textual descriptions and iconographic depictions of sieged warfare in the first millennium BCE, there is little evidence for walls surrounding entire settlements; indeed, the norm seems to have been for walls to surround temple complexes, and for the rest of the settlement to remain exposed, though it is possible that the settlement's inhabitants could expect to find reguge within the temple enclosure in the event of an attack.§REF§(Kemp 2004: 271-276) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HD39CU6I\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HD39CU6I</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " As with the walls and gates around Baghdad. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 185-192§REF§" } ] }