Complex Fortification List
A viewset for viewing and editing Complex Fortifications.
GET /api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 367, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/complex-fortifications/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Tell Areini and Tell Arad, fortified settlements in the South, suggesting they were in competition with each other for control of land and resources. §REF§(Leverani 2014, 130) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " around Baghdad?" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The summer palace built by Hülegü’s son Abaqa near Lake Urmia had \"massive oval walls protected by towers and accessed by a new gate\". §REF§Sheila S. Blair, 'IL-KHANIDS ii. Architecture' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-ii-architecture\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-ii-architecture</a>§REF§ <i>Cannot find any reference to concentric walls.</i>" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ <i>- present north-west of Persia (where is that - SW of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan region?); however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region.</i> \"The ruins of the holy city of the Kingdom of Elam, surrounded by three huge concentric walls, are found at Tchogha Zanbil. Founded c. 1250 B.C., the city remained unfinished after it was invaded by Ashurbanipal, as shown by the thousands of unused bricks left at the site.\"§REF§UNESCO. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113/</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region. Another reference to north-western Iran: ‘The Iron II fortifications of the citadel are poorly known, but evidence for a probable circumvallation was found in three locations on the northern and northwestern citadel (Fig. 17.11; Danti forthcoming a, forthcoming b). A series of buildings on the southwest slopes of the mound formed the fortified entry to the Iron Age citadel (Dyson 1989: 110-11). The built environment of the citadel interior was designed to control access to its inner reaches (the Lower Court) and contained internal gateways and towers, supporting the conclusion that the entire citadel was strongly fortified in concentric fashion.’ §REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 354§REF§" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Earthern rampart at Hatra, in addition to wall and ditch.§REF§(Rawlinson 2014, 213) Rawlinson, George. 2014. The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Or: Parthia; Sassanian, or New Persian empire; Notes and index. Gorgias Press LLC.§REF§ Hatra had \"inner and outer city walls surrounded by a moat\".§REF§(Ring, Watson and Schellinger 2014, 122) Ring, Trudy. Watson, Noelle. Schellinger, Paul. 2014. Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Earthern rampart at Hatra, in addition to wall and ditch.§REF§(Rawlinson 2014, 213) Rawlinson, George. 2014. The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Or: Parthia; Sassanian, or New Persian empire; Notes and index. Gorgias Press LLC.§REF§ Hatra had \"inner and outer city walls surrounded by a moat\".§REF§(Ring, Watson and Schellinger 2014, 122) Ring, Trudy. Watson, Noelle. Schellinger, Paul. 2014. Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Qasr-i-Qajar (Castle of the Qajars)§REF§(Wilber 1962) Donald N Wilber. 1962. Persian Gardens & Garden Pavilions. Charles E.Tuttle Company. Tokyo.§REF§? “By the 1870s the khans had settled down and built castles in the lush valleys of the summer pasture to the east of Isfahan.”§REF§(Oehler 1993, 134) Julie Oehler. 1993. Bibi Maryam: A Bakhtiyari Tribal Woman. Edmund Burke, III. ed. Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East. University of California Press. Berkley.§REF§" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The important towns in Central Asia had citadels and were walled and further protected by mud circumvallation.\"§REF§(Roy 2014, 105) Roy, Kaushik. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. A&C Black.§REF§ \"Some forts were protected by double walls.\"§REF§(Roy 2014, 105) Roy, Kaushik. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. A&C Black.§REF§ The <i>ghulam</i> Allah Verdi Khan built a fort in the Shiraz area. §REF§Sholeh A. Quinn, ‘Iran under Safavid Rule’, in David O. Morgan and Anthony Reid (eds), The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010),P.227.§REF§ Tabriz and many Iranian cities did not have defensive walls around the whole site, although they did have a central citadel where defenders would retreat to. §REF§Blow, David. Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009. p.76.§REF§Isfahan had \"more than 3,500\" towers around the city. These were the so-called 'pigeon towers'. §REF§Blow, David. Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. London : I.B. Tauris ; , 2009. plate 12.§REF§" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Nikitin 1996, 61) Nikitin, A. V. Customs, Arts and Crafts. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.59-80. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Most Sasanian cities were fortified.§REF§(Nikitin 1996, 61) Nikitin, A. V. Customs, Arts and Crafts. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.59-80. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ \"The acme of Sasanian military construction is represented by the fortifications of Darband, which stood across the road along the west coast of the Caspian; their construction began under Yazdgird II (438-457). The defences include the city’s northern and southern walls, the citadel and a wall strengthened by stone forts that stretched 40 km to the Caucasus mountains.\"§REF§(Nikitin 1996, 63) Nikitin, A. V. Customs, Arts and Crafts. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.59-80. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Nikitin 1996, 61) Nikitin, A. V. Customs, Arts and Crafts. in in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.59-80. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Forts built along the coast. §REF§(Daryaee 2009, 136) Daryaee, Touraj. 2009. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B. Tauris. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " For example, Jebel Khalid, a settlement founded by the Seleucids, with an outer wall and inner wall around the acropolis palace.§REF§Wright, N. L. 2011.The Last days of a Seleucid City: Jebel Khalid in the Euphrates and its Temple. In, Erickson, K. and Ramsey, G. Seleucid Dissolution: The Sinking of the Anchor. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp117-132. p119§REF§" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " All descriptions are of a single wall with towers around the city, with a citadel at the centre in some cases. §REF§Lambton, A.K.S., ‘The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire’, in The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Period, ed. by J.A. Boyle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p.274.§REF§ \"Some Seljuk towns were strongly defended. Isfahan had an impressive enceinte built by the Kakuyidsm, for Nasir-i Khusraw notes the strength of its walls and their battlements. ... However we should not assume that such solid stone work was the rule, for many fortifications were rather flimsy, designed only to deter casual raids and localised hostilities, not properly organised armies.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 241) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§" }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " All descriptions are of a single wall with towers around the city, with a citadel at the centre in some cases. §REF§Lambton, A.K.S., ‘The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire’, in The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Period, ed. by J.A. Boyle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p.274.§REF§ \"Some Seljuk towns were strongly defended. Isfahan had an impressive enceinte built by the Kakuyidsm, for Nasir-i Khusraw notes the strength of its walls and their battlements. ... However we should not assume that such solid stone work was the rule, for many fortifications were rather flimsy, designed only to deter casual raids and localised hostilities, not properly organised armies.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 241) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region. Possibly at Susa during the reign of Indattu-In-Shushinak.§REF§Hinz 1971, 660§REF§ <i>What was the nature of these fortifications? Description needed.</i>" }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " In the north-west of Persia by c800 BCE: \"Double and triple stone walls, with a thickness of 3.6 m and a height of 12 m, surrounded some cities\"§REF§(Hejazi and Saradj 2015, 6) Mehrdad Hejazi. Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj. 2015. Persian Architectural Heritage: Architecture, Structure and Conservation. WITPress. Southampton.§REF§ - present for that region at that time; however this is not a direct reference to the Elamite region." }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 179, "name": "it_latium_ba", "long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 178, "name": "it_latium_ca", "long_name": "Latium - Copper Age", "start_year": -3600, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls at At Tufariello in Southern Basilicata, none so far in Latium itself; no fortresses or fortified camps.§REF§(Whitehouse 1992: 16) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/R9TV7IKB\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/R9TV7IKB</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Fortifications consisted mainly of earthen walls, some like the Colle Rotondo were internally reinforced by transverse cross beams.§REF§(Cifani 2013: 82) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NIPGF5BZ\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/NIPGF5BZ</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"The fortifications on the peninsular, some of which were excellent, derived from Theodoric's efforts to preserve and, if possible, improve the existing system of defences. The main fortress, Ravenna, was also the most important residence; but the Amal also spent considerable sums on maintaining Rome's city walls. Moreover, Theodoric probably took over and expanded the organisation of the tractus Italiae per Alpes, the fortresses at the southern exits of the Alpine passes. At any rate, we know of several measures by the Gothic king to construct fortifications and supply camps at the Gallic Durance, in the Cottian Alps, in the Val d'Aosta, and near Como and Trent. The conglomerate hill Doss Trento ... was crownded by the fortress with the telling name \"Wart.\" This Verruca and the Ligurian fortresses of Dertona are the best known new constructions of Theodoric's time.\" §REF§(Wolfram 1990, 306)§REF§" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Examples needed." }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Castle building. §REF§(Kleinhenz 2004, 854)§REF§ Garrisons and fortresses. §REF§(Waley 1957)§REF§" }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " By this point, stand-alone fortresses were a more common way to defend a city than continuous, multi-circle wall-circuits. Good examples from just north of the Papal States are found in Florence: During the 16th century, the Medici built the Fortezza da Basso and the Fortezza da Belvedere on opposite ends of the city; combined, their artillery dominated the city. Coastal fortresses became increasingly common along the Adriatic coast to defend the Papal State from Turkish raids, after 1530 or so.§REF§Mallet & Shaw, 184§REF§" }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Fortress at Luna §REF§(Bryans and Hendy 1911, 175 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://archive.org/stream/historyofromanre00momm#page/174/mode/2up/search/port\" rel=\"nofollow\">[10]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Hadrian's wall. 15 feet high for 73 miles. Milecastle every Roman mile up to 21 feet high. Milecastle could house 60 troops. Between Milecastles, two watchtowers with centuries. 17 large forts along wall home to 1000 soldiers. Nine foot ditch dug at base of wall while a Vallum behind (120 ft wide ditch) ran the entire length of the stone wall. 15-20000 men used to build. 5 year build. §REF§(Canciello 2005)§REF§." }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Complex_fortification", "complex_fortification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }