Settlement Hierarchy List
A viewset for viewing and editing Settlement Hierarchies.
GET /api/sc/settlement-hierarchies/?format=api&page=12
{ "count": 563, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/settlement-hierarchies/?format=api&page=11", "results": [ { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> In the mid-14th century Tlemcen had a population of about 40,000.§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 94) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§<br> 2. Large town 3. Town 4. Village" }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"The Tribe of Tuyuhun were a nomadic people. Although they had built cities, they did not live in houses in the cities. They lived in tents. They had the meat of the cattle they raised and cheese made from the milk of their cattle for food.\"§REF§(Hung 2013, 155) Hing Ming Hung. 2013. Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies that Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia. Algora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> 2. Towns 3.<br>\"The XVIth century witnessed a fundamental change in the circumstances of the Maghrib. By 1500, the reigning dynasties, the Wattasids in Morocco, the Zayyanids (or 'Abd al-Wadids) in Tlemsen, and the Hafsids in Tunis, no longer exercised more than a titular headship beyond the walls of their capital cities. The result was an anarchic decentralization in which the various towns, the peoples of the Aures, Kabyle, Rif, and Atlas mountains, and the tribes of the plains, led a more or less autonomous existence.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FE8SH26I\">[Barbour 1969, p. 97]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>Sources mention three types of settlement:<br>1. The capital, Devagiri <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9KNTRET\">[Sreenivasa_Murthy_Ramakrishnan 1978, p. 105]</a> 2. Cities and TownsThese are mentioned in the same breath and administered in the same way, which suggests they were more or less the same thing <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, pp. 149-151]</a> .<br>3. Villages <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, pp. 149-151]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital?<br> 2. Town 3. Village<br>\"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> 2. Towns 3. Small settlements<br>Nomadic tribes", "description": null }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 6, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": "1.Large City (monumental structures, market, central government buildings, cathedral, port): 10,000–25,000 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExample: London.\r\n\r\n2.City (cathedral, market, regional government buildings): 5,000–10,000 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExamples: Winchester, York, Norwich.\r\n\r\n3.Large Town (market, castle, administrative buildings, parish church): 2,000–5,000 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExamples: Lincoln, Durham, Exeter.\r\n\r\n4.Town (market, small local government buildings, parish church): 500–2,000 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExamples: Shrewsbury, Chester, Gloucester.\r\n\r\n5.Village (shrine or parish church, granaries, farmland): 100–500 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExamples: Common throughout Domesday records.\r\n\r\n6.Hamlet (residential only, farming): Fewer than 100 inhabitants.\r\n\r\nExamples: Scattered rural clusters. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 6, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": "Level 1: Large Cities (~10,000–15,000 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Regensburg, Mainz, Cologne<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 2: Cities (~5,000–10,000 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Frankfurt, Metz, Worms<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 3: Large Towns (~2,000–5,000 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Speyer, Passau, Constance<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 4: Towns (~500–2,000 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Small fortified settlements or market towns scattered across Saxony, Bavaria, and Swabia.<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 5: Villages (~100–500 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Rural settlements tied to manorial estates.<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 6: Hamlets (<100 inhabitants)\r\n\r\nExamples: Isolated farmsteads or small clusters of homes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPWQTI9N\">[Wickham 2010]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NLQX73H2\">[Russell 1972]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 6, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": "Large City (e.g., Istanbul, Cairo):<br>\r\n\r\n\r\nPopulation: 100,000–1,000,000.\r\n\r\nCity (e.g., Aleppo, Izmir):<br>\r\n\r\nPopulation: 20,000–100,000.<br>\r\nLarge Town (e.g., Konya, Edirne):<br>\r\n\r\nPopulation: 5,000–20,000.<br>\r\nTown:<br>\r\n\r\nPopulation: 2,000–5,000.<br>\r\nVillage:<br>\r\nPopulation: 200–2,000.<br>\r\nHamlet:<br>\r\n\r\nPopulation: <200. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7UM53M9J\">[Quataert 2005]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Town (20,000+)<br> 2. Large village (2000) 3. Small settlement<br>\"During the late first millennium A.D., several nearby settlements comparable in size to Jenne-jeno existed, and the density of rural settlements may have been as great as ten times the density of villages in the hinterland today.\" §REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 22)§REF§<br>\"The mound that rose from the Niger floodplain with the growth of Jenne-jeno did not stand alone. Indeed, it was surrounded by twenty-five smaller mounds, all within a distance of one kilometre, all occupied simultaneously.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 230)§REF§<br>\"people were kept apart by virtue of their occupations and their ethnic identities. Sedentary communities, though clustered were dispersed.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 242)§REF§<br>\"Sudanic societies were built on small agricultural villages or herding communities, sometimes but not always integrated into larger tribal and linguistic groups.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 590)§REF§<br>\"As we currently understand the archaeology of the entire Jenne region, where over 60 archaeological sites rise from the floodplain within a 4 kilometer radius of the modern town (Pl. 7) , many of these sites were occupied at the time of Jenne-jeno's floruit between 800-1000 C.E.. We have suggested that extraordinary settlement clustering resulted from a clumping of population around a rare conjunction of highly desirable features (Pl. 8) : excellent rice-growing soils, levees for pasture in the flood season, deep basin for pasture in the dry season and access to both major river channels and the entire inland system of secondary and tertiary marigots from communication and trade.\" §REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>DH: need to be clear throughout here which polity exactly is being coded (or if the code is common to all)<br>\"Studies of Chinese urban history have pointed to a revolutionary change inurban settlement after the Rebellion. The change was conditioned by the rise of long-distance trade between the north and the south and the increase in ruralmarkets across the country. Kaifeng is a well-known case. It was the first city in Chinese history to be chosen as the political centre because it was a hub of transport and trade.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VXG2ATBH\">[Liu 2015, p. 57]</a> \"In a general survey of urban development in China prior to 960, Shi Nianhai counted 21 large cities that performed a key role in inter- and intra-regional trade after the mid-Tang period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VXG2ATBH\">[Liu 2015, p. 57]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"the settlements of the fœderati were chiefly in the valley of the Po, and in the districts since known as the Romagna.\"§REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§" }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Lisbon<br>__in Portugal__<br>2. Provincial centers administered by royal government<br>2. Provincial centers administered by local grandes<br>2. Judicially privileged municipalities<br>(inferred from information on administrative hierarchy)\"The kingdom was also divided up into six judicial circuits, each corresponding to a province (comarca) and presided over by a superior magistrate known as a corregedor. In addition, Lisbon and sometimes Santarém had their own corregedores. These magistrates exercised administrative and judicial authority in the king’s name – though their right to enter and hold court in the seigneuries of the great lay and ecclesiastical magnates, and in the territories of the judicially privileged municipalities, was long resisted.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a> 3. Smaller centers (inferred)<br>4. Villages (inferred)<br>__in the colonies (pre-16th century)__<br>2. Colonial settlements<br>__in the colonies (post-16th century)__<br>2. Goa\"In 1530 Goa became the permanent seat of the viceroy rather than Cochin, which had been the only possible alternative. In theory the viceroy’s jurisdiction was vast, including all Portuguese possessions and interests east of the Cape of Good Hope and even extending to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. However, the huge distances involved and the gradual emergence ofa parallel far-flung network of informal settlements and possessions meant that viceroys in practice controlled only a relatively small core area.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2P8RNF\">[Disney 2009]</a> __in the Estado da India (African and Asian colonies)__<br>3. Other colonies4. Pre-existing towns, largely indigenous population (inferred from below quote)5. Pre-existing villages, largely indigenous population (inferred from below quote)\"One of the most immediately striking characteristics of the formal Estadoda India was that it was largely urban. At the end of the sixteenth century only five of its twenty-four significant components – Goa, Damão, Bassein, Chaul and Colombo – possessed associated territories and rural populations of any significance. The Estado da India’s urban character was largely a product of function, for its raison d'être was to provide protected havens from whichIndian Ocean maritime trade and communications could be dominated and as far as possible controlled. Such a focus provided little room or incentive to accumulate territory for its own sake, or to seek dominion over large subject populations. One consequence was that the Estado da Indiawas unable to feed itself from its own resources; instead, its widely-scattered port-cities had to rely on foodstuffs imported by sea. This helps to explain why for so long thePortuguese authorities considered their coastal fortresses in Kanara, a rice surplus region south of Goa, to be so vital.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2P8RNF\">[Disney 2009]</a> __in Brazil__<br>3. Other colonial administrative centers4. Ports5. Farms and plantations<br>E.g.: \"For most of the colonial period Portuguese settlement in Brazil remained heavily concentrated along the coastal fringe. [...] Therefore ports played a major role in every captaincy. In most cases, the administrative capital was a port; otherwise a port was invariably sited nearby. Salvador, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Vitória, Santos and Ilhéus all conformed to this pattern. [...] Clustered round the ports of the principal captaincies, and along nearby rivers and coast, was a steadily widening zone of farms and plantations.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2P8RNF\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null } ] }