Settlement Hierarchy List
A viewset for viewing and editing Settlement Hierarchies.
GET /api/sc/settlement-hierarchies/?format=api&page=11
{ "count": 563, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/settlement-hierarchies/?format=api&page=12", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/settlement-hierarchies/?format=api&page=10", "results": [ { "id": 505, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 681, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 1, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital - perhaps not until after 800 CE<br> 2. Town 3. Village?<br>\"To Georgiev, Pliska was not the first capital of Bulgaria. Until the mid- or late eighth century, that role was played by the region of the ancient city of Marcianopolis (Devnia) or the Late Roman fortress near the modern village of Ezerovo\".§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Other scholars: \"the Bulgar rulers did not have any fixed residence, but travelled from one residence to another. Pliska became the main residence only in the early 800s, while a new and fixed residence was established ca. 893 in Preslav.\".§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 801, "year_to": 864, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital - perhaps not until after 800 CE<br> 2. Town 3. Village?<br>\"To Georgiev, Pliska was not the first capital of Bulgaria. Until the mid- or late eighth century, that role was played by the region of the ancient city of Marcianopolis (Devnia) or the Late Roman fortress near the modern village of Ezerovo\".§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Other scholars: \"the Bulgar rulers did not have any fixed residence, but travelled from one residence to another. Pliska became the main residence only in the early 800s, while a new and fixed residence was established ca. 893 in Preslav.\".§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> 2. Town 3. Village 4. ?", "description": null }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>Capital<br>Somanatha religious centre<br>Three important ports<br>Other important cities<br>\"The villages formed the basic unit of administration.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, p. 208]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "1. Capital<br> 2. Town 3. Feudal estate 4. Village", "description": null }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": "Inferred from contemporary polities.<br>pre-reforms (fifth c bce):<br>1. Capital city<br> 2. town 3. feudal estates (?) 4. village<br>post-reforms (fifth c bce):<br>1. Capital city<br> 2. Commandery capital 3. County 4. town 5. village", "description": null }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> \"Haji Girei established his capital at Bakhchisarai on the Crimean peninsula\".§REF§(Davies 2007, 6) Brian L Davies. 2007. Warfare, State And Society On The Black Sea Steppe. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§<br> 2. Town \"A smaller Tatar population sedentarized in the towns and villages of the Crimean peninsula. Large numbers of Genoese, Greeks, Armenians, Georgians, and Karaim Jews resided in the largest Crimean towns (Kaffa, Evpatoriya, Azov)\".§REF§(Davies 2007, 6) Brian L Davies. 2007. Warfare, State And Society On The Black Sea Steppe. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§<br> 3. Village" }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 307, "name": "fr_aquitaine_duc_1", "long_name": "Duchy of Aquitaine I", "start_year": 602, "end_year": 768 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels.", "description": null }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 715, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1", "long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 1, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 1, "comment": "levels. Autonomous homesteads. \"The ubiquity of Urewe [ceramics], coupled with its relatively small size, suggests that these vessels were produced and used by family-groups, and on a regular, domestic level. However, it is evident that Urewe-related activities also transcend the purely utilitarian realm, with the remarkable emphasis placed on quality of production. On the domestic level, this investment in commonplace objects may be an example of ceramics being used as tools of social cohesion or as the 'channels through which society implants its values in the individual—every day at mealtimes' (David et al. 1988: 379). As such, the importance of family and the home is emphasised through investment in key domestic goods—ceramics. This picture of small-scale, familial units fits well with the wider evidence from archaeology, which suggests these early communities probably consisted of dispersed networks of homesteads, rather than centralised societies (Reid 1994/5; Van Grunderbeek et al. 1983).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBIZGHGA\">[Ashley 2010, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels. Inferred from the following: \"Mankhamba was more than a large village — it was a town, with its own satellite villages. It was both the capital of the Maravi and a major trading centre of local and imported products.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a> QUOTE ABOUT SHRINES?<br>1. Mankhamba<br>2. Ritual centers3. Large villages4. Small villages", "description": null }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 2, "comment": "levels.<br>\"Polities during this period seem to have been no more than small chiefdoms, presumably comprising a chiefly settlement and neighbouring villages.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, p. 17]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Large settlement (e.g. Unguja Ukuu)<br>2. Mid-size settlement<br>3. Small-size settlement<br>Referring to Unguja Ukuu: \"The comparatively large area, about 16 ha, occupied by the site as early as the second half of the first millennium ce, with its population having been estimated to be about 1,600 (Juma 2004: 65), reflects the high status of the site within the region.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RUDF9R44\">[Juma_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Sudanic societies were built on small agricultural villages or herding communities, sometimes but not always integrated into larger tribal and linguistic groups.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 590)§REF§" }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 6, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>During the reign of Idris II, fortified townships were constructed \"along the main routes linking Fez, al-Andalus and the Arab east\".§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§<br>Iklim/Province (al-Maghrib)<br> Misr/Metropolis (al-Kayrāwan)<br> Misr/Metropolis (Kurtuba)<br>Kûra/Main District (Sûs al-Adna)<br>Kûra/Main District (Sidjimâsa)<br>Kûra/Main District (Sûs al-Aksa)<br> Kasaba/Provincial Capital (Fez)<br> Madîna/Main town (e.g. al-Basra)<br> Karya/Village<br>§REF§al-Mukaddasî, Ahsan al-Takâsîm (985 A.D.)§REF§" }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br>2. Cities3. Towns4. Villages", "description": null }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>Because \"[t]he Kalachuris continued the administrative system of the Chalukyas\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 118]</a> , and because settlement hierarchy usually reflects administrative hierarchy, it seems likely that the Kalachuris would have had similar settlement hierarchy to the Chalukyas. Three types of \"settlements\" are mentioned for the Chalukyas REFERENCE:<br> 1. Capital<br> 2. Towns<br> 3. Villages", "description": null }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> \"The headquarters of the ruler of the confederation were in the town of Bitian on the middle reaches of the Yaxartes.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§<br> The Kangju lead a nomadic life but had cities.§REF§(Andrianov 2016, 214) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.§REF§<br> 2. Provincial town \"It included Khorezm as one of its subordinate provinces\".§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§<br> 3. Town \"In Chinese sources Samarkand became identified as Kangju. According to archaeologists the city became less densely settled and houses were abandoned. This also applied to other settlements in Sogdiana and may indicate a decline in urbanization.\"§REF§(Frye and Litvinsky 1996, 462) Richard N Frye. Boris A Litvinsky. The Oasis states of Central Asia. J Herrmann. E Zurcher. eds. 1996. History of Humanity. Volume III. From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO.§REF§<br> 4. Settlements \"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§<br> \"Fortresses, farmsteads, 'urban' sites and religious complexes\".§REF§(Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 522, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital town<br> 2. Regional town \"being a highly developed region with many towns and cities, the new, post-conquest Volga Bulgaria became a separate khanate in its own right, and could field urban militias that fought on foot.\"§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 41) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§<br> 3. Village \"While it is true that there was also a class of Tatar peasants, the majority of the rural population of the Khanate consisted of non-Tatars... lived in communities that were characterized by tribal and clan relationships and religious ideas of an animist kind.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 523, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital.§REF§(Fromont 2014, 2) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§<br> 2. Provincial capital.§REF§(Fromont 2014, 2) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§ 3. 4." }, { "id": 524, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> 2. Provincial towns 3. Towns 4. Villages \"David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 5, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": "Royal court, capital, province, district, town.", "description": null }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels. 'For the earliest part of the tradition until c. 2300 B.P. [300 BCE], settlements are likely to have been small and loosely organized. An exception to this may have been La Mula/Sarigua in central Panama, which was a substantial community with perhaps as many as 900 people at 2200 B.P. [200 BCE].' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 101]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> 2. 3.", "description": null }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels. Both archaeological evidence and contact-period Spanish accounts suggest that the central Panamanian societies in this period had 'a settlement hierarchy of at least two levels. For the period from A.D. 1100-1550, large village sites, similar to Nata (estimated at 4 km2 in area), and large cemetery sites are contemporaneous with habitation sites that are much smaller, more numerous in habitation, and that lack surface architecture'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, pp. 744-45]</a> Menzies and Haller write that 'At the height of the Coclé chiefdom during the Conte phase [700-900 CE], a three-tiered settlement hierarchy in the Río Parita valley indicates the existence of a local chiefdom with the large community of He-4 [El Hatillo] situated at its apex'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 455]</a> They extend this three-tiered hierarchy into the Macaracas phase (900-1100 CE), after the decline of the Coclé chiefdom, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 457]</a> and even up to 1522 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 457]</a> 1. Large villages, e.g. Natá (1500-2000 inhabitants in the early 16th century) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 744]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PZ6I2CRR\">[Drennan_Earle 1991, p. 275]</a> and El Hatillo. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 455]</a> According to Creamer and Haas, these are 'believed to have been the central places of regional chiefdoms'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 744]</a> 2. Small villages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, pp. 744-45]</a> 3. Smaller villages.", "description": null }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>The preceding Early Jin was coded with six levels. Although the Later Qin was a much smaller state the territory it did have had a capital city and likely contained many settlement levels.<br>Under Yao Chang 5000 households were moved from Anding to Chang'an.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§" }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 6, "comment": "levels.<br>The preceding Early Jin was coded with six levels. Although the Later Qin was a much smaller state the territory it did have had a capital city and likely contained many settlement levels.", "description": null }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital - Dongola<br> 2. Regional centres Core region of early Makuria and Alwa: \"high status burials at a number of sites suggests that there were regional centres dominated by an elite class\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 22]</a> 3.", "description": null }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br><br> 2. Town e.g. Philae<br> 3. Village \"In northern Nubia villages were surrounded by walls to protect the inhabitants from Arab raiders. Sometimes the villagers built up communal stores against siege.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 336) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ Churches located near the center of villages.§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 336) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br><br> 2. Town e.g. Philae<br> 3. Village \"In northern Nubia villages were surrounded by walls to protect the inhabitants from Arab raiders. Sometimes the villagers built up communal stores against siege.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 336) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ Churches located near the center of villages.§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 336) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"Table 3. Fortified sites of early(?) medieval date\"§REF§(Welsby 2002, 130) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§<br> Kalabsha: ? ha<br> Sabaqura: 0.8ha<br> Ikhmindi: 1.1ha<br> Sheikh Daud: 0.7ha<br> Faras: 4.6ha<br> Old Dongola: 4.75ha<br> Bakhit: 2.7ha" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital - Malacca<br> 2. 3. 4. Hamlets Hamlets along the coast.§REF§(Wilkinson 1935, 26) R J Wilkinson. 1935. The Malacca Sultanate. Malacca Papers. Journal Malayan Branch. Vol. XIII. Part II.§REF§" }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital. “With regard to the capital of Awfat, the exceptional character of this site, which delayed and staggered its discovery, lies in the association of three poles: the city proper, particularly vast, the citadel and the necropolis. The typological affinities between these three poles, their complementary functionality, finally the connections allowed by epigraphy, allows us to see a multipolar site. Its necropolis and its tombs now allow to affirm that this site was the seat of the Walasma dynasty between 1285 and 1376.” §REF§(Fauvelle et al. 2017, 239-295) Fauvelle, François-Xavier et al. 2007. “The Sultanate of Awfāt, its Capital and the Necropolis of the Walasma”, Annales Islamologiques. Vol. 51. Pp 239-295.§REF§<br> 2. Towns/cities. “This political and urban heart now appears to be made up of a string of cities located in the middle floor of the escarpment of the central high plateau of Ethiopia, a few tens of kilometres from the Christian territories of the time These Islamic sites, located a day’s walk from each other on a north-south axis, present urban features well marked in the topography, n the density and organization of the habitat, or in reservoir-type developments. Witnesses of the existence of organized communities, all these cities also yield a large mosque and neighbourhood mosques, as well as vast distinctly Muslim cemeteries.”§REF§(Fauvelle et al. 2017, 239-295) Fauvelle, François-Xavier et al. 2007. “The Sultanate of Awfāt, its Capital and the Necropolis of the Walasma”, Annales Islamologiques. Vol. 51. Pp 239-295.§REF§ 3. Trade route settlements \"archaeological evidence attests to this gradual process of Islamisation in the interior, as from Zeila and the other Red Sea ports, camel caravans traversed the desert to the highlands. These caravans travelled between a chain of permanent settlements, situated on the hills which studded the Ogaden and Danakil desert plains and along the Arusi and Harar highlands. Once the 'mountain shoulders' of Shoa and southern Wollo were reached the loads were then transferred from camel to mules and donkeys\".§REF§(Insoll 2003, 67) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> 4. Villages [inferred]" }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": "levels. \"In March 1616, Bocarro began a journey from Tete to Kilwa. He passed through the Maravi kingdom where he visited Kalonga Muzura, who will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. At the time, Muzura was not at Mankhamba, but at a settlement he had established along the Wankurumadzi River in the Mwanza-Neno area Bocarro described settlements of some of Muzura’s tributary chiefs, such as Bunga, as large villages. When he arrived at Muzura’s settlement, however, he described it as a town. As demonstrated below, this town was established not only later than Mankhamba, but it was also secondary to Mankhamba in terms of political influence. Mankhamba was the capital of the Maravi state. It was also a major trading centre and was at a crossroads for long-distance trade. Maravi leaders distributed imported goods from there and exports, particularly elephant ivory, originated from this location too. Bocarro did not reach Mankhamba, but considering that people had settled there continuously for more than two centuries before the founding of the town in Mwanza-Neno, Mankhamba was most likely the larger of the two.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a> On the likely existence of a secondary capital: \"There is a simpler explanation for all this, and it is that the large size of the empire during the early seventeenth century made it necessary for Kalonga Muzura to operate from two centres. Mankhamba was simply too far away from the Zambezi River Valley trade route. The new centre cut the travel time to Tete in half. It did not, however, diminish Mankhamba’s status, which remained Muzura’s seat of government where he was so powerful that at least some of the Portuguese who were familiar with the area and its politics felt that the lake might as well have been named after him.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a> QUOTE ABOUT RITUAL SHRINES<br>1. Capital (Mankhamba)<br>2. Secondary capital3. Ritual centers4. Large villages5. Small villages [implied by \"large villages\"]", "description": null }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Capital<br> Bocchus II, ruling from Iol, and Bogudes II, ruling from Volubilis, divided Mauretania between them and probably \"were of equal status, cousins or even brothers.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 55) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§<br> \"The major city of eastern Mauretania was Iol, originally a Carthaginian outpost and later a royal seat of a native dynasty. Eventually, as Caesarea, it was the capital of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene.\"§REF§(Roller 2003 41) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ \"Far to the west lay the traditional Mauretanian capital, Volubilis. More isolated and less known than Iol, in large part owing to its inland location, its origins are obscure but it was to become a major trading center, especially with Roman Spain, and the western royal city of the client monarchy.\"§REF§(Roller 2003 41-42) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§<br> 2. Provincial town 3. 4." }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 4, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>1. large cities (Susa, Erbil)<br>2. small cities3. towns1. villages and oases <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7DRZQS5Q\">[Liverani_Tabatabai 2014, pp. 560-61]</a> In settlement terms, the Medians mostly inherited pre-existing settlements, including well established, large cities such as Susa and Erbil.<br>A lot of the Median empire was empty space, punctuated by small villages and particularly oases in the vast areas of desert the Medians controlled.", "description": null }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels. Menzies and Haller, who view Central Panama during this period as made up of competing chiefdoms, write that 'At the height of the Coclé chiefdom during the Conte phase [700-900 CE], a three-tiered settlement hierarchy in the Río Parita valley indicates the existence of a local chiefdom with the large community of He-4 [El Hatillo] situated at its apex'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 455]</a> They extend this three-tiered hierarchy into the Macaracas phase (900-1100 CE), after the decline of the Coclé chiefdom, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 457]</a> and even up to 1522 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 457]</a> 1. Chiefly centre, e.g. El Hatillo (He-4) in the Río Parita valley. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 455]</a> 2. Small village.3. Smaller village. Hoopes writes that for much of the Early Chibcha period (1500 BCE-800 CE), 'The dispersed settlement pattern meant that the \"typical\" community may have been a small hamlet of fewer than 10 dwellings, especially for the early part of this tradition.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 102]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 1, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": "levels. John Hoopes told us that 'we don't yet have data to confirm that [Monagrillo people] were living in settlements larger than hamlets.'§REF§John W. Hoopes 2017, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish.§REF§<br>1. Hamlets." }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels. For each of the 15-20 smaller polities, there was a head town with supporting villages and hamlets. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/729R8XG9\">[Blanton_et_al 1979, p. 85]</a> By 900 CE, Monte Albán was no longer a primary center, although it continued to be occupied. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 34]</a> 1. Main town of the polity<br>2. Village3. Hamlet<br>\"Table 10.9. Monte Alban V population hierarchy in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPGQ7I8\">[Feinman_Nicholas 2013, p. 172]</a> Valley of Oaxaca: Level I: 11504-13831; II: 6324-6649; III: 1192-3430; IV: 736-953; V: 486-665; VI: 308-545; VII: 204-297; No rank: 8-199. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPGQ7I8\">[Feinman_Nicholas 2013, p. 172]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels. For each of the 15-20 smaller polities, there was a head town with supporting villages and hamlets. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/729R8XG9\">[Blanton_et_al 1979, p. 85]</a> By 900 CE, Monte Albán was no longer a primary center, although it continued to be occupied. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 34]</a> 1. Main town of the polity<br>2. Village3. Hamlet<br>\"Table 10.9. Monte Alban V population hierarchy in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPGQ7I8\">[Feinman_Nicholas 2013, p. 172]</a> Valley of Oaxaca: Level I: 11504-13831; II: 6324-6649; III: 1192-3430; IV: 736-953; V: 486-665; VI: 308-545; VII: 204-297; No rank: 8-199. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPGQ7I8\">[Feinman_Nicholas 2013, p. 172]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": "levels. \"In March 1616, Bocarro began a journey from Tete to Kilwa. He passed through the Maravi kingdom where he visited Kalonga Muzura, who will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. At the time, Muzura was not at Mankhamba, but at a settlement he had established along the Wankurumadzi River in the Mwanza-Neno area Bocarro described settlements of some of Muzura’s tributary chiefs, such as Bunga, as large villages. When he arrived at Muzura’s settlement, however, he described it as a town. As demonstrated below, this town was established not only later than Mankhamba, but it was also secondary to Mankhamba in terms of political influence. Mankhamba was the capital of the Maravi state. It was also a major trading centre and was at a crossroads for long-distance trade. Maravi leaders distributed imported goods from there and exports, particularly elephant ivory, originated from this location too. Bocarro did not reach Mankhamba, but considering that people had settled there continuously for more than two centuries before the founding of the town in Mwanza-Neno, Mankhamba was most likely the larger of the two.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a> QUOTE ABOUT RITUAL SHRINES<br>1. Capital (Mankhamba)<br>2. Secondary capital3. Ritual centers4. Large villages5. Small villages [implied by \"large villages\"]", "description": null }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 2, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Novgorod<br> 2. Trading post (pogosty)<br>\"There were practically no towns of any importance; Novgorod colonists lived mostly in small trading-posts (pogosty).\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"If we follow the Primary Chronicle, Novgorod's history started in 862 when the Slavic (Slovenes and Krivichi) and Finnish tribes (Chud' and Ves') of North-West Russia invited Varangians or 'Russes' to 'rule and reign over them'. The Varangian chief Rurik then installed himself in Novgorod (which at that time was nothing more than a collection of dispersed settlements).\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 472) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Novgorod itself was founded, or rather grew out of a cluster of settlements, around the middle of the 10th century, just a few kilometers north of Riurikovo Gorodishche.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Novgorod \"unlike the other principalities, constituted a semi-colonial empire consisting of a vast territory populated by non-Russian peoples, controlled by and economically subordinated to a metropolitan centre.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 465) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Middle 10th century \"Novgorod consisted of three small settlements, possibly connected with three different ethnic entities.\" So unimportant as not to be mentioned in lists of Russian towns in Russo-Byzantine treaties.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 473) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Power center / capital?<br> 2. Other town - Hippo Regius 3.<br>\"The main urban centers of ancient Numidia were Cirta (now Constantine) and Hippo Regius (now Annaba).§REF§(Ilahiane 2017, 159) Hsain Ilahiane. 2017. Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham.§REF§<br>Towns \"remote from the seat of the royal power, such as Great Leptis\".§REF§(Mommsen 1863) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Cirta \"had access to the sea at Rusicade and Chullu. His other main seaports were Hippo Regius - called 'royal' to distinguish it from Hippo Diarrhytus, 'intersected by flowing water' (modern Bizerte), further east - and Thabraca (Libyan Tbrkn), halfway between the two.\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§<br>Small towns in the interior.§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§<br>Large number of agricultural villages.§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§<br>\"The settlement hierarchy in populated areas ranged from large port cities, provincial capitals, and inland population centers to villages, rural complexes, and isolated villas and farms. Between these extremes in size were found more specialized populated places: military outposts and camps, mines and quarries, and centers of intensive agricultural production, such as industrialized olive farms. Areas under tribal control were occupied by sedentary and pastoral groups living in oasis towns, hillforts, permanent villages, and seasonal encampments (Mattingly 1994: 17-49).\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 30) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§ Especially relevant to Roman period.<br>Roman administration typically allocated land to \"self-governing urban centers. Coloniae were cities of the highest rank, followed by municipia and civitates ... Territories came in various sizes, but some were large and densely settled enough to contain dependent villages (vici). In truly vast city territories, for instance those belonging to Carthage and Cirta, further subdivisions were created and administered from semi-autonomous districts (pagi) and native towns (castella). Large estates could be found inside or outside of city territories, but the largest functioned as separate administrative and taxing districts. They were in many ways analogous to cities and their territories.\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 30) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§ Especially relevant to Roman period." }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>(3) Port Cities and Administrative Centres; (2) Rural Towns and Markets; (1) Villages and Hamlets<br>Most Yemenis lived in rural villages and towns: 'Yemen is an overwhelmingly rural country, with about three-fourths of the people living in the countryside. With only a few exceptions, the rural population is distributed fairly evenly. The monsoon rainfall that causes the western slopes of the massif to be so well-dissected makes the area the most densely populated part of the country. Fertile soils are another regional asset. In varying concentrations, Yemenis inhabit nearly all the country’s geographic zones-from sea level to 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) and higher. (In fact, the intricate variety of subregions and microclimates produces an agricultural base of astonishing diversity.) The scarcity of farmland has greatly influenced rural settlement and construction patterns, as has the need for security. Villages tend to be small, and buildings are erected on ground that cannot be cultivated-frequently along cliffs and rock outcroppings. Homes often consist of several stories (as many as five or more), with the lower floors being made of hand-hewn stone. Upper stories, where the family resides, are usually made of mud brick, a superior insulator. These quarters also have many windows, providing ventilation in the heat of the summer. The location of the living quarters in these upper stories offers the capacity for storage in the lower stories, as well as an element of security. Cities in Yemen follow patterns seen in other parts of the Arab world. Original construction consisted of a walled and fortified old city, in which the ornate multistory home was standard. The old city also contained shops, souks, schools, and mosques. In the modern period, urban areas began to sprawl outside the old city, and the wealthy began to build larger and more-ornate mansions and villas in nearby suburbs.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen#toc273079\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen#toc273079</a>§REF§ Specialists were concentrated in larger towns: 'But the ideological power of the Imamic state did not erase rural political idioms and leadership. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the economic power of urban forces remained circumscribed. Craft production and trade remained small-scale, and specialists were divided in status between those who ruled (families with literate and religious specialties or engaged in long-distance trading) and those who served (the craftsmen and market-service families). In the countryside arms-bearing farmers regarded the groups who worked in craft production, petty trading and market services as a dependent service class attached to their local political communities. Even in large towns the men who performed such occupations were distinguished as Jews or as Muslim strata (mazayinah, bani 'l-khums, nuqqas) marked by sumptuary customs or regulations. Literate specialists, who sought to govern, to regulate the market, and to control long-distance trade, distinguished themselves from the labouring specialists of the market.' §REF§Mundy, Martha 1995. \"Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen\", 13p§REF§ Cities served as economic and political centres and grew significantly during the 20th century: 'Most Yemenis live in small, widely dispersed farming villages and towns. Three-quarters of the population lives in roughly 50,000 settlements with less than 500 inhabitants. The cities of Aden, Abyan, Al-Houta, Al-Hudaydah (a port), Sana, and Taizz have more than 100,000 residents each. Many foreign countries have assisted in the building of roads, hospitals, and schools, but improvements such as sanitary water facilities and power supply typically remain local development projects.' §REF§Walters, Delores M.: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yemenis§REF§" }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 5, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels. 5) Satrapy or Strategiai §REF§McShane, R. B. (1964). The foreign policy of the Attalids of Pergamum (Vol. 53). University of Illinois Press, pp. 165.§REF§" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital town<br> 2. Subordinate town", "description": null }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 5, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Inferred.<br>1. Jaunpur (capital)<br>2. Zafarabad\"Zafarabad is older than Jaunpur, but during the Sharqi reign it was of secondary importance and was better known for its religious and literary activities than for its architectural attainments.\"§REF§(Saeed 1972, 116) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§<br>3. Other cities<br>4. Towns<br>5. Villages" }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Sudanic societies were built on small agricultural villages or herding communities, sometimes but not always integrated into larger tribal and linguistic groups.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 590)§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": null, "settlement_hierarchy_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital city<br> 2. 3. 4. 5.", "description": null }, { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. City<br> Cities.§REF§(Mishra 2010, 38) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§<br> \"The administrative system of the Sukhothai era consisted of a series of outpost towns encircling the capital city at a distance of approximately 50 kilometers, or within two travelling days.\"§REF§(? 1984, 79) ? 1984. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Volume 28, Issues 1-3.§REF§<br> 2. Town \"As Wyatt, Thailand, p. 7, has written. 'For almost all the Tai peoples, the muang was the primary unit of social and political organization above the simple village level. Muang is a term that defies translation, for it denotes as much personal as spatial relationships. When it is used in ancient chronicles to refer to a principality, it can mean both the town located at the hub of a network of interrelated villages and also the totality of town and villages which was ruled by a single chao,'lord'.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 170 n45) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§<br> 3. Village 4. Hamlets e.g. along the coast?" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Capital - Tahert<br> 2. No coastline so did not have any large coastal cities.<br> 3.", "description": null }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlement_hierarchy", "settlement_hierarchy_from": 3, "settlement_hierarchy_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Kamyanka§REF§(Sulimirski 1985, 199) T Sulimirski. The Scyths. Ilya Gershevitch. ed. 1985. The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2. The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ - capital/central settlement<br> 2. Other city - e.g. Gelonus§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 67) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br> 2. Other city - e.g. Olbia, Greek city run by Scythian administratiors 3. Town 4. Village<br>In the 4th century B.C., partly because of the Peloponnesian War, the Bosporus became Greece's main supplier of corn and the corn trade between the Scytians and the Bosporus grew considerably. The Scythian nomadic aristocracy adopted the role of mediator in the supplying of corn to the towns of the Bosporan Kingdom and was interested in increasing the amount of grain produced in Scythia. This, evidently, was largely responsible for nomads becoming partially sedentary.\" Forest-steppe of Eastern Europe also a source.§REF§(Melukova 1990, 105) A I Melyukova. Julia Crookenden trans. The Scythians. Denis Sinor ed. 1990. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" } ] }