Scientific Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Scientific Literatures.
GET /api/sc/scientific-literatures/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 482, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scientific-literatures/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Timbuktu flourished as a center of Arabic and Islamic sciences.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (1276-1317): \"the most outstanding achievement was the invention of the Thai writing script, which is the basis of the modern Thai written language.\"§REF§(Dhiravegin 1985, 352) Likhit Dhiravegin. 1985. Thai Politics: Selected Aspects of Developments and Change. Tri-Sciences Publishing House.§REF§" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As far back as the 6th century BCE individuals within the Scythian urban agricultural population along the shores of the Black Sea who had mixed with the Greeks became literate and contributed works of literature within the Greek language. \"Anacharsis the Scythian had a Greek mother and spoke and wrote in Greek.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 75) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ At this time the Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ It is not difficult to imagine that Scythian-Greeks and Greeks within the Scythian Kingdom at this time wrote documents on e.g. Greek medicine." }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Khaldun wrote \"Here [in Tlemcen] science and arts developed with success; here were born scholars and outstanding men, whose glory penetrated into other countries.\"§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "South Yue Kingdom (203-111 BC): Inside a mausoleum in a silver box \"there remained some medicine pills, with inscriptions in Chinese characters on the box.\"§REF§(Qingxin 2015, 21) Li Qingxin. William W. Wang trans. 2006. Maritime Silk Road. China International Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Like the Marinids, the Wattasids also encouraged education and culture.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 489) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 247, "name": "cn_wu_confederacy", "long_name": "Wu Confederacy", "start_year": -585, "end_year": -477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Iron smelting may have been discovered during the time of the Wu state§REF§(Wagner 1996) Donald B Wagner. 1996. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ but whether there was any scientific literature about it is not known." }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Xixia was prosperous ... and rich in culture and education.\"§REF§(? 2006, 178) ? 2006. China Tibetology. Issues 6-11. Office for the Journal China Tibetology.§REF§ Xixia rulers \"relied heavily on Chinese advisers and sponsored Confucian scholars\".§REF§(? 2010, 91) ?. The Imperial Age. Tim Cooke. ed. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas Of China. Marshall Cavendish. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": "Much was written on astronomy at the time <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9KNTRET\">[Sreenivasa_Murthy_Ramakrishnan 1978, p. 110]</a> . Hemadri wrote a book on diseases and their treatment titled Ayurvedarasayana, and Bhaskaracharya wrote two treatises on mathematics <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, pp. 151-152]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Al-Idrisi was part of the scholarly world that existed on the patronage of a royal court. He was one of the last to sup at Kairouan, that ancient center of Islamic learning that had its last flowering under the Zirid dynasty.\"§REF§(Speake ed. 2013, 812) Jennifer Speake. ed. 2013. Literature of Travel and Exploration. An Encyclopedia. Volume One. A to F. Routledge. London.§REF§ Al-Idrisi has been described as a geographer, cartographer and Egyptologist. \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": 1116, "year_to": 1153, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": "Adelard of Bath. Adelard, active in the early 12th century, is recognized for translating significant scientific works from Arabic into Latin, thereby introducing them to Western Europe.\r\nAdelard of Bath's Quaestiones Naturales is a collection of scientific and philosophical questions that Adelard compiled after his travels in the Islamic world. One of his most influential contributions was the translation of Euclid's \"Elements\", a foundational text in mathematics. The translation of Euclid's Elements and other scientific texts by Adelard of Bath is dated to c. 1120. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T54E8PXR\">[webpage_Mathematical Treasure: Adelard’s...]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YX2H66FJ\">[Burnett 1987]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": 1066, "year_to": 1115, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "absent", "comment": "Quaestiones Naturales is the earliest confirmed scientific work in Norman England during the period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YX2H66FJ\">[Burnett 1987]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": "De Computo (Rabanus Maurus):\r\n Studied in monastic schools, focused on mathematical calculations for determining the date of Easter and other liturgical purposes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RZEH5RXQ\">[webpage_Vollkommene Zahlen, Otfried Lieberknecht...]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": "Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye (Collection of Mathematical Sciences) written by Hoca Ishak Efendi.\r\n\r\nJournals such as \"Mecmua-i Fünun\" (Journal of Sciences) published articles on mathematics, medicine, and natural sciences. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBH88GM9\">[webpage_Mecmua-i fünūn-i askeriye]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GGPM6B2P\">[Ferhat_Ozcep 0]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "present", "comment": "Scientific literature was introduced through missionary education and government initiatives. Forms included mathematics primers, natural science texts, agricultural research. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QT8DN5BS\">[Daws 1997]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown - when was the first mathematics, medicine, astronomy in this region?", "description": null }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. The Greek cultural world endured beyond the collapse of the successor states. Lexicography, astrological diaries, market prices and records also existed within the wider Greek world. Evidence from inscriptions indicate interaction with the wider literary traditions. This was especially true in regard to the Seleucids and later Arsacid literary traditions. There is also evidence of exposure and conversion by at least one King to Buddhism in the Indian literary tradition. However, given the scarce records of the Indo-Greeks no proof has been found to indicate indigenous literary works. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XCKQ4D6E\">[Sherwin-White 1993]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown but possible, given both evidence for astronomy (\"recording time at Yao’s observatory was entrusted to the official astronomers of names Xi 羲 and He 和.”2\"§REF§(He 2013, 268)§REF§) and for writing (\"Not only did political chiefdoms, hierarchical settlements, and high shamanism begin in this period, but it may have witnessed the invention of true writing as well; many inscribed but yet to be deciphered pottery pieces have come to light (Fig. I.IO).\" §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§)" }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The first university (Daigaku-ryō) was founded at the end of the 7th century CE§REF§Brown, Delmer M. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press.p.212-213.§REF§ -- what was studied/taught at the university?" }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "uncoded", "description": null }, { "id": 481, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 482, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Scientific_literature", "scientific_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Presence of weights and measures, intellectual culture and Greek cultural inheritance might make this a possibility.", "description": null } ] }