Road List
A viewset for viewing and editing Roads.
GET /api/sc/roads/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 466, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/roads/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/roads/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The existing transport infrastructure in the UK was developed throughout the Empire at great expense.§REF§( Porter 1999: 129, 254-56, 351, 529, 660, 685, 702) Porter, Andrew, ed. 1999. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Soviet Union invested heavily in its road infrastructure, especially during the post-World War II era, to facilitate industrial growth, military movement, and improve connectivity across its vast territory.\r\nThe economic centralization of the late 1920s and 1930s led to massive and rapid infrastructure development.§REF§R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945 (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SQIKYBTN\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: SQIKYBTN</b></a>§REF§§REF§Шафиркин, Б. И. Единая Транспортная Система СССР и Взаимодействие Различных Видов Транспорта. Москва Высшая школа, 1983.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6MTCGJDC\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 6MTCGJDC</b></a>§REF§ \r\n\r\n\r\nExamples: R504 Kolyma Highway, M4 highway, Trans-Siberian Highway" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Russian Empire had a growing and increasingly complex road network. The most notable was the Siberian Route, a vast network connecting European Russia with Siberia and eventually to China. This route, beginning in Moscow and traversing cities like Kazan, Perm, and Yekaterinburg, was pivotal for the movement of people, goods, and resources across the vast territories of the empire. §REF§Index of Roads of the Russian Empire. Part 1, n.d., accessed December 14, 2023, https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/459675.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DSAZV2VN\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: DSAZV2VN</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The road network in Russia during this period was primarily used for postal services and other essential transportation needs. However, the quality of these roads was generally poor.\r\n\r\nOne of the earliest examples of a significant road in the Russian Empire is the road from St. Petersburg to Moscow.§REF§Tracy Nichols Busch, “Connecting an Empire: Eighteenth-Century Russian Roads, from Peter to Catherine,” The Journal of Transport History 29, no. 2 (2008).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RQI7IDGI\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: RQI7IDGI</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"When Rushd died his Ethiopian mawla, named Husayn b. Salãma, took care of the two Ziyadids (1985: 65 1. 7). While the sovereignty of the Ziyadid was crumbling, he was able to reinforce and to rule over the initial Ziyadid territory for thirty years (1985: 65-66). (20) We owe him several foundations, such as the city of al-Kadrä, a considerable number of constructions on the two roads from Hadramawt to Mecca (1985: 67-73), the foundation of the Great Mosque of Zabïd, and that of the Ashãcir (Ibn al-Daybac 20066: 39 1. 4; Chelhod 1978: 59).\"§REF§(Peli 2008: 257) Peli, A. 2008. A history of the Ziyadids through their coinage (203—442/818—1050). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies , 2008, Vol. 38, Papers from the forty-first meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London, 19-21 July 2007 (2008), pp. 251-263. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ADM7C94B/library§REF§" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The primary purpose of the dedicatory inscription on the building is to record that in the time of Mihira Bhoja an official named Alia, the warden (kottapala) of the fortress, established this temple (bhavana). That was in Vikrama year 932 (a.D. 875-6). In describing the temple, the inscription mentions that it was set \"on the descent of the roadway of Sri Bhojadeva\" (sribhojadevapratolyavalare). This expression refers to the steep road (pratoli) cut into the cliff face and shows that it was made, or substantially expanded, by Mihira Bhoja.”§REF§(Willis 1995, 355) Willis, M. D. 1995. Some Notes on the Palaces of the Imperial Gurjara Pratīhāras. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Nov., 1995, Third Series, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Nov., 1995), pp. 351-360. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/willis/titleCreatorYear/items/S55RV7NG/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"To be sure, civic life continued, but on a much smaller scale. Walls, roads, and aqueducts continued to be maintained well into the early Middle Ages, at least in Rome. But by the 6th century this had become a matter of private initiative more so than public policy.\"§REF§(Lafferty 2016: 157) Lafferty, S. The Law. In Arnold, Bjornlie and Sessa (eds) A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy pp. 147-172. Brill. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VQ8MC72F/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, Chai Rong, started to make the plan to reconstruct Dongjing. Chai thought that Dongjing had “the worries of mud, fire, coldness and disease.” As a result, he decided to broaden roads, dredge rivers and plant trees to make the city bigger. The renovation measures of Chai were prominent in the Chinese history. It had broken the traditional practice that palaces were taken as what mattered most in the construction of the capital construction. On the contrary, Chai paid much attention to solve the practical problems in urban development. ”§REF§(Fu and Cao 2019: 188) Fu, C. and W. Cao. 2019. Cities During the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period, and the Turning Point of Chinese Urban History. In Fu and Cao (eds) Introduction to the Urban History of China pp. 185 - 196. Palgrave Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TJXI5EU4/library§REF§" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 547, "name": "cn_wei_k", "long_name": "Wei Kingdom", "start_year": 220, "end_year": 265 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Land routes, collectively known as the Silk Road, facilitated trade with distant lands and extended from the Central Plain to Guanzhong, the Hexi corridor, and the Western Regions that lay beyond. There were two routes along the northern and southern edges of the Taklamakan desert. Later, a third route was opened that skirted the northern slopes of the Tianshan mountains. All three routes were operational in Cao-Wei times.\"§REF§(Xiong 2019: 322) Xiong, V. C. 2019. The Northern Economy. In Dien and Knapp (eds) The Cambridge History of China Volume 2: The Six Dynasties 220-589 pp. 309-329. Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KZB84M8U/library§REF§" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"But locally Khan Jahan [...] also built roads, mosques and tanks in Barobazar, a site northwest of Bagerhat in the Jhenaidah district, which some now identify with Mahmudabad of Sultanate times.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RBQ75QDX\">[Hasan 2007, p. 16]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "Even villages had paths and roads by this point, and within the larger cities such as Dhaka and Murshidabad brick roads had been being laid since the end of the seventeenth century. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HVA3AE2\">[Hussain_Bhattacharya 2020]</a> further roads were laid by the EIC particularly in their main cities such as Calcutta. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83IG9AXH\">[Sreemani_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "In 1729, Azad al-Husaini, a Persian scholar wrote that the first brick road was laid in Dhaka in 1679, and that \"this practice continues even now, and many well-to-do men have laid brick-covered road.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HVA3AE2\">[Hussain_Bhattacharya 2020]</a> There were major roads throughout the region which had rest houses and water tanks constructed along them. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKB6H72G\">[McLane 0]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Especially during reign of the First Emperor. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 87-88)§REF§ 800KM north-south road across Ordos. §REF§(Man 2009, 46)§REF§ Roads built to the coasts.§REF§(Barnes 1993, 192)§REF§ Stone Cattle Road between the Qin and Shu, under King Hui (338-311 BCE).§REF§(Keay 2009, 82)§REF§ Total length Qin's road network exceeds \"Gibbon's estimate for the entire road network of the Roman Empire.\"§REF§(Keay 2009, 101)§REF§" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"Big markets had grown up along [the Yangtze's] banks where the roads leading from north to south crossed the river. One of them was situated to the north of Lake Tung-t'ing, another near present-day Wu-han, yet another south of Nanking.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, p. 82]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "reference to road building in Jin state. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSPZPNV5\">[Hui 2005]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJEMEKZ8\">[Girtzi-Bafas_Özkan_Aygün 2009, pp. 136-144]</a> Phillip II used corvee and serf labour to construct all-weather roads, some of which were 10 meters wide. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A5VCK5NQ\">[Gabriel 2010, p. 51]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "Inferred from the fact that :\"Salim b. Sa'id b. 'All al-Sa'ighi's Kanz al-adib wa suldfat al-labib (a work probably of the second half of the twelfth/eighteenth century)\" specifically notes that \"[t]he Imam administers (qabad) property whose owner is unknown in the same way as he does [...] specified bequests (Muslim and non-Muslim alike) for such purposes as mosques, education, roads, resting places for travellers (masabila) and the dead (hashriyya)\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RIM8EFNG\">[Wilkinson 1976]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"Roads were few and ill-maintained, and there were no coaches before the 1580s, so that people had to move by horse, mule, donkey or on foot.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"The Pombal administration belatedly showed some interest in these problems in its final years, but even then constructed few new roads.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Although present throughout the empire, transport infrastructure was often inadequate and frequently made impassable due to the harsh Russian winters. §REF§Perrie 2006: 34§REF§" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1799, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": "\"In the Nyoro state of the nineteenth century, [...] There were no roads and no attempts to connect chiefs’ residences with the capital.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IP7IPA6J\">[Robertshaw 2010, p. 261]</a> It seems reasonable to infer that this was the case in preceding centuries as well, given (1) organisational continuity between the Babito dynasty and its predecessors (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionary social reorganization\"), and (2) the fact that there are many examples in other world regions where roads built under one polity continue to be used long after its collapse (reference?)</ref>", "description": null }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": "\"In the Nyoro state of the nineteenth century, [...] There were no roads and no attempts to connect chiefs’ residences with the capital.\" (Robertshaw 2010: 261) It seems reasonable to infer that this was the case in preceding centuries as well, given (1) organisational continuity between the Babito dynasty and its predecessors (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\").", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"By the 6th century, the urban core of Aksum was about 180ha in extent with additional related satellite settlements and rural hinterland communities extending at least 10km in radius and linked by a network of paved and unpaved roads.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 106]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "\"By the 6th century, the urban core of Aksum was about 180ha in extent with additional related satellite settlements and rural hinterland communities extending at least 10km in radius and linked by a network of paved and unpaved roads.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 106]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Bawdwin mines are reputed to have been worked since the tenth century; in addition to the refuse of mining operations there are ruins of roads, stone bridges, settlements, fortifications, and burial sites.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 134) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were major roads and secondary roads in the Balkans in the mid-first century CE.§REF§(Crampton 2005, 6) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Do not know for sure if any were paved." }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were major roads and secondary roads in the Balkans in the mid-first century CE.§REF§(Crampton 2005, 6) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Do not know for sure if any were paved." }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "There was a \"Department in charge of roads and waterways\" known as Jala-Patha-karana. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, p. 213]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "Administration existed to manage roads. \"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official, and in the Zhou period, traffic had reached such proportions that regulations were introduced for particularly crowded crossroads and reckless driving was prohibited. ... they are said to have put roads into five categories: pedestrian roads for people and pack animals, roads for handcarts, roads for single carts, roads on which two carts could pass, and main roads wide enough to take three vehicles abreast.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/82UFSQ6E\">[Lindqvist 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "reference to road building in Jin state. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSPZPNV5\">[Hui 2005]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 307, "name": "fr_aquitaine_duc_1", "long_name": "Duchy of Aquitaine I", "start_year": 602, "end_year": 768 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": "\"In the Nyoro state of the nineteenth century, [...] There were no roads and no attempts to connect chiefs’ residences with the capital.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IP7IPA6J\">[Robertshaw 2010, p. 261]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "In 789 CE the founder Idris bin Abdulla founded a small settlement on the banks of the Fez river \"to control the road to Ifriqiya.\"§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§ During the reign of Idris II, fortified townships were constructed \"along the main routes linking Fez, al-Andalus and the Arab east\".§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the governors' duties ranged from dispensing justice to providing a court of appeal for the king's subjects to maintaining the roads.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 28) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Sakellariou 2011, 147)§REF§" }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“[Ifat] derived this position of strength mainly from its geographical location in the north-eastern foothills of the Shoan plateau, an area through which the most important route from Zeila passed to the Central Christian provinces of Amhara and Lasta.”§REF§(Tamrat 2008, 143) Tamrat, Taddesse, 2008. ‘Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn’ In the Cambridge History of Africa: c. 1050 – c.1600 vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 98-182.§REF§" }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Volubilis became \"a major trading center, especially with Roman Spain\".§REF§(Roller 2003, 41-42) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ A maintained road from Volubilis to the coast is quite likely as Volubilis is inland." }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Only limited evidence for roads has been found (in earlier phases at Monte Alban), and these appear to have been restricted to within settlements. \"There are definite roads/accessways within sites. Blanton defines some at Monte Albán and Linda [Nicholas] and I defined some at El Palmillo. These likely were not paved, but they may have been banked and were cleared. Between sites there are known 16th century trails, which were likely used for a long, long time. Again, they likely were not paved, but there were no beasts of burden.\"§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ Coded absent: we do not count accessways within settlements or paths and trails not constructed deliberately as roads." }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Only limited evidence for roads has been found (in earlier phases at Monte Alban), and these appear to have been restricted to within settlements. \"There are definite roads/accessways within sites. Blanton defines some at Monte Albán and Linda [Nicholas] and I defined some at El Palmillo. These likely were not paved, but they may have been banked and were cleared. Between sites there are known 16th century trails, which were likely used for a long, long time. Again, they likely were not paved, but there were no beasts of burden.\"§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ Coded absent: we do not count accessways within settlements or paths and trails not constructed deliberately as roads." }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Road", "road": "unknown", "comment": "Likely with trade at the coast and Roman influence.", "description": null } ] }