Professional Military Officer List
A viewset for viewing and editing Professional Military Officers.
GET /api/sc/professional-military-officers/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 473, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/professional-military-officers/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"Al-Abbas put the town of Labda to sack after routing the army of the Aghlabid governor Muhamad ibn Qurhub. He besieged Tripoli, but the Ibadite Ilyas ibn Mansur al-Nafusi governor of Jabal Nafusa and Tripoli on behalf of the Rustamid of Tahert, led a force of 12,000 men and defeated him\" c879-881§REF§(Bianquis 1998, 96-97) Thierry Bianquis. Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur, 868-969. Carl F Petry. ed. 1998. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume I. Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Governor also a commander so not a specialist. Were lower officers professional?" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"their sociopolitical infrastructure ... was built around the person of the ruler and his comitatus, or oath-sworn guard corps, whose members numbered in the thousands.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 59) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>\"It is difficult to determine the exact political structure of the Scythians. At best they represented a confederacy of tribes united culturally rather than politically. Division within the Scythian domain followed not only tribal but also social lines. It is quite clear that Scythian society was organized on a tripartite basis: priests, warriors, agriculturalists. This is the ancient Indo-Iranian if not Indo-European division of human society and it places the Scythians firmly in the Indo-Iranian world.\"§REF§(Sinor 1969, 82)Denis Sinor. 1969 [1997]. Uralic and Altaic Series. Volume 96. Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Weak military.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§ \"A Catalan militia was created in the 1250s at Tlemcen, paralleling that at Tunis. Its commander was named by Jaume I and enjoyed authority over all the Catalans in the kingdom. In 1271-2, if not before, Jaume received a tribute in exchange for Tlemcen's right to recruit this militia and to trade with Jaume's subjects. This tribute consisted largely in returning part of the custom dues paid by Catalan merchants to the ruler of Catalonia.\"§REF§(Hillgarth 2003, 43) J N Hillgarth. 2003. Spain and the Mediterranean in the Later Middle Ages: Studies in Political and Intellectual History. Ashgate Variorum.§REF§" }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"The earliest exposition of Chinese martial arts theory appears in the historical novel Spring and Autumn of Wu and Yue (ca. 100 CE). A short passage describes the sword fighting skills of the Maiden of Yue, who was said to have been selected by the King of Yue (497-465 BCE) to train his army against the Kingdom of Wu. In the passage the Maiden of Yue describes the interaction of yin and yang, and of internal and external attributes, as being amoung the key principles of all hand-to-hand combat, and these ideas have continued to be central to martial arts practice in general down to the present day.\"§REF§(Henning 89, 2013) Stanley E Henning. Chinese Martial Arts. Naomi Standen. ed. 2013. Demystifying China: New understandings of Chinese history. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Xixia was prosperous, a powerful military force\".§REF§(? 2006, 178) ? 2006. China Tibetology. Issues 6-11. Office for the Journal China Tibetology.§REF§" }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 248, "name": "cn_yue_dyn", "long_name": "Yue Kingdom", "start_year": -510, "end_year": -334 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"The earliest exposition of Chinese martial arts theory appears in the historical novel Spring and Autumn of Wu and Yue (ca. 100 CE). A short passage describes the sword fighting skills of the Maiden of Yue, who was said to have been selected by the King of Yue (497-465 BCE) to train his army against the Kingdom of Wu. In the passage the Maiden of Yue describes the interaction of yin and yang, and of internal and external attributes, as being amoung the key principles of all hand-to-hand combat, and these ideas have continued to be central to martial arts practice in general down to the present day.\"§REF§(Henning 89, 2013) Stanley E Henning. Chinese Martial Arts. Naomi Standen. ed. 2013. Demystifying China: New understandings of Chinese history. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Agaw local chiefs held key political and military positions\" within the former Aksum polity.§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 8) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "absent", "comment": "Roles such as castellans or knights leading small units were temporary and tied to specific contexts, such as defending a castle or participating in a campaign. These were not salaried or full-time specialist positions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/47EV6NEI\">[R_Morillo 0]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "absent", "comment": "Military leadership was held by feudal lords and knights, who served as part-time commanders based on their social status and landholding obligations rather than as full-time professionals. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "present", "comment": "In this context, the Mekteb-i Fünûn-ı Harbiyye-i Şâhâne\r\n(Turkish Military Academy) was established in 1834 in İstanbul to provide\r\nofficers for the army, where cadets were given professional military\r\neducation and training. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DCV9HF4C\">[İbrahim_Sani_MERT 2019, p. 442]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "War chiefs existed <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TD2AIF67\">[Callender_Trigger 1978, pp. 673-680]</a> , but nothing suggests that they could be fairly equated to \"professional military officers\".", "description": null }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown Earlier Uruk phase c3800-3000 BCE \"monopoly of defence forces to protect internal cohesion. The wealth and technical knowledge accumulated in cities had to be defended against foreign attacks, both from other city-states and other enemies (for instance, nomadic tribes). This defence system then turned into an offensive tactic. ... Instrumental for these kinds of activities was the creation of an army, which was divided into two groups. One group was made of full-time workers, specialised in military activities (although this remains purely hypothetical for the Uruk period). In case of war, an army was assembled through military conscription, and was supported by mandatory provisions of military supplies.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/67DQ6G7C\">[Liverani_Tabatabai 2014, p. 80]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Warrior society that had smithing specialists who produced armor. Probably warriors were aristocrats who were sustained by own resources. If, however, they received resources or land from king in exchange for service at any time, and they trained, then code present.", "description": null }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Present for the New Kingdom Hatti which preceded the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: \"the core of the defence force was a full-time, professional standing army. ... They lived together in military barracks, so that they could be mobilized at a moment's notice.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/38EMV897\">[Bryce 2007, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 368, "name": "ye_rasulid_dyn", "long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty", "start_year": 1229, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "The sultan's army could be commanded by a eunuch. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, pp. 117-118]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Uruk phase c3800-3000 BCE \"monopoly of defence forces to protect internal cohesion. The wealth and technical knowledge accumulated in cities had to be defended against foreign attacks, both from other city-states and other enemies (for instance, nomadic tribes). This defence system then turned into an offensive tactic. ... Instrumental for these kinds of activities was the creation of an army, which was divided into two groups. One group was made of full-time workers, specialised in military activities (although this remains purely hypothetical for the Uruk period). In case of war, an army was assembled through military conscription, and was supported by mandatory provisions of military supplies.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/67DQ6G7C\">[Liverani_Tabatabai 2014, p. 80]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_military_officer", "professional_military_officer": "uncoded", "comment": "This time was part of an \"era of the 'war lords'\" which existed \"until Rasulid times.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, p. 45]</a>", "description": null } ] }