Practical Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Practical Literatures.
GET /api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 500, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Between the thirteenth-sixteenth centuries, there were many Arab-Kipchak language grammar books, glossaries, and language guides written.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 510. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Advice books for subjects such as agriculture and farming. Travel books. Military strategy. Architecture§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 372) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chicester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§§REF§(Marshall 2006: 1170-2) Marshall, P. J. ed. 2006. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II The Eighteenth Century. Vol. 2, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGG2PPQQ§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Newspapers, social theory. §REF§Crook 2002: 55, 117. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29D9EQQE§REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1867, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Newspapers; magazines; academic journals; literary reviews; periodicals; almanacs. “Greater numbers of people in the 1830s and 1840s participated in policy debates thanks also to a rapid rise in literacy rates and to the dizzying increase in newspapers and magazines. Although heavily censored by the regime, these publications nevertheless promoted interregional discussions about many economic and social issues. While Hungary’s first newspaper had appeared in 1705 (in Latin) and its first German language newspaper in 1764, the first Hungarian- language newspaper debuted in 1780, followed by a Slovak- language newspaper in 1783… The spectrum of publications included scientific and academic journals, literary reviews, specialty journals in fields ranging from medicine to agriculture, almanacs, and fashion magazines. Some were published monthly or weekly, a few appeared as many as four times a week, and most appeared in the rapidly expanding town of Pest. In 1847, 103 of a total of 191 newspapers, periodicals, and magazines published in Hungary, appeared in Pest alone while another eighteen appeared across the Danube in Buda. Th ese numbers both reflected and produced a vibrant urban public culture of discussion and debate in these towns in the 1840s.”§REF§(Judson 2016: 145-146) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§ “The world of newspapers changed radically in density after 1870 and especially after 1880. Newspaper penetration of households increased enormously between 1880 and 1910: in 1880 27% of all households in Vienna and the Alpine Länder received a daily newspaper, but this increased to over 70% by 1910.”§REF§(Boyer 2022: 117) Boyer, John W. 2022. Austria, 1867–1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG3P4KKD§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Advice books for subjects such as agriculture and farming. Travel books. Military strategy. Architecture§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 372) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§§REF§(Marshall 2006: 1170-2) Marshall, P. J. ed. 2006. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II The Eighteenth Century. Vol. 2, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGG2PPQQ§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Soviet Union produced a substantial amount of literature that was practical in nature. This included technical manuals, scientific works, educational textbooks, agricultural guides, political pamphlets, and a vast array of other publications that provided practical guidance on numerous topics. This literature served to educate the population, disseminate technical and scientific knowledge, guide industrial and agricultural practices, and promote political ideology. These documents were an essential part of the Soviet Union's efforts to advance its economic, technological, and scientific goals.\r\n\r\nExamples: \r\n\r\n\"Вопросы и Ответы по школьной физике\" (Questions and Answers on School Physics) §REF§Тарасов, Лев Васильевич. Готовимся к Экзамену По Физике, 1968.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KZ6QCANA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KZ6QCANA</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"Решение основных задач физики\" (Problems in General Physics) by I.E. Irodov§REF§Irodov, Igor’ E. Zadaci po obscej fizike. Izd. 2e, Pererab. Moskva: Izd. Nauka, 1988.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MQNT9BF8\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: MQNT9BF8</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\"Уличные бои\" (Street Fighting) by Petrov (1942)§REF§Н. Петров, Уличные бои, 1942.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I5BFVJW6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: I5BFVJW6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Domostroi\" : A comprehensive guide to household management, religious life, and family ethics.§REF§“Домострой,” accessed December 18, 2023, https://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/domostr.htm.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUFJJ2S\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KEUFJJ2S</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nMikhail Lomonosov's Works: Lomonosov, a polymath, wrote extensively on subjects like chemistry, physics, and natural science, making significant contributions to practical scientific knowledge in Russia.§REF§ “Научное Наследие — Электронная Библиотека ГНПБУ.” Accessed December 18, 2023. http://elib.gnpbu.ru/sections/0100/lomonosov/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/43PKCEWE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 43PKCEWE</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Domostroi\" : A comprehensive guide to household management, religious life, and family ethics.§REF§“Домострой,” accessed December 18, 2023, https://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/domostr.htm.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUFJJ2S\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KEUFJJ2S</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"acquisition of working knowledge of Indian languages and creating a system of knowledge by producing dictionaries, grammars, books, treatises from Indian languages particularly Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit became one of the objectives for those who were a component of the ruling groups in India.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AP5CBMBQ\">[Hussain_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Records of Qin. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 38)§REF§" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Encyclopedias and treatises on a wide variety of subjects <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, pp. 229-230]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Phillip II was educated on the major works of Greek literature, \"especially Homer.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A5VCK5NQ\">[Gabriel 2010, p. 8]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Portuguese ocean voyaging of the fifteenth and sixteenth century involved extensive reconnaissance and information-gathering. The desire to describe what had been found, partly for reasons of practical utility and partly out of sheer intellectual curiosity, was strongly felt. [...] Literature in the Empirical Humanist tradition reached its peak during the 1530s with the treatises of Dom João de Castro on how to sail a ship between Lisbon and Goa, along the west coast of India, and through the Red Sea. These were arguably the most rigorous scientific writings on nautical astronomy, navigation and voyaging of the whole European Renaissance.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The first known printing press in Portugal, introduced during the same king’s reign, was operating by 1487. Initially Portuguese printing was confined to brief official documents; but soon more ambitious works were produced – religious and legal texts, then the Latin classics, commentaries, grammars, historical chronicles and Portuguese poetry and drama. [...] Some 60 per cent ofbooks published in Portugal between 1715 and 1750 were on religious themes, while only4 per cent were on scientific subjects. [...] Although religious publications always predominated, there was a robust market for poetry and history, followed by philosophy, ethics and works of self-instruction and self-improvement.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a> Although religious publications always predominated, there was a robust market for poetry and history, followed by philosophy, ethics and works of self-instruction and self-improvement.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "\"[T]he indigenous residents of the coast during the Swahili Age (c. 800–1500 ce) [...] left no written records from the period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Legal documents.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 440) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The first embassy from the Turks arrived in Constantinople in 564 [CE], twelve years after the founding of the Turk empire. To the court of Justinian came a Sogdian named Maniakh and several retainers, bearing a letter in \"Skythian writing.\"§REF§William H King. Primary Sources for the History of Central Eurasia in the Early Mediaeval Period: Turkic Runiform Inscriptions of Central Asia. 1991. William McCulloh Symposium. Kenyon College. archive.is/W9YF2#selection-29.0-29.26§REF§" }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Pyu (central Burma) and Mon (lower Burma) \"contributed in significant ways to the language, literature, and architecture of later Pagan\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 111) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Literature preceded the Burmese Pagan." }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaeric Islands.§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ They were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Almoravids had libraries.§REF§Celeste, Gianni. 2016. History of Libraries in the Islamic World: A Visual Guide. Gimiano Editore. Fano. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide\">https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 681, "year_to": 813, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "John the Exarch was a Bulgarian writer and translator born in the mid-ninth century who wrote Sestodnev.§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 265) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§ \"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 814, "year_to": 864, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "John the Exarch was a Bulgarian writer and translator born in the mid-ninth century who wrote Sestodnev.§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 265) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§ \"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "John the Exarch was a Bulgarian writer and translator born in the mid-ninth century who wrote Sestodnev.§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 265) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§ \"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Knowledge of grammer [sic] was considered essential. An old verse quoted by Jinapala states that one who attempts the study of the other sastras without first studying grammar, verily tries to count the steps of a snake that had long ago slipped into water in the drakness [sic] of the night. Buddhisagara was the first Svetambara teacher to write a comprehensive Sanskrit and Prakrit grammar, the Panchagranthi. [...] The Sarngadharapaddhati has sections on Rajaniti, elephants, horses, military science, music, herbs and plants, omens, svarodaya, antidotes of poisons, kautukas, bhutavidya, yoga and kalpasthana.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, pp. 321-322]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Hemachandra's Dvyasrayamahakavya was one of the classic grammar treatises of Medieval India, touching on topics including \"the arrangement of the alphabet\", \"the rule of conjunction\" and \"Thaddit-suffixes\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, pp. 404-405]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Inferred from the fact that immediately preceding polities had produced practical literature, e.g. Shanghsu (Book of Documents), Yi Zhoushu (Zhou documents). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z4ACHZRD\">[Keay 2010, p. 54]</a> However, Spring and Autumn polities wrote on perishable materials such as silk <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NTSIVZX6\">[Major_Cook 1999]</a> , which means that texts are less likely to be preserved", "description": null }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§" }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "\"[T]he indigenous residents of the coast during the Swahili Age (c. 800–1500 ce) [...] left no written records from the period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNTPK7C6\">[Bovill 1995, p. 51]</a> \"The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 13]</a> Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 44]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The Sultan Mahmud (d. 421/1030) founded a university in Ghazna that held several collections of books.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7Q9RTPNC\">[Gianni 2016]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Al-Mukaddasi's book, Ahsan al-takasim fi ma'rifat al-aklim (the Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Provinces) written in A.D. 985, is the first true geography of the Islamic world of his time.\"§REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 21§REF§ There were many scholars at Fez especially after becoming rich with trade from the influx of merchants and artisans with the refugees from conflicts in al-Andalus and Ifriqiya.§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The king, Ministers, forts, defence of the kingdom, anarchy, evils of unloyal servants and general ethics are some of the topics discussed\" in Nitisara. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 10]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }