Practical Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Practical Literatures.
GET /api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api
{ "count": 500, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the sense of textbooks giving instructions to ordinary people on how to perform rituals and daily prayers. §REF§\"Islamic texts in the indigenous languages of Pakistan.\" Islamic studies 40, no. 1 (2001): 25-48.§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literary and artistic activities under the Ghurids likewise followed on from those of the Ghaznavids. The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan\"§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The 'archival library' in the palace of Ai Khanoum\" §REF§(Staikos 2004) Staikos, K. 2004. The History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Minos to Cleopatra. Hes & de Graaf Publishers.§REF§ would have contained all sorts of literature." }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Manuals for games, like chess (translated from India).§REF§Daryaee, T. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, , London 2009, pp. 27-37§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the former nomadic invaders came into possession of vast territories inhabited by settled agricultural peoples with a culture and traditions dating back many centuries, just as had been the case with the Tokharians ... who created the Kushan Empire. It seems likely that the administrative and government structure created by the Kushans was left largely intact under the Kidarites.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 132) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Law books (<i>smritis</i>), work of dramaturgy, writings on grammar and metres §REF§Avari, Burjor. India: the Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge, 2007. pp. 128-137§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. used in governor's administration" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There was a court architect who \"directed the building and repair of imperial palaces, temples, and tombs, the construction of funerary parks, and the planting of trees.\"§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 504)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the Western Jin, at least before 300, was a period of remarkable intellectual, scholarly, and literary activity.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Guo Pu (276-324 CE) commentaries to works.§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 184) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Zhang Hua (232-300 CE) statesman and author \"Treatise on Manifold Subjects\".§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 184-185) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"normally it is only after writing comes to be used for display that archaeology begins to find traces of it.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"The building of monumental architecture and the production of elite objects would have been inconceivable without some sort of systematic management of the city's resources. ... A similar response to administrative needs at Erlitou is certainly a possibility.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 178) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Literate Hmong made use of the Farmers' Almanac,§REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 30a§REF§ and Christian missionaries published educational materials,§REF§Diamond, Norma 1993. “Ethnicity And The State: The Hua Miao Of Southwest China”, 68§REF§ but here we are mostly interested in documents produced by the Hmong themselves." }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The A-Hmao language was first written by the Pollard script in apprx. 1905.§REF§Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3095-4.§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that immediately preceding polities had produced practical literature, e.g. Shanghsu (Book of Documents), Yi Zhoushu (Zhou documents). §REF§(Keay 2009, 54)§REF§ However, Spring and Autumn polities wrote on perishable materials such as silk§REF§(Cook and Major 1999, viii) Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. eds. 1999. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§, which means that texts are less likely to be preserved" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. 《務本新書》、《士農必用》were the major agriculture literature" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " * 1394 CE: Network of Routes Connecting the Realm (Hyanyu tongue): The Ministry of War produced a guide, Network of Routes Connecting the Realm (Hyanyu tongue). This cheaply printed handbook, first published in 1394 CE, lists all courier routes in the country along with the 1,706 station serving them.§REF§(Brook, 2010, p.31)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The professional bureaucracy \"...had its own standards of competence, body of theoretical doctrine...\"§REF§(Golas citing Hartwell 2015, 141)§REF§ \"Seven Military Classics\" (Wujing Qishu) 1080 CE.§REF§(Lorge 2011, 24)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Architectural plans e.g. Luoyang: \"Li Chong of Han descent was the master planner of the city, which received much influence from Jiankang, the capital of Qi in the south, through architect Jiang Shaoyou.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, 347)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Records of Everyday Learning, including details of the organizational structure of political powers and their advantages or disadvantages, information of the selection of government officials, and the function of social customs, as well as raised suggestions about the political issues that plagued the late Ming Dynasty. §REF§(Zheng 2015, p.380)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The <i>Qingshi gao</i> also included significant monographs on ritual, music, geography, food and commodities, law and punishments, civil service, the army, and foreign relations, as well as biographies on important confucian scholars, literary persons, and loyal subjects. §REF§(Smith 2015, 216)§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk.§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Travel-writing of Hsuan-tsang \"Records of Travels in the Western Countries\" (Hsi-yu Chi), \"which is noted for its accuracy.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 137)§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Shanghsu (Book of Documents). Yi Zhoushu (Zhou documents). §REF§(Keay 2009, 54)§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Writing may have been invented in the Longshan §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§, no evidence for earlier writing in earlier times." }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Manuals for military strategy.§REF§(Nicolle 2011) Nicolle, D. 2011. Saladin. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Instructional literature used by the state. \"as early as 3000 BCE official reference standards of length, volume, and weight were being maintained in temples and royal palaces in Egypt\" §REF§(Willard 2008, 2244)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Instructional literature. \"as early as 3000 BCE official reference standards of length, volume, and weight were being maintained in temples and royal palaces in Egypt\" §REF§(Willard 2008, 2244)§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On the contrary, the assertion of continuity with older tradition is combined with the exercise of considerable invention and originality both in materials and iconography, producing some of the most remarkable sculpture in the entire pharaonic corpus. For other spheres of cultural activity there is sometimes an unnerving lacuna in extant material—there are, for example, no literary texts securely dated to this period. For all that, close analysis of such evidence as we do possess confirms that Egyptian society and civilization as a whole were characterized by the same traits as the visual arts. We routinely encounter features with which the student of earlier periods will be completely familiar.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 383)§REF§" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Exercise books.§REF§(Raymond 2000, 112)§REF§ Legal books. §REF§(Dols 1977, 177)§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Exercise books.§REF§(Raymond 2000, 112)§REF§ \"An Exposition of the Rules Concerning the Streets of Cairo.\"§REF§(Raymond 2000, 173)§REF§ Legal books. §REF§(Dols 1977, 177)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Exercise books.§REF§(Raymond 2000, 112)§REF§ Legal books.§REF§(Dols 1977, 177)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The 'Testament of Amenemhet', included in the Milligan Papyrus and the Papyrus Sallier II, defined royal obligations and the needs of the people. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti</a>)§REF§ 11th Dynasty, literature flourished. Admonitions of Ipuwer. Instructions for King Merikare. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 30)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown, but scribes and artisans are likely to have written practical texts. \"by Dynasty 0, writing was used by scribes and artisans of the Egyptian state.\" §REF§(Bard 2000, 74)§REF§ previous code: inferred present" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Instruction of Any, The Instruction of Amenemope. §REF§(Lichtheim 2006, viii)§REF§ The Installation of the Vizier. Duties of the Vizier. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[15]</a>)§REF§ Teaching of Amennakht. Teaching of Hori. §REF§(Moers 2010, 689)§REF§ Great Harris Papyrus compiled under Rameses IV §REF§(Van Dijk 2000, 299)§REF§" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Instruction of Any, The Instruction of Amenemope. §REF§(Lichtheim 2006, viii)§REF§ The Installation of the Vizier. Duties of the Vizier. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[13]</a>)§REF§ Teaching of Amennakht. Teaching of Hori. §REF§(Moers 2010, 689)§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Instructional literature. Formal legal instruments of property transfers, and letters are also known. There are also temple accounts on papyrus known. \"as early as 3000 BCE official reference standards of length, volume, and weight were being maintained in temples and royal palaces in Egypt\" §REF§(Willard 2008, 2244)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Formal legal instruments of property transfers, and letters are also known. There are also temple accounts on papyrus known. \"as early as 3000 BCE official reference standards of length, volume, and weight were being maintained in temples and royal palaces in Egypt\" §REF§(Willard 2008, 2244)§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }