Practical Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Practical Literatures.
GET /api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 500, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/practical-literatures/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, and, Isker [the capital of the Siberian Khanate] with all their administrative buildings were captured by the 'White Tsar' do not leave the opportunity to expect that any written documents were saved (unless, of course, they were not set in stone).\"§REF§(Ivanov 2015, 142) Vladimir Alexandrovich Ivanov. October 2015. Bashkiria and the Khanate of Kazan. The Problem of Administrative and Political Relationship. European Journal of Science and Theology. Vol. 11. No. 5. 141-149.§REF§" }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Administrative and judicial texts.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 82) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Georgian king had a civil service.§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following quote describes the indigenous inhabitants of 19th-century Tanganyika as \"pre-literate.\" \"We do not know what inland Tanganyikans believed in the early nineteenth century. They were pre-literate, and the religions of pre-literate peoples not only leave little historical evidence but are characteristically eclectic, mutable, and unsystematic.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, pp. 21-22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During the 'Sixteen Kingdoms' period \"These peoples - or, to be precise, their elites - thus combined their own political and social traditions with large borrowings from Chinese concepts and institutions. Their ruling classes were so thoroughly sinicized that they regarded themselves as heirs to the old political units of North China.\"§REF§(Gernet 1996, 186) Jacques Gernet. J R Foster and Charles Hartman trans. 1996. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Officials of all ranks and descriptions§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§ would likely have produced practical literature." }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chinese remained the written language: \"Despite the multiethnic and multilingual character of the era, and the fact that identifiably non-Chinese people were frequently the political and military rulers, Chinese remained (with minor exceptions) almost the only written language.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 61) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ During the 'Sixteen Kingdoms' period \"These peoples - or, to be precise, their elites - thus combined their own political and social traditions with large borrowings from Chinese concepts and institutions. Their ruling classes were so thoroughly sinicized that they regarded themselves as heirs to the old political units of North China.\"§REF§(Gernet 1996, 186) Jacques Gernet. J R Foster and Charles Hartman trans. 1996. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Our perception of the prevalence of written material in Nubia is dramatically altered by the evidence from Qasr Ibrim. The ultra-dry conditions and the absence of termites on that site, which has contributed to the excellent preservation of organic materials, allows us to glimpse the wealth of written material on papyrus, parchment and paper. On the site are preserved thousands of documents in Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic, and Turkish.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 241]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Papyri correspondence between the king of Nubia and the governor of Egypt. \"The longest scroll, dated +758, contains a complaint in Arabic lodged b Musa K'ah Ibn Uyayna against the Nubians because they did not observe the baqt.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 334) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ At Qasr Ibrim \"legal texts, documents and correspondence\" was discovered but mostly unpublished as of 2002.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 9) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Papyri correspondence between the king of Nubia and the governor of Egypt. \"The longest scroll, dated +758, contains a complaint in Arabic lodged b Musa K'ah Ibn Uyayna against the Nubians because they did not observe the baqt.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 334) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ At Qasr Ibrim \"legal texts, documents and correspondence\" was discovered but mostly unpublished as of 2002.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 9) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"As far back as in the ninth to twelfth centuries AD Malay was in use as the administrative language of Hindu rule in Sriwijaya (southeast Sumatra). It continued to be so used through the following centuries under the Sultans of Malacca: on the one hand, as Classical Malay, the highly organized vehicle of a rich and extensive literature, and on the other as the lingua franca for the many peoples who lived in the area. In this second form it was known as Melayu Pasar – 'Bazaar Malay'.\"§REF§(Campbell and King 2013) George L Campbell. Gareth King. 2013. Compendium of the World's Languages. Third Edition. Routlege. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ \"Ruling for over 40 years as a completely loyal client king, Juba did to some degree in Mauretania what Masinissa had done in Numidia. He was a man of largely peaceful interests, fully hellenized in culture, and the author of many books (now lost) written in Greek. There is no doubt that his capital Iol, renamed Caesarea (Oherchell), and probably also an alternative capital, Volubilis, became fully urbanized in his reign.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Novgorod maintained state archives.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Legal documents. Private charters (gramoty).§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 469) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Peace treaty with Rome.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 149) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Jugurtha conducted a treaty with the Mauretainians.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 159) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ During civil war with Jugurtha \"Adherbal stole through the entrenchments of the enemy and a letter of the king full of the most urgent entreaties reached the [Roman] senate”.§REF§(Mommsen 1863) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"We are told that the Romans even handed over to the Numidian kings libraries saved from the destruction of Carthage. It may be that some of the books were of practical value like the treatise of agriculture, by Mago.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 461) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Imamic government also published military manuals and pedagogical literature: 'In addition to his official newspaper and a monthly magazine that appeared briefly,25 Imam Yahya also authorized the printing of a number of books, both at the government press and overseas, especially in Cairo and the Levant. Rossi categorizes the government press output as of 1938 in three groups: editions of venerable old works by Yemeni scholars (a total of six books published and one in press); nine varied contemporary works; and two brief military manuals. Four books appear on the madrasa al-ʿilmiyya curriculum list given by al-Akwaʿ (1980). There is also a recognizable emphasis on pedagogical materials of various types. Works of a theoretical nature include a classic treatise on adab in darasa instruction; a little book entitled Risalafi al-tarbiya, which Rossi describes as a “collection of pedagogical recommendations inspired by modern concepts,” authored by the former inspector of elementary schools in Sanʿaʾ; and, finally, the two military manuals, one containing rules of army discipline inherited from the Turks with “few modifications,” the other a military pedagogy work by a Syrian officer in the employ of the imam.26 Many of the remaining publications are short works, including what Rossi describes as a sort of “catechism,” and brief treatises on Quran recitation, grammar, and history that appear suitable for use in the lower schools. Rossi states, however, that at the time of his visit in 1937 “neither a textbook nor a syllabary for elementary students has yet been printed in Yemen.”' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 119§REF§ During the Imamate, codified rules for the use of educational institutions, such as libraries, were introduced: 'It is not only such things as the holdings of printed books and the use of metric system measures that are indicative of an emergent new order in Imam Yahya's library. Complementing the specially developed classificatory system are an elaboration of detailed rules of “library” conduct, which are set forth in a supplementary imamic order of 1938. In a manner familiar to Western library users, these rules define a library negatively, in terms of inappropriate behaviors' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 121§REF§ It is assumed here that similar manuals existed during the Ottoman period as well." }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Legal documents.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 440) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Timbuktu flourished as a center of Arabic and Islamic sciences.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§" }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The second anecdote, which concerns a Southern Qi noble named Xiao Feng, tells us that princes could not read heterodox books: the only works allowed to them were the Five Classics and Tableaus of Filial Offspring.\"§REF§(Knapp 2005, 48) Keith Nathaniel Knapp. 2005. Selfless Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Early Medieval China. University of Hawai'i Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In 1282 \"a treaty of friendship was signed between China and Sukhothai\".§REF§(Mishra 2010, 36-37) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§ Reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (1276-1317): \"the most outstanding achievement was the invention of the Thai writing script, which is the basis of the modern Thai written language.\"§REF§(Dhiravegin 1985, 352) Likhit Dhiravegin. 1985. Thai Politics: Selected Aspects of Developments and Change. Tri-Sciences Publishing House.§REF§" }, { "id": 481, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Kitāb Ibn Sallām. Ancient Ghana, the Soninke, Niger-Congo language speaking people, \"was first mentioned in an Arabic source of 788-93, emanating from the Berber Kharijite community at Tahert, who pioneered trans-Saharan trade with the western savanna just as their counterparts in Zawila developed the trade with Kanem.\"§REF§(Iliffe 1995, 51) John Iliffe. 1995. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 482, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As far back as the 6th century BCE individuals within the Scythian urban agricultural population along the shores of the Black Sea who had mixed with the Greeks became literate and contributed works of literature within the Greek language. \"Anacharsis the Scythian had a Greek mother and spoke and wrote in Greek.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 75) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ At this time the Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ It is not difficult to imagine that Scythian-Greeks and Greeks within the Scythian Kingdom at this time wrote latters." }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Khaldun wrote \"Here [in Tlemcen] science and arts developed with success; here were born scholars and outstanding men, whose glory penetrated into other countries.\"§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Their administration was based on the Chinese model and made use of Chinese writing.\"§REF§(Pan 1997) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§" }, { "id": 485, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "South Yue Kingdom (203-111 BC): South Yue Kingdom \"already grew mulberry trees, bred silkworms and was equipped with mass production facilities for high quality silk.\" These could have been exported west by sea. §REF§(Qingxin 2015, 22) Li Qingxin. William W. Wang trans. 2006. Maritime Silk Road. China International Press.§REF§ Generic Baiyue reference: In the 3rd Century BCE \"Chinese writing had reached the area, and the many Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) tombs that soon followed bear evidence to a sedentary agriculture that succumbed easily to the great civilization from the north, supported by its written texts.\"§REF§(Faure 2007, 17-18) David Faure. 2007. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§" }, { "id": 486, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Treaty of Tadla with the Saadi Dynasty.§REF§(Ogot ed. 1999, 104-106) Bethwell A Ogot. ed. 1999. General History of Africa. Abridged Edition. V. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 487, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Meanwhile, are many texts written in the Xixia language proving that the Xixia State doctrine was in fact Confucian.\"§REF§(? 1996, 120) ?. 1996. The Journal of Oriental Studies. Volumes 6-10. Institute of Oriental Philosophy.§REF§ Xixia rulers \"relied heavily on Chinese advisers and sponsored Confucian scholars\".§REF§(? 2010, 91) ?. The Imperial Age. Tim Cooke. ed. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas Of China. Marshall Cavendish. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 488, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Treatises on grammar <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 152]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 489, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "A few documents attributed to the dynasty include those of King Lalibala (c. 1185-1225 CE) and his sucessor Naakkweto Laab (d. c.1250 CE).§REF§(Bausi 2017, 108) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§" }, { "id": 490, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Centralized government bureaucracy with a wazir§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§ while the court and the coastal city of Mahdia became \"one of the great cultural centers of medieval North Africa.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ For example, \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 491, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": 1113, "year_to": 1153, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Philip de Thaun’s Computus:<br>\r\nA manual on the calendar, offering explanations on calculating dates, the etymology of the days of the week, and information on the zodiac. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EJGRUCQQ\">[Brooke_Swaan 1974]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 492, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": 1066, "year_to": 1112, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 493, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "De Institutione Clericorum (On the Education of Clerics) by Rabanus Maurus.<br>\r\n\r\nThe work was regarded as a pedagogical law book and the first comprehensive theory of clerical education. Rabanus emphasized that love is essential for pastoral guidance, asserting that without true dedication, knowledge, wisdom, and moral integrity are unattainable. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TPKZ7TB4\">[Kotzur_Wilhelmy_Bischöflisches_Dom-_und_Diözesanmuseum 2006]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 494, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Cerrahiyyetü’l-Haniyye\" (Imperial Surgery):\r\nWritten by Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu in the 15th century, it remained a reference for surgical practices into the 19th century, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7UM53M9J\">[Quataert 2005]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 495, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "present", "comment": "Missionaries and government officials produced and distributed texts aimed at providing guidance on various topics. Examples include agricultural manuals for sugarcane cultivation, public health guides on managing diseases, and educational materials for basic skills like arithmetic and literacy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QT8DN5BS\">[Daws 1997]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 496, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 497, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. The Greek cultural world endured beyond the collapse of the successor states. Lexicography, astrological diaries, market prices and records also existed within the wider Greek world. Evidence from inscriptions indicate interaction with the wider literary traditions. This was especially true in regard to the Seleucids and later Arsacid literary traditions. There is also evidence of exposure and conversion by at least one King to Buddhism in the Indian literary tradition. However, given the scarce records of the Indo-Greeks no proof has been found to indicate indigenous literary works. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XCKQ4D6E\">[Sherwin-White 1993]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 498, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 499, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown but possible. \"Not only did political chiefdoms, hierarchical settlements, and high shamanism begin in this period, but it may have witnessed the invention of true writing as well; many inscribed but yet to be deciphered pottery pieces have come to light (Fig. I.IO).\" §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 500, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Practical_literature", "practical_literature": "uncoded", "comment": "Literate culture.", "description": null } ] }