Postal Station List
A viewset for viewing and editing Postal Stations.
GET /api/sc/postal-stations/?format=api
{ "count": 388, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/postal-stations/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " State was not providing either postal stations or a general postal service." }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Trade system very well developed." }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commandery governors had a bureau that dealt with postal stations and couriers. §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 508)§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Dunhuang City, Gansu: \"Excavations between 1990 and 1992 exposed the site of a 'postal relay station' (zhi), which was used from the middle of the Western Han (ca. 111 BCE) until the Cao Wei (220-65 CE) and Western Jin (265-316 CE) periods. The site included a hostel, kitchen facilities, rooms for courier personnel, and stables.\"§REF§(Barbieri-Low and Yates 2015, 44) Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. Yates, Robin D.S. 2015. Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China (2 vols): A Study with Critical Edition and Translation of the Legal Texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb, Issue 247. BRILL.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No data on whether the Erligang elite at Zhengzhou used relay stations to transmit messages faster. This might be considered unlikely as elsewhere relay stations evolved and were used in context of much larger bureaucracies and more culturally homogeneous empires." }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No data on whether the elite used relay stations to transmit messages faster. This might be considered unlikely as elsewhere relay stations evolved and were used in context of much larger states and bureaucracies where long distances needed to be traversed. However: \"Military expansion during phase III of Erlitou is said to have brought regions as far away as 500 km under the control of the state (Liu 2004, pp. 232-234).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 330)§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Hmong villages also transmitted messages through ad hoc dispatches and the use of the drum tower: 'Whenever there is an emergency that requires a public meeting, the drum tower keeper, also known as messenger (or footman, who receives as remuneration from the village 1,000 catties of grain a year), would climb up the wooden pillar to beat the drum at the top, crying loudly at the same time. The tempo and the number of the beats vary according to a fixed set of rules. The “tum, tum” beats can be heard within a radius of many li. The first drum beat signifies a call for a meeting for some important affair, and upon hearing it, the villagers would abandon their work to listen attentively. The second drum beat is an urgent call to gather together at the drum tower, and the third drum beat is a signal for the meeting to start. Ordinarily, after the third beat each family would have without fail a representative at the drum tower.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 108§REF§ 'If a certain village has a most serious affair, such as banditry, the meeting would then be different from that stated above. The Tung-chia call this meeting “Ch'uan-k'uan” /summoning for conditions/, which means to summon all elders from various villages to discuss conditions. The meeting place is still at the drum tower. The procedure of “Ch'uan-k'uan” consists of the dispatch of a piece of wood (known in the Tung-chia language as ch'a) about one foot long and as large as a staff, on which is written the name of the elder to be summoned and the nature of the business. Those qualified for summoning are all village leaders who can direct the villagers.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow\", 109§REF§ Only Chinese towns had postal offices: 'Like Kweiyang, the hsien city of Lung-li was in an open plain, but a narrow one. The space between the mountains was sufficient for a walled town of one long street between the east and west gates and one or two on either side. There were fields outside the city walls. Its normal population was between three and four thousand, augmented during the war by the coming of some “companies” for the installation and repair of charcoal burners in motor lorries and the distillation of grain alcohol for fuel, an Army officers' training school, and the engineers' corps of the railway being built through the town from Kwangsi to Kweiyang. To it the people of the surrounding contryside, including at least three groups of Miao and the Chung-chia, went to market. It was also the seat of the hsien government and contained a middle school, postal and telegraph offices, and a cooperative bank, with all of which the non-Chinese, as well as the Chinese, had some dealings. A few of the more well-to-do families sent one of their boys to the middle school. Cases which could not be settled in the village or by the lien pao official, who was also a Chinese, were of necessity brought to the hsien court, as well as cases which involved both Miao and Chinese.' §REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 40b§REF§ But Mickey's comments imply that non-Chinese communities made use of the postal services in Chinese towns." }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The A-Hmao language was first written by the Pollard script in apprx. 1905.§REF§Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3095-4.§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the Shang period roads considered important enough to be \"controlled by a special official\"§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ but references to post usually begin with the Qin's First Emperor who \"constructed post roads across his empire\".§REF§( ? 2003, 391) ? in Mokyr, Joel ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 2. Oxford University Press§REF§ However, Confucius (551-479 BCE) said: \"News of good deeds travels faster than the mail\"§REF§(Postal Museum Chunghwa Post Co. 2010, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://museum.post.gov.tw/post/Postal_Museum/postal_museum_en/index.jsp?ID=82\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§ which strongly implies a postal system was present at his time. One may infer from the importance of roads a basic postal system existed earlier." }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No data on whether the elite used relay stations to transmit messages faster. This might be considered unlikely as elsewhere relay stations evolved and were used in context of much larger states and bureaucracies where long distances needed to be traversed." }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The creation of a system of relay postal stations has been credited to Chinngis Khan, but was most effectively employed by Chinngis Khan's successor Ogodei. Ogodei did not invent the system that goes back nearly two thousand years. Athough the Tuoba rulers of what is now northern China had a similar system in the fourth and fifth centuries, it appears to have been implemented already by the Honno, the first steppe empire in history, an empire contemporary with the Roman Empire and ruled by a Turkic tribe.\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Postal stations suffered greatly from warfare during the early Qing dynasty, however the reign of emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng saw great improvements to the postal service with the reconstruction of post offices and the establishment of new courier stations in remote and border areas. §REF§(Ma et al. 2016, p. 307)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " extensive network of postal relay stations §REF§(Halsey 2015, 216-218, 228)§REF§ military responsible for protecting postal stations and routes. §REF§(Mao 2016, 470§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"domestic trade which was stimulated also by improved communications, including a new postal system on the main trunk roads which emanated from the capital.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"domestic trade which was stimulated also by improved communications, including a new postal system on the main trunk roads which emanated from the capital.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the Shang period roads considered important enough to be \"controlled by a special official\"§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ but references to post usually begin with the Qin's First Emperor who \"constructed post roads across his empire\".§REF§( ? 2003, 391) ? in Mokyr, Joel ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 2. Oxford University Press§REF§ However, Confucius (551-479 BCE) said: \"News of good deeds travels faster than the mail\"§REF§(Postal Museum Chunghwa Post Co. 2010, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://museum.post.gov.tw/post/Postal_Museum/postal_museum_en/index.jsp?ID=82\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§ which strongly implies a postal system was present at his time. One may infer from the importance of roads a basic postal system existed earlier." }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Liu Bang was a \"minor functionary in charge of a postal relay station\" before he became a politician and eventually king, and Emperor. §REF§(Kerr 2013, 35§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the Shang period roads considered important enough to be \"controlled by a special official\"§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ but references to post usually begin with the Qin's First Emperor who \"constructed post roads across his empire\".§REF§( ? 2003, 391) ? in Mokyr, Joel ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 2. Oxford University Press§REF§ However, Confucius (551-479 BCE) said: \"News of good deeds travels faster than the mail\"§REF§(Postal Museum Chunghwa Post Co. 2010, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://museum.post.gov.tw/post/Postal_Museum/postal_museum_en/index.jsp?ID=82\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§ which strongly implies a postal system was present at his time. One may infer from the importance of roads a basic postal system existed under the Western Zhou." }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No data on whether the elite used relay stations to transmit messages faster. This might be considered unlikely as elsewhere relay stations evolved and were used in context of much larger states and bureaucracies where long distances needed to be traversed." }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Mongol empire established astonishing communications networks even before the Yuan. Posting stations were said to be found at distance of twenty-five or thirty miles along all the main highways leading to the provinces. §REF§(Brook, 2010, p.29-30)§REF§ \"The most remarkable improvement in transport involved the postal relay system. China had had postal stations and relays at least since the Han dynasty, but the Mongolian rulers vastly extended the system. The postal stations were designed for the transmission and delivery of official mail, but they were also available to traveling officials, military men, and foreign state guests, aided in the transport of foreign and domestic tribute, and facilitated trade. They were not intended as hostels for merchants, but they came to be used as such and were vital links in the networks of foreign and domestic commerce. By the end of Khubilai's reign, China had more than 1,400 postal stations, which in turn had at their disposal about 50,000 horses, 1,400 oxen, 6,700 mules, 4,000 carts, almost 6,000 boats, over 200 dogs, and 1,150 sheep. The individual stations were anywhere from fifteen to forty miles apart, and the attendants worked in the stations as part of their corvee obligations. In an emergency, the rider-messengers could cover up to 250 miles a day to deliver significant news, a remarkably efficient mail service for the thirteenth, or any other, century. Despite abuses by officials, merchants, and attendants, the postal system operated efficiently, a fact to which numerous foreign travelers, including Marco Polo, have attested.\" §REF§(Rossabi, M. 1994. The reign of Khubilai khan. In Franke, H. and D. Twitchett (eds) The Cambridge History of China, volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368 pp. 414-489. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 450)§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Shuar communities transmitted messages through ceremonial and war drums (see above). They did not use professional couriers or postal services." }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Shuar communities transmitted messages through ceremonial and war drums (see above). They did not use professional couriers or postal services." }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " was a postal station network maintained through the Fatimid period for the Ayyubids to inherit? did the Ayyubids develop their own network?" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Did the Achaemenids set up postal stations within Egypt or were they just to Egypt? Postal stations were used by the Ptolemies. Coding inferred present on the basis that Cyrene region to the Egyptian Delta may have been bridged by Achaemenid era postal station network and the subsequent dynasties could have maintained this network, even without further expansion of the network in this period." }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. State-funded institution (initiated by Baybars 1260-1277 CE) that required an enormous amount of money to set up. Horses used for first time. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. State-funded institution (initiated by Baybars 1260-1277 CE) that required an enormous amount of money to set up. Horses used for first time. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " unknown. Letters existed. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[16]</a>, 10)§REF§ (Thut III - Am II period). \"Inscription from the tomb of Vizier Rh-mi-r'\" states the duties of the vizier. \"It is he who dispatches every messenger of the pr-nswt sent to the mayors and the settlement-leaders; is he who dispatches everyone who will circulate all messages of the pr-nswt.\"§REF§(Pagliari 2012, 726) Pagliari, Giulia. 2012. Function and significance of ancient Egyptian royal palaces from the Middle Kingdom to the Saite period: a lexicographical study and its possible connection with the archaeological evidence. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham.§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Letters existed. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[14]</a>, 10)§REF§ However this might not be enough to infer the presence of postal stations. (Thut III - Am II period). \"Inscription from the tomb of Vizier Rh-mi-r'\" states the duties of the vizier. \"It is he who dispatches every messenger of the pr-nswt sent to the mayors and the settlement-leaders; is he who dispatches everyone who will circulate all messages of the pr-nswt.\"§REF§(Pagliari 2012, 726) Pagliari, Giulia. 2012. Function and significance of ancient Egyptian royal palaces from the Middle Kingdom to the Saite period: a lexicographical study and its possible connection with the archaeological evidence. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham.§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Habelt 1993, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/pss/20188963\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§ The postal system was state organised. The routes and stops are known and camels were used as mode of transport." }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Habelt 1993, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/pss/20188963\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§ The postal system was state organised. The routes and stops are known and camels were used as mode of transport." }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. It is logical to infer from river that such a system might have existed. §REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§ What form it took, and how widespread its use, however, is unknown." }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Postal_station", "postal_station": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Note: This is the code for Abbasid Caliphate. Simple postal stations in use as stopping point for couriers. §REF§Silverstein, Adam J. Postal systems in the pre-modern Islamic world p. 77-78, 97..§REF§ The Abbasid had a department of state running the post office, called the Barim. §REF§( Alcock, Susan E., John Bodel, and Richard Ja Talbert, eds. Highways, byways, and road systems in the pre-modern world. Vol. 9. (Wiley 2012) pp. 70-74)§REF§ For an detailed portrayal of Postal systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic world, see Adam J. Silverstein's work on the subject. §REF§Silverstein, Adam J. Postal systems in the pre-modern Islamic world. (Cambridge University Press, 2007)§REF§" } ] }