Port List
A viewset for viewing and editing Ports.
GET /api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 448, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Armenian merchants on the peninsula were integrated into trading networks that reached as far as Iran and Western Europe.\"§REF§(Klein 2012, 4) Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§ \"Crimea provided Istanbul, Rumelia, and northern Anatolia with slaves, grain, salt, fish, meat, and lumber.\"§REF§(Davies 2007, 7) Brian L Davies. 2007. Warfare, State And Society On The Black Sea Steppe. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 307, "name": "fr_aquitaine_duc_1", "long_name": "Duchy of Aquitaine I", "start_year": 602, "end_year": 768 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Referrinhg to the port of Unguja Ukuu: \"The port boasted a wide beach and broad, shallow harbour, and the buildings and shoreline structures of the town would have been clearly visible from the water of Menai Bay. Like its contemporaries on both the Zanzibar and Pemba coasts it faces west across the channel towards the continent, thereby facing the majority of maritime traffic along the eastern African coast and ensuring protection from the heavy swell of the ocean.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VRKMQD48\">[Fitton_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Ceuta was part of the Idrisid kingdom.§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 129) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"Motupalli must have been the chief port in Kakatiya Andhra, to judge by this inscription and by the fact that it is the one place in Andhra which the Venetian traveler Marco Polo claims to have visited, just decades after King Ganapati's edict was inscribed (Nilakanta Sastri 1972: 174–75).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R67IJ9XP\">[Talbot 2001, p. 73]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "Landlocked and no major river port in this region.", "description": null }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "River port. \"Most historians believe that on the great rivers of Russia an ushkuy normally carried about 30 people, or from 41/2 to 5 tons of cargo. As far as is known, the river craft used by the Volga Bulgars and their Tatar successors were essentially the same as those of the ushkuyniki.\"§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 15) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "When the Portuguese Rui de Pina visited in 1491 CE the Kingdom of Kongo maintained a fleet.§REF§(Newitt 2010, 100) Malyn Newitt ed. 2010. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"...the Dutch, who traded heavily at the port of Mpinda. The English, Portuguese, and eventually the French also traded there. Along with LUANDA, Mpinda was the main port for shipping captives from the Kongo Kingdom to the Americas during the seventeenth...\"§REF§(Page 2001) Willie F Page. 2001. Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From conquest to colonization (1500-1850). Facts on File.§REF§" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Wærn 1910, 235)§REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "Landlocked.", "description": null }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Possible river ports at Dongola.§REF§(Godlewski 2004, 38) Wlodzimierz Godlewski. Christian Nubia, Studies 1996-2000. Mat Immerzeel. Jacques van der Vliet. eds. 2004. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. II. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden 2000. Peeters Publishers. Leuven.§REF§" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Possible river ports at Dongola.§REF§(Godlewski 2004, 38) Wlodzimierz Godlewski. Christian Nubia, Studies 1996-2000. Mat Immerzeel. Jacques van der Vliet. eds. 2004. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. II. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden 2000. Peeters Publishers. Leuven.§REF§" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Melaka sultanate established significant ties with China during the era of the Zheng He expeditions, 1405-1433, which enhanced its significance among regional ports (Reid, 1993: 205-206).\" §REF§(Cartier 2003, 79) Carolyn L Cartier. ?. Laurence J C Ma. Carolyn L Cartier. ed. 2003. The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham.§REF§ In the early 1600s Malacca (the city) was, according to a contemporary observer, considered to be 'the market of all India, of China, and the Moluccas, and of other islands round about, from all which places ... arrive ships which come and go incessantly charged with an infinity of merchandises.'§REF§(Koh and Ho 2009, 10) Jaime Koh. Stephanie Ho. 2009. Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"The Malay Annals are the only available account of the history of the Malay sultanate, based at Melaka, in the 15th and early 16th centuries, when it was an important trading port between Europe and China.\"§REF§(UNESCO 2012, 219) UNESCO. 2012. Memory of the World. UNESCO.§REF§" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Ifat was the richest of Ethiopia's Muslim provinces. One of the reasons for this wealth was the production of khat, which already was being exported to Yemen.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§ \"The city of Zayla ... the Somali gateway to the Arabian Peninsula'.'§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 54) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"Ifat controlled Zayla.\"§REF§(Abir 2013, 18 n39) Mordechai Abir. 2013. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ \"This Muslim territory was important because of its strategic position on the trade routes between the central highlands and the sea, especially the port of Zeila in present-day Somaliland.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§<br>The most impressive/costly building(s)" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Iol was a major coastal city§REF§(Roller 2003, 41) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§, so presumably had a port. \"The ancient trading center of Tingis served as the port of entry ... Famed as a foundation of the giant Antaios, it was actually one of the earliest Phoenician outposts, established by the eighth century BC on the western edge of a sheltered bay facing the southern Pillar of Herakles, immediately opposite the Spanish coast. ... by the second century BC, direct trade with Rome was an essential part of the local economy\".§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.", "description": null }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "The Valley of Oaxaca is landlocked.", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Cirta (Constantine) the capital with its port of Rusicade (Philippeville)\".§REF§(Mommsen 1863) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Cirta \"had access to the sea at Rusicade and Chullu. His other main seaports were Hippo Regius - called 'royal' to distinguish it from Hippo Diarrhytus, 'intersected by flowing water' (modern Bizerte), further east - and Thabraca (Libyan Tbrkn), halfway between the two.\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The colonial forces were interested in maritime trade: 'Developments in the 19th century were fateful for Yemen. The determination of various European powers to establish a presence in the Middle East elicited an equally firm determination in other powers to thwart such efforts. For Yemen, the most important participants in the drama were the British, who took over Aden in 1839, and the Ottoman Empire, which at mid-century moved back into North Yemen, from which it had been driven by the Yemenis two centuries earlier. The interests and activities of these two powers in the Red Sea basin and Yemen were substantially intensified by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the reemergence of the Red Sea route as the preferred passage between Europe and East Asia. As the Ottomans expanded inland and established themselves in Sanaa and Taʿizz, the British expanded north and east from Aden, eventually establishing protectorates over more than a dozen of the many local statelets; this was done more in the interest of protecting Aden’s hinterland from the Ottomans and their Yemeni adversaries than out of any desire to add the territory and people there to the British Empire. By the early 20th century the growing clashes between the British and the Ottomans along the undemarcated border posed a serious problem; in 1904 a joint commission surveyed the border, and a treaty was concluded, establishing the frontier between Ottoman North Yemen and the British possessions in South Yemen. Later, of course, both Yemens considered the treaty an egregious instance of non-Yemeni interference in domestic affairs.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§McShane, R. B. (1964). The foreign policy of the Attalids of Pergamum (Vol. 53). University of Illinois Press, pp. 94§REF§" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"Kabara is Timbuktu's port on the Niger River.\" There was a \"chief of the port\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 69]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "Did not have a coastline.", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the Greek city of Olbia which was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§" }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "The kingdom had a coast and was heavily involved in trade.", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "After the Wattasids had taken power \"The Portuguese had annexed and colonized the seaports of Ceuta, Tangier, Asilah, Agadir and Safi\".§REF§(Ellingham et al 2010, 570) Mark Ellingham. Daniel Jacobs. Hamish Brown. Shaun McVeigh. 2010. The Rough Guide to Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.§REF§ Any ports left? More information: \"With the annexation of Agadir, Safi, and Azenmour, in the first 20 years of the XVIth century, Portugal gained control of most of the Moroccan ports from Ceuta on the Straits to Massa on the Atlantic south of Agadir, and exercised a veritable protectorate over the Doukkala plain between Safi (Asfi), Azenmmour, and Marrakesh.\"§REF§(Barbour 1969, 97-98) Nevill Barbour. North West Africa From the 15th to 19th Centuries. H K Kissling. F R C Bagley. N Barbour. J S Trimingham. H Braun. B Spuler. H Hartel. eds. 1969. The Muslim World. A Historical Survey. Part III. The Last Great Muslim Empires. EJ BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Sale was on the coast.§REF§(Ogot ed. 1999, 105) Bethwell A Ogot. ed. 1999. General History of Africa. Abridged Edition. V. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "Landlocked.", "description": null }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": "Landlocked and no major river port.", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Red Sea not under their control.§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 9) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"The Zagwe rulers also did not control the trade routes to the Red Sea or effectively exploit the new trade routes to the port of Zayla in the Indian Ocean.\"§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 10) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"Map 7: The Zagwe period.\"§REF§(Bausi 2017, 109) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§ The shaded area is landlocked, bordered along the east by a mountain range, along the west by a river and ends in the north at about the modern Eritrean border. Were there any major river ports?<br>The most impressive/costly building(s)" }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Under fifth ruler Tamim the coastal city of Mahdia became \"one of the great cultural centers of medieval North Africa.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Examples of Known Ports:<br>\r\nLondon: A major riverine port on the Thames, crucial for trade and administration.\r\nSouthampton: A significant seaport used for international trade with Normandy and beyond.\r\nDover: A key port for cross-Channel trade and military campaigns. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Istanbul Port (Constantinople Harbor): The principal port for trade, military activity, and passenger transport in the Ottoman Empir <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YU4JWA9B\">[İnalcık 2002]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Oval Temple at Khafajah§REF§Emberleng 2015, 267§REF§" }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "No coastline--but what about river ports?", "description": null }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "at \"Ville Royale\" at Susa §REF§Graef 2012, 526§REF§" }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "The Komakino stone circle <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3IAKD2F3\">[Endo_Kodama 2005]</a> . \"According to Kodama (2003), the construction of the Komakino stone circle must have required not only carrying approximately 2,400 stone boulders from the riverbed of the nearby Arakawa River (70 m above sea level, or ASL) to the site (140-150 m ASL), but also leveling the ground to make a flat area of approximately 500 square meters on a hillside. Also, in Kodama's estimate, about 315 cubic meters of soil have been moved from the upper side of the site to the lower site.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F9RRA59H\">[Habu 2004, p. 185]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "In PK.C, during Pirak II.B and III.B residential complexes with distinctive wall niches. PK.C, II, monumental wall. 3 metres thick§REF§Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017)§REF§." }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "unknown. There was a port known as Caere 50km north west of Rome during the Roman Kingdom. §REF§(Cornell 1995, 128)§REF§ A port is thought to have been built under Ancus Marcius. However, another source says: \"The port of Cosa, the earliest Roman port thus far known, was founded in 273 B.C.\" §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/cosa/\">[4]</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "Detailed settlement information is difficult to obtain. The most impressive building has therefore been coded as unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "Ziggurat at Ur", "description": null }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 434, "name": "ml_bamana_k", "long_name": "Bamana kingdom", "start_year": 1712, "end_year": 1861 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dynastic histories report that many of Ségou's rulers built imposing palaces in the cities over which they ruled. Due to the ephemeral nature of the mud brick from which they were constructed, however, none of these buildings appear to have survived to the present.\" §REF§Bortolot, Alexander Ives. \"The Bamana Ségou State\". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-.\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bama_1/hd_bama_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bama_1/hd_bama_1.htm</a> (October 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Tongji Canal. \"Officially, the canal was completed in one hundred and seventy-one days. In reality, the project probably dragged on for years.\" \"the Sui shu and the Tong dian record that more than one million adult males and females were mobilized in the construction of the Tongji Canal.\" §REF§(Xiong 2006, 35)§REF§ Luoyang, completed 606 CE. \"According to one source, the Luoyang project employed, on average, two million adults every month for corvee labor. Even if we interpret this figure in a most conservative manner, that is, taking two million to refer to man-days of labor, we still end up with close to seventy thousand laborers working on the project on any given day. .... Forty to fifty percent of the laborers were said to have succumbed to the crushing weight of the project. Each month, it was reported ... vehicles carrying the corpses of laborers were always within view of each other on the road.\"§REF§(Xiong 2006, 34)§REF§<br>\"The main structure of the palace, Qianyang Basilica, was Luoyang's most spectacular landmark. Its east-west length measured 30 jian (bays) or approximately 120m, and its north-south depth measured 29 jia (purlin spaces) or 9 zhang (21.12m). The foundation of the basilica was 9 chi (2.12m) high, and the height from ground level to rooftop finial was 170 chi (40 m).\" §REF§(Xiong 2006, 82)§REF§" } ] }