Port List
A viewset for viewing and editing Ports.
GET /api/sc/ports/?format=api
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1025, "year_to": 1191, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1192, "year_to": 1215, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There was a coast on the Caspian sea which would have been useful for traders - was there a port here?" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Landlocked. However, Amu Darya river presumably used for trade. Were there any large ports on this river in Bactria? Potentially so: \"According to the report of Aristobulos (quoted by Strabo XI.7.3), the Oxus river was navigable and many Indian goods were transported on it as far as the Hyrcanian Sea, and from there to Albania and the Pontic region.\"§REF§(Harmatta et al. 1994, 310) Harmatta, J. Puri, B. N. Lelekov, L. Humayun, S. Sircar, D. C. Religions in the Kushan Empire. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Accounts from Rome of Transactions in Kushan ports. §REF§Harl, Kenneth W. Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 BC to AD 700. JHU Press, 1996. p. 302§REF§ \"According to the report of Aristobulos (quoted by Strabo XI.7.3), the Oxus river was navigable and many Indian goods were transported on it as far as the Hyrcanian Sea, and from there to Albania and the Pontic region.\"§REF§(Harmatta et al. 1994, 310) Harmatta, J. Puri, B. N. Lelekov, L. Humayun, S. Sircar, D. C. Religions in the Kushan Empire. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§ \"Ships arriving from the Mediterranean anchored at Barygaza, Sopara, and Kalyana.\"§REF§(Liu 2010, 55) Liu, Xinru. 2010. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " landlocked" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gangling and Qiantang." }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. port of Linqing in Shangdong province §REF§(Tsai, 1996, p.73)§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"... the coastal cities of the east and southeast emerged for the first time in Chinese history as major centers of shipbuilding and international trade.\"§REF§(Hartman 2015, 22)§REF§ E.g. Quanzhou, southern coast. \"According to labels found among the cargo, the ship belonged to the imperial clan, and corroborates other documents showing that nobles were directly involved in trade (Chaffee 2001:34).\"§REF§(Miksic 2013, 102) Miksic, John N. 2013. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800. NUS Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“The capital of the Sui Empire was Ch'ang-an, a city on the way out of China to the Jade Gate, the gate to the riches of the West. The greatest market for luxury goods was now situated to the advantage of the merchants using the great land route. The sea trade in the goods of Western Asia became less profitable and remained so throughout the dynasty. […] In 604, Sui Yang- ti inherited from his father a land that was more prosperous than ever before and full of a new energy born of unification moved his capital to Lo-yang, and moved several ten thousand families of rich merchants and great Heaven (i.e., from all the prefectures of the empire) to the eastern capital. He built tens of thousands of dragon-ships and phoenix-boats with timber brought from (the lands) south of the Yangtse, to sail between his eastern capital and the river capital (Chiang-tu, that is, Yang-chou). […] The route to and from Ch'ih-t'u is very important. It represented one of the regular routes of the Nanhai commandery (i.e. the port of Canton) day and night for 20 days, each day meeting Chiao-shih Shan (off the coast of Annam, near Tourane).”§REF§(Wang 1998, 62-66) Wang, G. 1998. The Nanhai Trade: The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea. Times Academic Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/GUNGWU/titleCreatorYear/items/DKVACIQM/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo, Shanghai, Jiaozhou Bay, Dalian, Port Arthur. §REF§(Smith 2015, p.163)§REF§§REF§(Fu and Cao 2019, p.329)§REF§<br><b>The most impressive/costly building(s) </b>" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo, Shanghai, Jiaozhou Bay, Dalian, Port Arthur<br><b>The most impressive/costly building(s) </b>" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"There were numerous colonies of foreign merchants not only in the capital itself but also in Yangchow, in Canton and in other ports on the south coast.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§ \"Most of China's maritime trade passed through Guangzhou\" §REF§(Roberts 1996, 106)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"There were numerous colonies of foreign merchants not only in the capital itself but also in Yangchow, in Canton and in other ports on the south coast.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§ \"their prosperous settlement in Canton was wiped out only in 879 during the course of a peasant rebellion.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 132)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There was a coast and there was trade with Japanese peoples." }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. Did Eastern part of the Zhou realm trade with Korea or Japan, or by sea with other parts of China?" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " largest city size is about 500 and it is unlikely they had developed road maintenance linking any port to other cities, as would be necessary for a port." }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "<ul><li>1277 CE: Quanzhou, Shanghai, Qingyuan (current Lishui, Zhejiang province), Ganpu §REF§(Ning, 1994, p/286-287)§REF§</li><li>later: Wenzhou, Qingyuan, Guangdong §REF§(Ning, 1994, p/286-287)§REF§</li></ul>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§ Could have been present earlier than the 16th century if there was international trade. \"It seems difficult to assess their significance within the system, as there is no evidence for flagstone paths outside of the Sierra Nevada (unlike the case of the Incas); the long-distance flow of products could have been carried out through the sea and the rivers.\" \"Resulta difícil evaluar su significado dentro del sistema, puesto que no existen evidencias de caminos enlosados por fuera de la Sierra Nevada (en el caso de los incas sí); el flujo de productos a larga distancia pudo efectuarse a través del mar y los ríos.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 1990, 63)§REF§ However most data about international trade relates to the Tairona II period (1350-1525 CE) and the Neguanje periods.<br>" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 14 'Routes of Land Transport' only ‘1’ or 'unimproved trails' were used for land transport, not roads. Ecuadorian settlers established ports and colonial towns, some of which were destroyed by Shuar warriors: 'The spread of commercial interests in this area did not, however, proceed unchallenged. A port at the mouth of the Morona River and colony of 80 persons to its north, founded by a Peruvian comerciante in 1904, had vanished by 1905-destroyed by Jívaro (probably Huambisa) reportedly in retaliation for the victimization of one of their women (Vacas Galindo 1905:396). Military garrisons established by Peru and Ecuador in this zone of contention between the two countries had also, from time to time, skirmished with the local Indians, and, in 1915, some Jívaro (again probably Huambisa) destroyed the Peruvian army base on the upper Morona River (Karsten 1935:14; Stirling 1938:28).' §REF§Bennett Ross, Jane 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro”, 94§REF§ 'The spread of commercial interests in this area did not, however, proceed unchallenged. A port at the mouth of the Morona River and colony of 80 persons to its north, founded by a Peruvian comerciante in 1904, had vanished by 1905-destroyed by Jívaro (probably Huambisa) reportedly in retaliation for the victimization of one of their women (Vacas Galindo 1905:396). Military garrisons established by Peru and Ecuador in this zone of contention between the two countries had also, from time to time, skirmished with the local Indians, and, in 1915, some Jívaro (again probably Huambisa) destroyed the Peruvian army base on the upper Morona River (Karsten 1935:14; Stirling 1938:28).' §REF§Bennett Ross, Jane 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro”, 94§REF§ It is assumed here that river ports were constructed during the Ecuadorian rather than the Spanish colonial period, but this remains in need of further confirmation. We have also assumed that Shuar communities had little to no access to these ports either way. The variable was provisionally coded absent." }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 14 'Routes of Land Transport' only ‘1’ or 'unimproved trails' were used for land transport, not roads. Ecuadorian settlers established ports and colonial towns, some of which were destroyed by Shuar warriors: 'The spread of commercial interests in this area did not, however, proceed unchallenged. A port at the mouth of the Morona River and colony of 80 persons to its north, founded by a Peruvian comerciante in 1904, had vanished by 1905-destroyed by Jívaro (probably Huambisa) reportedly in retaliation for the victimization of one of their women (Vacas Galindo 1905:396). Military garrisons established by Peru and Ecuador in this zone of contention between the two countries had also, from time to time, skirmished with the local Indians, and, in 1915, some Jívaro (again probably Huambisa) destroyed the Peruvian army base on the upper Morona River (Karsten 1935:14; Stirling 1938:28).' §REF§Bennett Ross, Jane 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro”, 94§REF§ 'The spread of commercial interests in this area did not, however, proceed unchallenged. A port at the mouth of the Morona River and colony of 80 persons to its north, founded by a Peruvian comerciante in 1904, had vanished by 1905-destroyed by Jívaro (probably Huambisa) reportedly in retaliation for the victimization of one of their women (Vacas Galindo 1905:396). Military garrisons established by Peru and Ecuador in this zone of contention between the two countries had also, from time to time, skirmished with the local Indians, and, in 1915, some Jívaro (again probably Huambisa) destroyed the Peruvian army base on the upper Morona River (Karsten 1935:14; Stirling 1938:28).' §REF§Bennett Ross, Jane 1984. “Effects Of Contact On Revenge Hostilities Among The Achuará Jívaro”, 94§REF§ The Shuar likely had little to no access to those ports." }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " port facilities built for Karimi merchants; one of the main ports was Alexandria §REF§(Petry 1998, 230)§REF§ Saladin's wall had encompassed the al-Maqs area, which was inhabited mostly by Copts and functioned as an outer port for Cairo §REF§(Raymond 2001, 97)§REF§ Fustat was a port, though facilities were very primitive. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 99)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Transportation by boats was very important in the Badarian culture, and there is also evidence for trade exchange§REF§Trigger, B. G. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 29.§REF§ Therefore, ports and canals cannot be completely excluded. Information from the Badarian remains shows that they imported raw materials like wood, turquoise, shells and ivory. Additionally, some artifacts have been found that are proof of trade exchange with e.g. Palestine, Red Sea, Syria.<br>" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used to acquire timber from Lebanon and other foreign products." }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used to acquire timber from Lebanon and other foreign products." }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Memphis had docks. \"However, Memphis reverted to its former administrative role for most of the Late Period (Twenty-sixth to Thirty-first Dynasties) (Jeffreys 1999: 488-90; Jones 1999: 491-3). A fortified Saite palace surmounted a 20 m high mound at Memphis, with colossal columns bearing the cartouches of King Apries. The city held a garrison, several temples, an Apis Bull embalming installation, workshops, housing for diverse ethnic groups (e.g., Egyptians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks), water channels, docks, and an outer fortification.\" §REF§(Mumford 2010, 332)§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present within the earlier Mamluk period." }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Red Sea port of Mersa/Wadi Gawassis, east from Coptos. §REF§(Juan Carlos Moreno García, Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt, 11)§REF§ Port. \"Shipping goods from the coast of the Levant was a regular commercial activity at this time.\" §REF§(Spalinger 2013, 431)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Boats were in widespread use, but there is no archaeological evidence of port structures in the Predynastic Period." }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Boats were in widespread use, but there is no archaeological evidence of port structures in the Predynastic Period." }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Memphis and Aswan were two large ports. At Avaris there was a dockyard called Perunefer.§REF§(Garcia ed. 2013, 435-436)§REF§ Avaris: \"We know from Ramesside documents that, at the time of Piramesse, it was a major navy base. It was \"the marshalling place of thy (scil. the king's) chariotry, the mustering place of thy army, the mooring place of thy ships' troops.\"§REF§(Bietak in Maree ed. 2010, 139)§REF§ \"The famous Tale of Wenamun tells that Egyptian exports to the Levant consisted mostly of humble commodities, like fish, hides, linen cloths, papyrus and natron at the very end of the 2nd millennium, when Tanis replaced Avaris/Per-Ramesses as an active harbour frequented by the fleets of institutions but also of private merchants. That was also a period when Egyptian semi-luxury goods found a broad diffusion in the Aegean and the Levant (Mumford 2007: 259; Moreno García 2014a: 22-26).\"§REF§(Juan Carlos Moreno García, Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt, 21)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Memphis and Aswan were two large ports. At Avaris there was a dockyard called Perunefer.§REF§(Garcia ed. 2013, 435-436)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commerce between Lebanon and Egypt.§REF§(Spalinger 2013, 461)§REF§ i.e. Ports." }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commerce between Lebanon and Egypt.§REF§(Spalinger 2013, 461)§REF§ i.e. Ports." }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Alexandria §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 400)§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Alexandria §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 400)§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present after the reunification of Egypt. Did the Theban Kings conduct any trade via Red Sea ports?" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 1006)§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Excavations at Tell el Dab'a uncovered major harbour site. §REF§(Booth 2005, 40)§REF§ \"[E]ntire length of the Syrian and Palestinian coast was dotted with seaports which were open to traffic.\"§REF§(Wilson and Allen 1939, 24)§REF§ Probably a harbour at Tell el-Dab'a. The people of this town were likely \"engaged in foreign trade, sea travel and boat production.\" §REF§(Bietak in Maree ed. 2010, 140)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in Ramesside period." }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fustat was a port. A contemporary traveller suggested \"No other river port has as many ships as Fustat's.\" §REF§(Raymond 2000, 30)§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Spain had a number of major ports. §REF§(Casey 2002, 75) Casey, James. 2002. <i>Early Modern Spain: A Social History</i>. New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT</a>§REF§§REF§(Payne 1973, 296) Payne, Stanley G. 1973. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 1.</i> Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm</a> <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP</a>§REF§" } ] }