Port List
A viewset for viewing and editing Ports.
GET /api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=9", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 351, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“The port of al-Mahdiyya which was then called al-Ma'murä, was one of the biggest ports in Morocco. Pirates of various nations attempted to occupy it. It was from this port, which came under Salé, a town then settled by Andalusians, that Moroccan ships sailed to fight the Spaniards and other enemies.”§REF§(Ogot 1992: 223) Ogot, B. A. 1992. ed., General History of Africa: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century., vol. V, VII vols. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/24QPFDVP§REF§" }, { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ports were present across the Empire and continued to be improved and added to for trade and communication purposes, especially from the early twelfth century. §REF§Power 2006: 10. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4V4WE3ZK§REF§" }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ports were present, built and maintained throughout the period. §REF§(Curtis 2013: 116) Curtis, Benjamin. 2013. The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. London; New York: Bloomsbury. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TRKUBP92§REF§" }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As a central trade route between east and west, Armenia had coastal ports on the Mediterranean and Caspian Seas.§REF§Redgate 2000: 85. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4RQ68NKA§REF§" }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Trading ports such as the Black Sea ports.§REF§Atwood 2004: 203. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJXN6MZD.§REF§§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 584, 754, 757. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were ports along the coast of the Saffarid empire, such as Fars, Siraf and Rishahr.§REF§Bosworth 1994: 137. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7W46D62E§REF§" }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Present throughout the Empire.§REF§(Colquhoun 1811: 228-233) Colquhoun, Patrik. 1814. Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire in Every Quarter of the World Etc. Jos. Mawman. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SNZA6FJ§REF§" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Honolulu, with the best harbor in the group, serving a rich and productive area, attracted the trading ships and became the commercial metropolis of the kingdom, and finally also the political capital. The growth of trade at Honolulu in the early decades of the nineteenth century caused the establishment of some facilities in the harbor, such as wharves and a shipyard.”§REF§(Kuykendall 1938: 19) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB§REF§" }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were ports all along the English coast, the most notable being London, Dover, and Sarre.§REF§(Yorke 1990: 40) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “In the seventh and eighth century, trade with the Continent seems to have become increasingly important to Anglo-Saxon kings, as can be seen from the development of the sceatta and penny coinages, the rise of the specialized trading base (wic) and the priority given to acquiring ports by kingdoms like Mercia and Wessex which to begin with were not ideally placed to participate in foreign trade.”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 166) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§" }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ports were built and maintained across France.§REF§Clapham 1955: 147-150. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2QKQJQM3.§REF§" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Present since previous polity. “In Hungary, several projects increased the navigability of the Danube and Tisza Rivers. By the 1830s a Danube Steamship Society offered regular service between Vienna and Pest. In 1847 the society’s fleet of forty- one ships transported over 900,000 passengers. In the 1830s a new Adriatic shipping line created the first regular link between Trieste / Trst and the coastal towns of Dalmatia and Ottoman Mediterranean ports like Constantinople, Alexandria, and Salonica.”§REF§(Judson 2016: 115) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§" }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Bohemia is landlocked. If there were canals and/or ports for them during this period it has not been discussed in the literature consulted." }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As the canals were navigable it may be that there were specific sites that were set up as ports.§REF§“Hohokam Culture (U.S. National Park Service)”. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/34YMDDCN/library§REF§§REF§Barnhart 2018: 137, 142. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VPVHH2HJ§REF§" }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The existing transport infrastructure in the UK was developed throughout the Empire at great expense.§REF§( Porter 1999: 129, 254-56, 351, 529, 660, 685, 702) Porter, Andrew, ed. 1999. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG§REF§" }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 785, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn_222222", "long_name": "Qasimid Dynasty XXXXXXX", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were many ports along the coast of Yemen. The largest was in the city of Aden which was a central point of goods being shipped between India and China to Africa and the Mediterranean.§REF§ Hestler 1999: 20. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RH82MHZP§REF§" }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Soviet Union had a total of 70 ports, of which 26 were major ports, and eleven were inland ports. \r\n\r\nExamples: Port of Novorossiysk, Port of Saint Petersburg, Port of Vostochny §REF§Saurabh Sinha, “7 Major Ports in Russia,” Marine Insight, last modified August 25, 2021, accessed November 24, 2023, https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/7-major-ports-in-russia/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5AVNP8XA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 5AVNP8XA</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Archangel Port (Arkhangelsk), located on the White Sea, is one of the oldest Russian ports, significant for its role as Russia's primary sea port prior to the establishment of Saint Petersburg. Historically, it served as Russia's only window to Western Europe for trade, especially during the 16th and 17th centuries. Archangel was pivotal in facilitating trade in timber, fur, and other goods, connecting Russia with markets in England and other European countries. With the founding of Saint Petersburg in the early 18th century, the port's prominence declined, but it remained an important regional trade hub.§REF§“История,” АМТП, accessed December 14, 2023, https://ascp.ru/history/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RV3MW35\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8RV3MW35</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Archangel Port (Arkhangelsk), located on the White Sea, is one of the oldest Russian ports, significant for its role as Russia's primary sea port prior to the establishment of Saint Petersburg. Historically, it served as Russia's only window to Western Europe for trade, especially during the 16th and 17th centuries. Archangel was pivotal in facilitating trade in timber, fur, and other goods, connecting Russia with markets in England and other European countries. With the founding of Saint Petersburg in the early 18th century, the port's prominence declined, but it remained an important regional trade hub.§REF§“История,” АМТП, accessed December 14, 2023, https://ascp.ru/history/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RV3MW35\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8RV3MW35</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"'Umara [...] mentions that the Ziyadids collected taxes levied on the ships that came from India\"§REF§(Peli 2008: 259) Peli, A. 2008. A history of the Ziyadids through their coinage (203—442/818—1050). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies , 2008, Vol. 38, Papers from the forty-first meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London, 19-21 July 2007 (2008), pp. 251-263. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ADM7C94B/library§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"[...] the Gurjaras controlled the seaports of Gujarat [...]\"§REF§(Deyell 2001, 413) Deyell, J. 2001. The Gurjara-Pratiharas. In R. Chakravarti (ed) Trade in Early India. OUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF59EW5P/library§REF§" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Fārs was home to a few major ports for the Indian Ocean maritime trade, such as Kīsh and Hormuz. Such port cities served as relay stations for the trade of goods from China, Southeast Asia, and India to not only the region of Azarbaijān, the center of the Ilkhanate, but also to Iraq, Anatolia (Rūm), Ḥijāz, Yemen, Syria, and Egypt. Under Mongol rule, some merchants were patronized as ortoγs or privileged merchants by the Mongol court and shared their profits from the Indian Ocean trade with Mongol emperors, princes, or commanders (amīrs).\" §REF§(Yokkaichi 2019, 432) Yokkaichi, Y. 2019. The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kīsh Merchants under Mongol Rule. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , 2019, Vol. 62, No. 2/3, Mobility Transformations and Cultural Exchange in Mongol Eurasia, edited by Michal Biran (2019), pp. 428-463https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RN4R76ZS/library§REF§" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "unknown. did the polity have a coastline?", "description": "\"The brisk trade and commercial activities with western and far eastern countries through the ports of Kerala was the chief concern of Hoysala rulers. That necessity compelled them to have control over the Kerala territories as the part of their kingdom. From Vishnuvardhana onwards this perception worked out successfully. [...] There is no doubt to say that Malabar region of Kerala including Wayanad was from Vishnu onwards completely under the Hoysala sway.\"§REF§(Dhiraj 2015, 204) Dhiraj, M.S. 2015. MEDIEVAL KERALA THROUGH THE HOYSALA INSCRIPTIONS. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 76: 199-206. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K6FNNZZE/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Classe continued to function as an important commercial port throughout the Ostrogothic period, actively encouraged by Theoderic.\"§REF§(Deliyannis 2016: 255) Deliyannis, D. M. 2016. Urban Life and Culture. In Arnold, Bjornlie and Sessa (eds) A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy pp. 234-262. Brill. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JG677MNK/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“The King of Min Wang Shenzhi was good at attracting mer- chants home and aboard. He opened trade ports at Fuzhou, Haikou and Huang Qishan Mountain. He enjoyed the support of his people throughout the country. He named the new ports “Gantang Port.” Wang not only had ports constructed and conducted extensive foreign trade, he also exerted himself to construct the city, expanding the scale of Fuzhou City and repairing the palace. Fuzhou City became more and more prosperous.”§REF§(Fu and Cao 2019: 187-188) Fu, C. and W. Cao. 2019. Cities During the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period, and the Turning Point of Chinese Urban History. In Fu and Cao (eds) Introduction to the Urban History of China pp. 185 - 196. Palgrave Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TJXI5EU4/library§REF§" }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "“the group inflicted notable defeats on the Mughal navy in 1584 and 1597.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U9SMF8K7\">[Lewis 2011]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Some land grants included privileges to have a boat landing place and ferry. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a> Bengal and India took part in mass sea trade with China and South East Asia via their ports in Tamluk and Gour. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 779, "name": "bd_deva_dyn", "long_name": "Deva Dynasty", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "”A more detailed description of Devaparvata occurs in the Kailan plate, where it is said that Devaparvata was encircled by the river Kairoda as if by a moat and elephants played in the water of the river, both banks of which were adorned by clusters of boats.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "There were ports all across the region for domestic and European trading. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a> And the British had their Royal Navy stationed in this region. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7B8WKJ7\">[Roy_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 783, "name": "in_gauda_k", "long_name": "Gauda Kingdom", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 625 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "The famous port of Tamralipti (corresponding to the town of Tamluk today) was the embarkation place for Ceylon, Java, China and the Yavanas until its decline around the eighth century CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "There were ports all across the region for domestic and European trading. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Inferred from the importance of maritime trade <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, pp. 82-83]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Pella. §REF§(Girtzi-Bafas 2009)§REF§ Direct access to the sea through river Lydias, which has now silted up. §REF§(Errington 1990, 26)§REF§" }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"As the Busaidis consolidated their control, the sultan banned many foreign merchants from direct trade with mainland ports. At the same time, he made Zanzibar a free port and attracted regional trade and investment. Zanzibar-based firms, most of which were subsidiaries of western Indian financial houses, began offering generous lines of credit, which brought more cash into circulation, fuelled coastal trading ventures to the interior, and stimulated agricultural production for export.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X97VIPZ7\">[Prestholdt_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"Customs duties were collected at Portuguese ports at customs houses (alfân-degas) and at frontier crossings through the so-called portos secos.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a> The most impressive/costly building(s)", "description": null }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"The 1654 treaty struck between João IV and Oliver Cromwell was far more consequential, effectively establishing the long-term framework for Anglo-Portuguese relations. This treaty imposed some very unwelcome commercial conditions on Portugal and was accepted by João only with the greatest reluctance and out of dire political and military necessity. It gave English merchants the right to trade in Portuguese colonial ports – an obvious and potentially massive breach of one of the cardinal principles ofLisbon’s imperial doctrine.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Volga River: Major towns such as Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan (after its conquest in 1552) functioned as significant centers for river trade and transport. Barges and smaller vessels carried goods (e.g., grain, salt, furs) along the Volga and its tributaries. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PULQI6VS\">[Ostrowski 2002]</a>", "description": "Before the annexation of neighbouring states such as the republics of Novgorod and Pskov, Moscow was an entirely landlocked entity. However, a vast network of trading sites along Russia’s river system had existed for centuries, providing trade links to the Baltic and Blacks seas. §REF§Perrie 2006: 213-214§REF§<br>Name and describe the most impressive/costly building(s) in the narrative paragraph. Also score all of them for:" }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "The king, Vijayasena, conducted a naval expedition against a western power (possibly the Gahadavalas) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a> And, “...it can be established with certainty that the Arabs had trade connections with Bengal and that they called at the ports situated on the Bay of Bengal. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a> “The well-developed state of the area in the 13th century is attested by the market, boat landing, ferry…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "“a tenth-century inscription suggests that the town of Savar, now in central Bangladesh, derives its name from its role as a port with warehousing facilities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a> . Likely to have been a belligerent in a naval battle with the Palas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a> Bengal and India took part in mass sea trade with China and South East Asia via their ports in Tamluk and Gour. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "The seaport Adulis was \"the most famous ivory market in northeast Africa.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 60]</a> Adulis became the dominant African port between Clysme and India between 5th and 6th centuries. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 390]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "The seaport Adulis was \"the most famous ivory market in northeast Africa.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 60]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "Inferred by trade with Sri Lanka and an extensive coastline.", "description": null }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Using a new strategy, the caliph first took Majorca, in 1203, thus depriving the Banu Ghaniya of their refuge in the Balearics which they had used as a military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads.\"§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": "\"Since the days of Karna I all the three ports [Broach, Cambay, Somanath] continued to be controlled by the Chaulukyas, though they lost Broach to the Paramaras temporarily during the reign of Bhima II.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, p. 265]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Did Eastern part of the Chu realm trade with Korea or Japan, or by sea with other parts of China?", "description": null } ] }