Port List
A viewset for viewing and editing Ports.
GET /api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ports/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " c230 B.C. Port of Adulis founded by Ptolemy Euergetes.§REF§(Connell and Killon 2011, xxix) Dan Connell. Tom Killon. 2011. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Second Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§ The Roman author Pliny in 'Natural History' c70 CE described Adulis as a large trading centre.§REF§(Glazier and Peacock 2016) Darren Glazier. David Peacock. Historical background and previous investigations. David Peacock. Lucy Blue. eds. 2016. The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea: Results of the Eritro-British Expedition, 2004-5. Oxbow Books. Oxford.§REF§ \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, described Adulis as 'a fair sized village'\" about 3.3km from the coast and calls Adulis 'a legally limited port' \"though there has been considerable debate about what this means (e.g. Casson 1989, Appendix 1).\"§REF§(Glazier and Peacock 2016) Darren Glazier. David Peacock. Historical background and previous investigations. David Peacock. Lucy Blue. eds. 2016. The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea: Results of the Eritro-British Expedition, 2004-5. Oxbow Books. Oxford.§REF§ The seaport Adulis was \"the most famous ivory market in northeast Africa.\"§REF§(Falola 2002, 60) Toyin Falola. 2002. Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 15 'Water Transport' '5' or 'Sail powered craft' were present. We are unsure whether pre-colonial seafaring practices would include ports in our own sense of the term. We have provisionally assumed that this was not the case. We have found information on canoe houses (see below). Islanders traditionally used canoes for sea travel: 'All Micronesians relied heavily on water travel, although the high islanders used canoes principally in the sheltered coastal waters of their home islands. Micronesian canoes had a single hull with one outrigger. Canoes used in protected waters were often simple dugouts, but the oceangoing vessels, found especially in the central Carolinian atolls, the Marshalls, and the Gilberts, had sides built up of irregular planks that were caulked and sewn together with cord made from coconut-husk fibre.' §REF§(Kahn, Fischer and Kiste 2017) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 15 'Water Transport' '5' or 'Sail powered craft' were present. Islanders traditionally used canoes for sea travel: 'All Micronesians relied heavily on water travel, although the high islanders used canoes principally in the sheltered coastal waters of their home islands. Micronesian canoes had a single hull with one outrigger. Canoes used in protected waters were often simple dugouts, but the oceangoing vessels, found especially in the central Carolinian atolls, the Marshalls, and the Gilberts, had sides built up of irregular planks that were caulked and sewn together with cord made from coconut-husk fibre.' §REF§(Kahn, Fischer and Kiste 2017) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE</a>.§REF§ Ports were established in the colonial period: 'The high islands of the Chuuk group have mangrove swamps along their coasts, as well as rainforests in the central mountainous areas. The native people are Micronesians who fish, raise pigs and poultry, and grow taro, breadfruit, yams, and bananas. Copra is the chief cash crop. The islands are popular with scuba divers, who come to explore the lagoon’s shipwrecks, many of which have become foundations for new reef growth. The largest urban area is on Weno; the rest of the population resides mostly in traditional villages scattered around the islands. Chuuk has a commercial dock and an international airport, both located on Weno. Total land area 49.1 square miles (127.2 square km). Pop. (2010) 48,654.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands</a>§REF§ One author mentions small piers attached to some colonial-era villages: 'There is an excellent pier in Chorong, a lesser one in Winisi, and adequate stands of breadfruit, coconuts and other trees; in addition there are taro swamps, good gardening land, springs, wells, a baseball field, meeting houses, and the other things we have described as necessary to an adequate economic and social life on Truk.' §REF§Gladwin, Thomas, and Seymour Bernard Sarason 1953. “Truk: Man In Paradise”, 70§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information found in sources so far." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Briggs 1998, 65)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 152)§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Polity was landlocked.<br>" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Bordeaux §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256</a>§REF§ Many ports at mouth of Rhone. Louis IX in the 1260s CE built a new fortified port on royal lands called Aigues Mortes. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 171-172)§REF§ Ports§REF§(Reyerson 1995, 1740-1741)§REF§ North Sea: Montreuil-sur-Mer, Boulogne, and Calais. Mediterranean: Collioure, Agde, Aigues-Mortes (late Capetian), and Marseille.<br>" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Port at Marseille. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 259)§REF§§REF§(Hen 1995, 232)§REF§ Francia-England-Frisia trading network §REF§(Wood 1994, 302)§REF§ Domberg - another trade centre in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Quentovic: trade centre/port in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Dorestad: 240 ha site. 80 wells. §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§: trade centre/port in north<br>" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Port at Marseille. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 259)§REF§§REF§(Hen 1995, 232)§REF§ Francia-England-Frisia trading network §REF§(Wood 1994, 302)§REF§ Domberg - another trade centre in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Quentovic: trade centre/port in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Dorestad: 240 ha site 80 wells §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ trade centre/port in north<br>" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Port at Marseille. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 259)§REF§§REF§(Hen 1995, 232)§REF§ Francia-England-Frisia trading network §REF§(Wood 1994, 302)§REF§ Domberg - another trade centre in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Quentovic: trade centre/port in north §REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ Dorestad: 240 ha site 80 wells§REF§(Wood 1994, 293-297)§REF§ trade centre/port in north<br>" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Brittany had trading links to Ireland and Britain.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 38)§REF§ c600 BCE the Phoencians had founded trading colony/port at Massilia.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 35)§REF§ However, this wasn't directly owned/controlled by the Gauls.<br>" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Brittany had trading links to Ireland and Britain.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 38)§REF§ c600 BCE the Phoencians had founded trading colony/port at Massilia.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 35)§REF§ However, this wasn't directly owned/controlled by the Gauls. Port at Geneva. Note: was not a seaport<br>" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Brittany had trading links to Ireland and Britain.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 38)§REF§ c600 BCE the Phoencians had founded trading colony/port at Massilia.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 35)§REF§ However, this wasn't directly owned/controlled by the Gauls. Port at Geneva Note: was not a seaport<br>" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Many ports at mouth of Rhone. Louis IX in the 1260s CE built a new fortified port on royal lands called Aigues Mortes. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 171-172)§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Many ports at mouth of Rhone. Louis IX in the 1260s CE built a new fortified port on royal lands called Aigues Mortes. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 171-172)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 74, "polity": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " European traders constructed ports and coastal forts: 'The claim of the Portuguese to be, in comparatively modern times, the first European discoverers of and settlers in Gold Coast is supported by more reliable and satisfactory evidence. According to several Portuguese writers including de Barros, Alphonso, the king of Portugal, farmed out in 1469 for five years the Guinea trade to one Fernando Gomez, at the rate of five hundred ducats, or about £138 17 s. 9 d.; the said Gomez having undertaken on his part to explore five hundred leagues, that is, three hundred miles each year, starting from Sierra Leone. In 1471 he directed that the coast-line should be discovered as it lay. This was done by Joao de Santaren and John de Scobar, who, skirting the coast past what is now Liberia, rounded Cape Palmas, went as far as the island of St. Thomas, and on the return voyage discovered Odena in five degrees of latitude. Fernando Po island was discovered in 1472 by Fernando da Poo. And so much gold was found at Odena that they called that port El Mina, afterwards known as the Castle, or Mina. These men also found gold at Chama, and it is said that Gomez opened a gold-mine at Approbi near Little Kommenda, the Aldea des Terres of the Portuguese.' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. “Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asanti, And Other Akan Tribes Of West Africa Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration Of Early English Voyages, And A Study Of The Rise Of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.”, 55§REF§ As far as we can tell, Akan polities did not construct ports." }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Due to the open coastal area and shallow waters, there are very few natural ports on the Ghanaian coast. The sources reviewed only mention colonial ports built by European traders and colonizers, such as Fort Elmina, which was controlled first by Portuguese, then Dutch, and then British forces." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The most important port was that of Khandax (Heraklion). §REF§Tsombanaki, X. 1997. Θαλασσινή Τριλογία. Το Λιμάνι, τα Νεώρια, το Φρούριο, Heraklion.§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence on port services is rather limited since extensive building activities during the Roman period has obliterated earlier facilities. §REF§Sanders, I. F. 1982. <i>Roman Crete: An Archaeological Survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete</i>, Warminister, 144§REF§The harbor of Phalassarna, west Crete, a well-planned port ringed by stone quays with mooring stones and connected to the sea through two artificial channels, is an exception, although the port served more the needs of pirates than of traders. §REF§Hadjidaki, E. 1988. \"Preliminary report of excavations at the harbor of Phalasarna in West Crete,\" <i>AJA</i> 92, 463-79§REF§ §REF§Frost, F. and Hadjidaki, E. 1990. \"Excavations at the harbor of Phalasarna in Crete,\" <i>Hesperia</i> 59, 513-27.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Many coastal communities were engaged with trade especially during the Final Neolithic (4500-3000 BCE); although maritime exchange was attested throughout the Neolithic, it was only the Final Neolithic that trade was intensified. §REF§Perlès, C. 1992. \"Systems of exchange and organization in Neolithic Greece,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 5, 115-64§REF§ §REF§Broodbank, C. 2000. <i>An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades</i>, New York-Cambridge, 166-70.§REF§ Imported pottery and obsidian found in the coastal sites of Nerokourou, in West Crete, and Petras Kephala, in the eastern region of the island, indicate close trade connections with the Attic-Kephala cultural region (Attica, Euboia and the north-western Cyclades). §REF§Papadatos, Y. and Tomkins, P. 2013. \"Trading, the longboat, and cultural interaction in the Aegean during the late fourth millennium B.C.E.: the view from Kephala Petras, East Crete,\" <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 117, 353-81§REF§ §REF§Vagnetti, L. 1996. \"The Final Neolithic: Crete enters the wider world,\" <i>Cretan Studies</i> 5, 29-39§REF§ §REF§D'Annibale, C. 2008. \"Obsidian in transition: the technological reorganization of the obsidian industry from Petras Kephala (Siteia) between Final Neolithic IV and Early Minoan I,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 190-200.§REF§ The travelled distances suggest that mariners used a sea craft with capabilities similar to those of the longboat. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2010. \"Neolithic antecedents,\" in Cline, E. H. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC)</i>, Oxford, 31-49§REF§ §REF§Broodbank, C. 1989. \"The longboat and society in the Cyclades in the Keros-Syros culture,\" <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 85, 318-37.§REF§ Discussing Neolithic trade, Tomkins argued that \"Although distant raw materials and objects had long been esteemed as status makers (e.g., Perles 1992; Tomkins 2004, 48), it is only late in FN [ i.e. Final Neolithic] that peoples seek overly to control their acquisition, production, and distribution. In the case of metal, although finished objects, mainly of non-Aegean type, had been circulation for millennia, it is surely significant that our earliest direct evidence for Aegean metallurgy, in the form of ores, crucibles, or slags, comes only late on FN and appears at large coastal sites (e.g., Kea Kephala, Nisiros, Petras Kephala; Broodbank 2000,158-59; Papadatos 2007) and apparently as deliberate depositions at ritual cave sites (e.g., Kitso, Alepotrypa; Tomkins 2009). At FN IV Petras-Kephala, obsidian and metal appear to have arrived in raw form and were then processed and transformed into finished products at the site 9papadatos 2007, 167; D'Annibale 2008, 192). The near absent of obsidian and metal at contemporary inland sites in Crete (Carter 1998) suggest that trading communities like Petras Kaphala would have been been able to construct advantageous social relationships with other prosperous groups, a senario that finds support in occasional finds of obsidian blades and metal objects at FN IV inland villages such as Knossos and Phaistos (A.J. Evans 1928, figure 3f; Todaro and Di Tonto 2008, 183, 185). In this way, trading served and stimulated a wider demand for nonlocal products and practices that would have been possible only if communal controls on accumulation and consumption had been loosened and households were now free to pursue more over and ambitious strategies of accumulation. The development of trading, of restricted control over the production of prestige objects and of hierarchies of access in the late FN should thus be understood in terms of the first emergence of an economy in prestige goods, smaller in scale but broadly analogous to that of the Bronze Age.\"§REF§The above passage is from Tomkins, P. 2010. \"Neolithic antecedents,\" in Cline, E. H. (ed.), T<i>he Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC)</i>, Oxford, 41 where there is also the cited bibliography§REF§ §REF§for a recent discussion see Papadatos, Y. and Tomkins, P. 2013. \"Trading, the longboat, and cultural interaction in the Aegean during the late fourth millennium B.C.E.: the view from Kephala Petras, East Crete,\" <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 117, 353-81.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. the ports at Kommos (south-central Crete) and Kydonia (west Crete). Data points to networks of interchange with the Aegean, Mainland Greece, Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Sardinia. §REF§Rutter, J. B. 1999. \"Cretan external relations during LM IIIA2-B (ca. 1370-1200 B.C.): A view from the Messara,\" in Phelps, W., Lolos, Y., and Vichos, Y. (eds), The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 B. C. Proceedings of the International Conference, Island of Spetses, September 19, 1998, Athens, 139-86; Betancourt, P. P. \"Minoan trade,\" in Shelmerdine, C. W. (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age</i>, Cambridge, 219-23.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There were a few canoe-mooring holes in the South Point of the Big Island§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pg. 273.§REF§, but it is unclear who built them, and these probably do not constitute ports in any case." }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Central Java has been the dwelling place of humans and their supposed predecessors since the earliest times, and the world’s oldest human remains have been found in that island, specifically around Merapi. In prehistoric times, Java was visited by traders from the surrounding countries, who introduced the technology of metalworking. Maritime relations with China and India increased enormously in the first centuries of the common era, and Javanese ships sailed the Asian waters as far as Madagascar.\" §REF§(Raben 2004, 687)§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Hall in Tarling 1993, 218)§REF§" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " port at Jepara§REF§(Ooi 2004 864-866)§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Relationship between village producers and international traders mediated by four layers of merchants and markets: rice, salt, beans, and dyestuffs were taken by the producers to the farmers' market; merchants bought the produce and passed it to intermediary wholesalers; then passed on to merchants on the coast who delivered it to ports; then delivered to international merchants. §REF§(Hall in Tarling 1993, 203)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Major ports included Ashdod, Ashkelon, and Gaza,§REF§Sugarman (2000:34).§REF§ as well as Jaffa.§REF§Burke et al. (2017).§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The port of Acre was captured by the original Hasmonean revolt; additionally, Alexander Jannaeus took control of the ports of Dor and Caesaria." }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Port", "port": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dor was strongly connected by maritime trade to Phoenicia (Stern 2000; Gilboa 2005) and must have served as the main maritime gate of the northern kingdom. The fact that Ahab married a Phoenician princess (1 Kgs 16:31) testifies to the close commercial interests of the northern kingdom on the coast and in Phoenicia.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:108)§REF§ Smaller port at Ashkelon as well.§REF§McMaster (2014:86)§REF§" } ] }