Population Of The Largest Settlement List
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{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/population-of-the-largest-settlements/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/population-of-the-largest-settlements/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 502, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": 1300, "year_to": 1300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": " Kamakura. Estimate by Chandler although probably too high. §REF§Chandler, Tertius.1987. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston.§REF§ -- have made high end of a range." }, { "id": 503, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 250000, "comment": null, "description": " 'Nara with a population of around 200,000 was about three times as large as Fujiwara, indicating that it had become a political, economic, and religious center of a powerful imperium.'§REF§Brown, Delmer M. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press.p.244§REF§ However, the population estimate by Chandler for Nara in 750CE is 100,000.§REF§Chandler, Tertius. 1987. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston.§REF§" }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1678, "year_to": 1678, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 570361, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 570361, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ Edo (Tokyo) transformed from a small village when Tokugawa Ieyasu situated his military headquarters there, he himself taking up residence in 1590.§REF§Sansom, George Bailey. 1976. Japan: A Short Cultural History. Barrie & Jenkins [Revised 2nd ed]. p.444.§REF§ Ieyasu selected it as his capital after the battle of Sekigahara ‘by the end of the eighteenth century it had a population of around a million, making it the biggest city in the world at the time.’§REF§Henshall, Kenneth (2012) A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [Third Edition]. p.65.§REF§" }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1721, "year_to": 1721, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1300000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1300000, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ Edo (Tokyo) transformed from a small village when Tokugawa Ieyasu situated his military headquarters there, he himself taking up residence in 1590.§REF§Sansom, George Bailey. 1976. Japan: A Short Cultural History. Barrie & Jenkins [Revised 2nd ed]. p.444.§REF§ Ieyasu selected it as his capital after the battle of Sekigahara ‘by the end of the eighteenth century it had a population of around a million, making it the biggest city in the world at the time.’§REF§Henshall, Kenneth (2012) A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [Third Edition]. p.65.§REF§" }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1400000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1400000, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ Edo (Tokyo) transformed from a small village when Tokugawa Ieyasu situated his military headquarters there, he himself taking up residence in 1590.§REF§Sansom, George Bailey. 1976. Japan: A Short Cultural History. Barrie & Jenkins [Revised 2nd ed]. p.444.§REF§ Ieyasu selected it as his capital after the battle of Sekigahara ‘by the end of the eighteenth century it had a population of around a million, making it the biggest city in the world at the time.’§REF§Henshall, Kenneth (2012) A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [Third Edition]. p.65.§REF§" }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " Estimate assuming roughly 50 persons per hectare; 30ha regional centre would have 1500 people<br>The largest regional centres in this period are Karako and Ikegami-Sone that respectively have an extent of 30 and 25 hectares.<br>Many regional centres exceeded the number of 200 inhabitants.§REF§K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 126.§REF§ - presumably this would be a unrealistically conservative estimate for the very largest regional centers of 30ha" }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 200000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>Samarkand 200,000 in 1000 CE.§REF§(Modelski 2003, 55) Modelski, George. 2003. World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC. Faros 2000.§REF§ Cities continued to grow in size under the Kara-Khanids.<br>Samarkand 200,000-400,000 in 1200 CE. \"Barthold claims that 100,000 families lived there before Mongol invasion. Abu-Lughod (179,184) views this claim as exagerated. 1220 defended by 120,000 men; razed; 300-400,000 inhabitants killed or forced to flee; 1300, 100,000 left (Int.Dict.of Hist.Places, vol.5, 1996, 718-20).\"§REF§(Modelski 2003, 182) Modelski, George. 2003. World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC. Faros 2000.§REF§<br>\"Balasagun had a densely built-up urban core (shahristan) with high walls that encompassed a rectangular area of fifty acres and were fully sixty-five feet thick at the base.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Balkh: urban walls enclosed 1000 acres.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Afrasiab: \"Afrasiab, the predecessor to Samarkand ... covered over five hundred densely built acres.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Termez: \"the river port of Tirmidh (Termez), which covered a thousand acres on the Uzbek side of the Amu Darya\".§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Merv: \"an enormous urban complex.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>\"Central Asian cities were densely populated - one expert estimates that 230-270 persons per acre was typical - and the footprint of four-fifths of the houses was as small as 380 square feet, even though they typically housed up to six people on two or three floors.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ Expert cited: K. M. Baybakov (1986). Also recommends \"O. G. Bolshakov’s estimates of population densities in Merv, Bukhara, Termez, etc.\" §REF§K. M. Baybakov, Srednevekovaia gorodskaia kultura iuzhnogo Kazakhstana i Semirechia (Moscow, 1986), 88§REF§§REF§O. G. Bolshakov, Goroda iuzhnogo Kazakhstana i Semirechiia (vi-xiii v.) (Alma Ata, 1973), 256-68.§REF§" }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 200000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>Samarkand 200,000 in 1000 CE.§REF§(Modelski 2003, 55) Modelski, George. 2003. World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC. Faros 2000.§REF§ Cities continued to grow in size under the Kara-Khanids.<br>Samarkand 200,000-400,000 in 1200 CE. \"Barthold claims that 100,000 families lived there before Mongol invasion. Abu-Lughod (179,184) views this claim as exagerated. 1220 defended by 120,000 men; razed; 300-400,000 inhabitants killed or forced to flee; 1300, 100,000 left (Int.Dict.of Hist.Places, vol.5, 1996, 718-20).\"§REF§(Modelski 2003, 182) Modelski, George. 2003. World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC. Faros 2000.§REF§<br>\"Balasagun had a densely built-up urban core (shahristan) with high walls that encompassed a rectangular area of fifty acres and were fully sixty-five feet thick at the base.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Balkh: urban walls enclosed 1000 acres.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Afrasiab: \"Afrasiab, the predecessor to Samarkand ... covered over five hundred densely built acres.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Termez: \"the river port of Tirmidh (Termez), which covered a thousand acres on the Uzbek side of the Amu Darya\".§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>Merv: \"an enormous urban complex.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ (Undated reference for Central Asia in Middle Ages)<br>\"Central Asian cities were densely populated - one expert estimates that 230-270 persons per acre was typical - and the footprint of four-fifths of the houses was as small as 380 square feet, even though they typically housed up to six people on two or three floors.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ Expert cited: K. M. Baybakov (1986). Also recommends \"O. G. Bolshakov’s estimates of population densities in Merv, Bukhara, Termez, etc.\" §REF§K. M. Baybakov, Srednevekovaia gorodskaia kultura iuzhnogo Kazakhstana i Semirechia (Moscow, 1986), 88§REF§§REF§O. G. Bolshakov, Goroda iuzhnogo Kazakhstana i Semirechiia (vi-xiii v.) (Alma Ata, 1973), 256-68.§REF§" }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 750000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 'At its peak, Angkor sprawled over nearly 1000 km2 [1] and may have housed more than three quarters of a million people [2,3].' §REF§(Penny et al 2014, p. e84252)§REF§ 'With a fluctuating but persistent political dominance that extended from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, it is hardly surprising that Angkor could built a temple enclosure (Angkor Wat) the size of central Tikal (Figure 11.11) and create a low-density urban complex with a water management network that spread across nearly 1,000 km^2 of intermeshed urban-rural landscape. That landscape could have fed between 300,000 and 750,000 human beings (see Fletcher et al. 2003:117 for assessment by Lustig).'§REF§(Fletcher 2012, pp.300-302)§REF§ 'Angkor. It is now clear that the temple complex was the centre of an enormous dispersed city, home to up to one million inhabitants, making it the largest city of antiquity. '§REF§(Tully 2005, p. 33)§REF§ 'Although it is likely that Groslier’s original population estimate was too high, Angkor was probably the largest pre-industrial city in the world. The most recent archaeological work indicates that one million is a reasonable estimate of the city’s size.'§REF§(Tully 2005, p. 44)§REF§ 'Acker has given detailed consideration to the area that could have been irrigated, the water requirement, likely yields, and the location of the barays relative to one another and the land below them. His calculations were based on Groslier’s estimate of a population at Angkor in the vicinity of 1,900,000 people, of whom 600,000 were supported by 86,000 hectares (215,000 acres) of irrigated rice fields. In the dry season, a hectare would require 15,000 cubic meters (525,000 cu. ft.) of water. Assuming all the major barays at Angkor were full to a depth of three meters (9.9 ft.), they could have supplied 7,000 hectares (17,500 acres). If they yielded 1.46 tons of rice per hectare and annual consumption was 220 kilograms (484 lbs.) of rice per capita, the dry season yield would have maintained about 44,500 people, about 2.5 percent of the estimated population. This calculation is based only on the amount of water available when the barays were three meters deep. It does not take into account the possibility that the barays were constantly replenished with water from the Siem Reap River throughout the dry season. There is also the possibility that the reservoirs were used to supplement water supplies to the fields when there was insufficient rainfall during the wet sea- son. If so, then a further 9,000 metric tons (9,900 tons) over and above anticipated wet-season production could have been obtained, making the total irrigated yield 19,200 tons, sufficient to feed nearly 100,000 people.'§REF§(Higham 2004, p. 162)§REF§ 'At its peak, the population of the impe- rial core may have exceeded 1.5 million.'§REF§(Lieberman 2003, p. 219)§REF§ 'At its height, Angkor was the largest premodern settlement in the world, a city of more than 700,000 spread over a larger area than modern Los Angeles. Its crowning achievement was Angkor Wat, built at the kingdom’s height in the early twelfth century. Topped by five towers, arranged in an “X” pattern like the dots on a die, Angkor Wat was designed as a microcosmic representation of Mount Meru, the center of the universe in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. This vast complex, still the largest religious building in the world, remains a powerful representation of Angkor’s military, artistic, and economic might, as well as the absolute rule of the God Kings, who were said to “eat their kingdom,” ruling with an iron fist.'§REF§(Strangio 2014, pp. 3-4)§REF§" }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": 802, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 300000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": " 'We do not know how much of the walled area of Yasodharapura was settled nor the size of its population.'§REF§(Miksic 2007, p. 18)§REF§<br>Yasodharapura capital 900 CE 4km on sides, 16km2, 1600 ha. 250 per hectare = 400,000 people<br>\"Around the year 900 CE, King Yasovarman I ('Protected by Glory; r.899-917 CE) created yet another new city, along with a new state temple and a new significantly larger baray. The city, Yasodharapura ('Glory-Bearing City'), was, like its predecessor, perfectly square, but it was much larger: about 4 kilometers on a side.\"§REF§(Jarzombek and Prakash 2011) Jarzombek, Mark M. Vikramaditya Prakash, Vikraaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§<br>Hariharalaya 800 CE 12 km2, 1200 ha. 250 per hectare = 300,000 people<br>\"The city called Hariharalaya was laid out as a perfect square about 3 kilometers on a side.\"§REF§(Jarzombek and Prakash 2011) Jarzombek, Mark M. Vikramaditya Prakash, Vikraaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 400000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": " 'We do not know how much of the walled area of Yasodharapura was settled nor the size of its population.'§REF§(Miksic 2007, p. 18)§REF§<br>Yasodharapura capital 900 CE 4km on sides, 16km2, 1600 ha. 250 per hectare = 400,000 people<br>\"Around the year 900 CE, King Yasovarman I ('Protected by Glory; r.899-917 CE) created yet another new city, along with a new state temple and a new significantly larger baray. The city, Yasodharapura ('Glory-Bearing City'), was, like its predecessor, perfectly square, but it was much larger: about 4 kilometers on a side.\"§REF§(Jarzombek and Prakash 2011) Jarzombek, Mark M. Vikramaditya Prakash, Vikraaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§<br>Hariharalaya 800 CE 12 km2, 1200 ha. 250 per hectare = 300,000 people<br>\"The city called Hariharalaya was laid out as a perfect square about 3 kilometers on a side.\"§REF§(Jarzombek and Prakash 2011) Jarzombek, Mark M. Vikramaditya Prakash, Vikraaditya. 2011. A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 42, "name": "kh_angkor_3", "long_name": "Late Angkor", "start_year": 1220, "end_year": 1432 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 750000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 'At its peak, Angkor sprawled over nearly 1000 km2 [1] and may have housed more than three quarters of a million people [2,3].' §REF§(Penny et al 2014, p. e84252)§REF§ 'With a fluctuating but persistent political dominance that extended from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, it is hardly surprising that Angkor could built a temple enclosure (Angkor Wat) the size of central Tikal (Figure 11.11) and create a low-density urban complex with a water management network that spread across nearly 1,000 km^2 of intermeshed urban-rural landscape. That landscape could have fed between 300,000 and 750,000 human beings (see Fletcher et al. 2003:117 for assessment by Lustig).'§REF§(Fletcher 2012, pp.300-302)§REF§ 'Angkor. It is now clear that the temple complex was the centre of an enormous dispersed city, home to up to one million inhabitants, making it the largest city of antiquity. '§REF§(Tully 2005, p. 33)§REF§ 'Although it is likely that Groslier’s original population estimate was too high, Angkor was probably the largest pre-industrial city in the world. The most recent archaeological work indicates that one million is a reasonable estimate of the city’s size.'§REF§(Tully 2005, p. 44)§REF§ 'Acker has given detailed consideration to the area that could have been irrigated, the water requirement, likely yields, and the location of the barays relative to one another and the land below them. His calculations were based on Groslier’s estimate of a population at Angkor in the vicinity of 1,900,000 people, of whom 600,000 were supported by 86,000 hectares (215,000 acres) of irrigated rice fields. In the dry season, a hectare would require 15,000 cubic meters (525,000 cu. ft.) of water. Assuming all the major barays at Angkor were full to a depth of three meters (9.9 ft.), they could have supplied 7,000 hectares (17,500 acres). If they yielded 1.46 tons of rice per hectare and annual consumption was 220 kilograms (484 lbs.) of rice per capita, the dry season yield would have maintained about 44,500 people, about 2.5 percent of the estimated population. This calculation is based only on the amount of water available when the barays were three meters deep. It does not take into account the possibility that the barays were constantly replenished with water from the Siem Reap River throughout the dry season. There is also the possibility that the reservoirs were used to supplement water supplies to the fields when there was insufficient rainfall during the wet sea- son. If so, then a further 9,000 metric tons (9,900 tons) over and above anticipated wet-season production could have been obtained, making the total irrigated yield 19,200 tons, sufficient to feed nearly 100,000 people.'§REF§(Higham 2004, p. 162)§REF§ 'At its peak, the population of the impe- rial core may have exceeded 1.5 million.'§REF§(Lieberman 2003, p. 219)§REF§ 'At its height, Angkor was the largest premodern settlement in the world, a city of more than 700,000 spread over a larger area than modern Los Angeles. Its crowning achievement was Angkor Wat, built at the kingdom’s height in the early twelfth century. Topped by five towers, arranged in an “X” pattern like the dots on a die, Angkor Wat was designed as a microcosmic representation of Mount Meru, the center of the universe in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. This vast complex, still the largest religious building in the world, remains a powerful representation of Angkor’s military, artistic, and economic might, as well as the absolute rule of the God Kings, who were said to “eat their kingdom,” ruling with an iron fist.'§REF§(Strangio 2014, pp. 3-4)§REF§§REF§(Buckley, B., et al. 2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, No.15: 6748-652.)§REF§" }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 43, "name": "kh_khmer_k", "long_name": "Khmer Kingdom", "start_year": 1432, "end_year": 1594 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "In the 17th century, in the area of Phnom Penh there were around 5,000 Chinese merchants, 1200 Portuguese, and other communities of Malay, Cham, Siamese, plus local population§REF§(Van der Kraan 2009: 13)§REF§ . Van der Kraan estimates a total of 1 million in the whole of Cambodia§REF§(Van der Kraan 2009: f.n.87, p. 37)§REF§ . Since Oudong (the capital) and Phnom Penh were in this area, it is likely that a large portion of the population lived there." }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 39, "name": "kh_chenla", "long_name": "Chenla", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 825 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 60000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 'The principal city of Chenla housed over 20,000 families.'§REF§(Higham 2014b, 293)§REF§" }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 37, "name": "kh_funan_1", "long_name": "Funan I", "start_year": 225, "end_year": 540 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 2000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 'The chiefs of Funan core a Mon-Khmer title pon, but some were taking Indic names with the suffice -varman, and the later 7th-century inscription suggest that the reason was related to the question of inheritance of accumulated wealth. A pon was chief of a settlement, and the typical pon-dom was a large village, or supra village of several hundred or a thousand or two persons living around or near a pond, sometimes artificial, and growing at least enough rice for self-sufficiency. Some settlements had several pon, perhaps watch one a chief over a hamlet-size community, with one superior to the others within the larger community. The population of each core pon-dom consisted of a lineage or a clan, with its own deity whore representative, and putative descendent, as the pon. Pon-ship was inherited matrilineally through sisters' sons; and there a hierarchy, perhaps informal, of pon, probably based on wealth and political influence. During the florescence of Funan, the greatest wealth would have been accumulated through maritime activity, and it was the coastal pon-doms which would have become most directly involved in sea trade, and their upon were called 'kings' by Chinese visitors. By the 7th century, and presumably earlier, their was a ruling stratum in each pon-dom, and others, even though relatives of the same clan, were subordinate juniors [...]'§REF§(Vickery 1998, pp. 19-20)§REF§ 'The site would have been a major population center. The surrounding terrain is suited today to flood- retreat farming, whereby the retreating floodwaters from the Mekong and Bassac Rivers are retained behind banks to sustain rice.'§REF§(Higham 2004, p. 18)§REF§ 'The entire town [Oc Eo] could have covered c. 450 hectares (1.74 square miles) and thus might have contained many thousands of people.'§REF§(Coe 2003, p. 65)§REF§" }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 38, "name": "kh_funan_2", "long_name": "Funan II", "start_year": 540, "end_year": 640 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 2000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 'The chiefs of Funan core a Mon-Khmer title pon, but some were taking Indic names with the suffice -varman, and the later 7th-century inscription suggest that the reason was related to the question of inheritance of accumulated wealth. A pon was chief of a settlement, and the typical pon-dom was a large village, or supra village of several hundred or a thousand or two persons living around or near a pond, sometimes artificial, and growing at least enough rice for self-sufficiency. Some settlements had several pon, perhaps watch one a chief over a hamlet-size community, with one superior to the others within the larger community. The population of each core pon-dom consisted of a lineage or a clan, with its own deity whore representative, and putative descendent, as the pon. Pon-ship was inherited matrilineally through sisters' sons; and there a hierarchy, perhaps informal, of pon, probably based on wealth and political influence. During the florescence of Funan, the greatest wealth would have been accumulated through maritime activity, and it was the coastal pon-doms which would have become most directly involved in sea trade, and their upon were called 'kings' by Chinese visitors. By the 7th century, and presumably earlier, their was a ruling stratum in each pon-dom, and others, even though relatives of the same clan, were subordinate juniors [...]'§REF§(Vickery 1998, pp. 19-20)§REF§" }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 35, "name": "kh_cambodia_ba", "long_name": "Bronze Age Cambodia", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200, "comment": null, "description": " \"The term “Memotian” culture is now used to refer to 40 circular ramparted and moated sites (banteay kou in Khmer) in a hilly area of east Cambodia and a corner of southwest Vietnam measuring 85 kilometers east-west and 35 kilometers north-southoccupied between the early third millennium to early first millennium bce… artifacts are not very dense, suggesting that the number of inhabitants was not large, perhaps around 100 to 200.\"§REF§(Miksic and Goh 2016: 114) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 36, "name": "kh_cambodia_ia", "long_name": "Iron Age Cambodia", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 224 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200, "comment": null, "description": " \"[O]ccupied between the early third millennium to early first millennium bce… artifacts are not very dense, suggesting that the number of inhabitants was not large, perhaps around 100 to 200.\"§REF§(Miksic and Goh 2016: 114) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 522, "polity": { "id": 463, "name": "kz_andronovo", "long_name": "Andronovo", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 50, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 250, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>\"They lived in permanent settlements of ten to forty houses in communities of fifty to two hundred and fifty.\"§REF§(Cunliffe 2015, 142) Cunliffe, Barry. 2015. By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 523, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 40000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. A crude guess at the size of Tyre or Sidon, based on the above." }, { "id": 524, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 125000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 125000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Estimate for Marrakesh in 1600 CE§REF§Chase-Dunn spreadsheet (2011), available at <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/asa01/oct2k1.xls\" rel=\"nofollow\">Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 500, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. An estimated 2000 inhabitants at 200 per ha for 10 hectares.<br>Estimate hectare size phase II:<br>settlement size \"possibly exceeding 10 hectares\" §REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 16)§REF§<br>1977 archaeological investigation established the 3rd century BCE date and showed that by the eighth-ninth century it had become \"an urban center of considerable proportions\" §REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 1)§REF§<br>Estimated hectare size early phase III:<br>\"by 450 C.E., the settlement had expanded to at least 25 hectares (over 60 acres).\"§REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§<br>Estimate size at height phase III/phase IV:<br>\"The total surface area of Jenne-jeno and its satellites was 69 hectares; the total population when most densely occupied approached 27,000.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 230)§REF§<br>\"At its most densely populated (around AD 800) Jenne-jeno housed up to 27,000 people.§REF§(Reader 1998, 219)§REF§<br>33 hectares. 9 hectare Hambarketolo connects to Jenne-jeno via an earthern dike. §REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 16)§REF§ this maximum area extent by 900-1000 CE§REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 19)§REF§<br>\"During this time, the settlement continued to grow, reaching its maximum area of 33 hectares by 850 C.E. We know that this is so because sherds of the distinctive painted pottery that was produced at Jenne-jeno only between 450-850 C.E. are present in all our excavation units, even those near the edge of the mound. And we find them at the neighboring mound of Hambarketolo, too, suggesting that these two connected sites totaling 41 hectares (100 acres) functioned as part of a single town complex (Pl. 4). §REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": 1512, "year_to": 1512, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 60000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>Gao in 16th C<br>Mahmoud Kati explains how the inhabitants of Gao counted the number of houses in the 16th century, finding 7,626 houses, which gives a total population estimate of more than 100,000 inhabitants. §REF§(Niane 1975, 88)§REF§<br>\"Under the Askia El Hadj a census taken by a group of students which lasted three days established that Gao consisted of 7,626 blocks of houses of solid construction (clay?) not counting straw huts.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 142) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>Timbuktu in 1580 CE<br>Timbuktu probably didn't have more than 15,000 inhabitants by the end of Sonni Ali's reign. In 1580, at the end of Askia Daoud's reign, it had gone over the 70,000 inhabitants mark. \"Elle ne dépassait probablement guère 15 000 habitants à la fin du règne de Sonni Ali. En 1580, à la fin du règne d'Askia Daoud, elle était passée à plus de 70 000 habitants.\" §REF§(Niane 1975, 57)§REF§<br>Djenne in 1512 CE<br>In 1512, Niani still had about 60,000 inhabitants (6,000 households), as told by Leo Africanus. §REF§(Niane 1975, 85)§REF§<br>Within the Mande-speaking heartland the basic building-block of government was the kafu, a community of anything from 1000 to 15,000 people living in or near a mud-walled town and ruled by a hereditary dynast called a fama.\" §REF§(Roland and Atmore 2001, 62)§REF§" }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": 1580, "year_to": 1580, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 70000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 70000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>Gao in 16th C<br>Mahmoud Kati explains how the inhabitants of Gao counted the number of houses in the 16th century, finding 7,626 houses, which gives a total population estimate of more than 100,000 inhabitants. §REF§(Niane 1975, 88)§REF§<br>\"Under the Askia El Hadj a census taken by a group of students which lasted three days established that Gao consisted of 7,626 blocks of houses of solid construction (clay?) not counting straw huts.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 142) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>Timbuktu in 1580 CE<br>Timbuktu probably didn't have more than 15,000 inhabitants by the end of Sonni Ali's reign. In 1580, at the end of Askia Daoud's reign, it had gone over the 70,000 inhabitants mark. \"Elle ne dépassait probablement guère 15 000 habitants à la fin du règne de Sonni Ali. En 1580, à la fin du règne d'Askia Daoud, elle était passée à plus de 70 000 habitants.\" §REF§(Niane 1975, 57)§REF§<br>Djenne in 1512 CE<br>In 1512, Niani still had about 60,000 inhabitants (6,000 households), as told by Leo Africanus. §REF§(Niane 1975, 85)§REF§<br>Within the Mande-speaking heartland the basic building-block of government was the kafu, a community of anything from 1000 to 15,000 people living in or near a mud-walled town and ruled by a hereditary dynast called a fama.\" §REF§(Roland and Atmore 2001, 62)§REF§" }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Our knowledge of the Xianbei is based solely on narrative sources and there is no data on settlement hierarchy. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 3000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 5000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. \"The number of residents living at the same time in Ivolga is estimated between 2500 to 3000 people.\" §REF§(Kradin 2011, 85)§REF§ This is not the largest settlement, but a well-studied one. We estimate 3,000-5,000 for the largest settlement." }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -500, "year_to": -500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 2000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Monte Albán was the largest settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca during this period, although it was founded in a previously unoccupied location. The settlement began with around 2,000 people§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§, and increased to over 5,000 towards the end of this period.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p139§REF§ 5,000: \"From the area of the distribution of Early I sherds (and estimating a population of about 25-50 persons per hectare, less for the area of more scattered pottery), we estimate a population for Early I of 3,500-7,000 (Blanton 1978:33-35) and take the middle value of about 5,000 as the best estimate of population for the period. Population group continued into Late I, eventually reaching an estimated 17,000 (Blanton 1978:44)(fig. 3.4).\"§REF§(Blanton, Feinman, Kowalewski, Nicholas 1999, 53) Blanton, Richard E. Feinman, Gary M. Kowalewski, Stephen A. Nicholas, Linda M. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. The Monte Alban State. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Monte Alban's population grew quickly to 5,000.§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2017, 31) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2017. Settlement Patterns in the Albarradas Area of Highland Oaxaca, Mexico: Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interaction. Fieldiana Anthropology, 46(1):1-162. Publication 1572. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1</a>§REF§ \"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§ Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Early I: 14652 (5250).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 5280, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 5280, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Monte Albán was the largest settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca during this period, although it was founded in a previously unoccupied location. The settlement began with around 2,000 people§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11804§REF§, and increased to over 5,000 towards the end of this period.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p139§REF§ 5,000: \"From the area of the distribution of Early I sherds (and estimating a population of about 25-50 persons per hectare, less for the area of more scattered pottery), we estimate a population for Early I of 3,500-7,000 (Blanton 1978:33-35) and take the middle value of about 5,000 as the best estimate of population for the period. Population group continued into Late I, eventually reaching an estimated 17,000 (Blanton 1978:44)(fig. 3.4).\"§REF§(Blanton, Feinman, Kowalewski, Nicholas 1999, 53) Blanton, Richard E. Feinman, Gary M. Kowalewski, Stephen A. Nicholas, Linda M. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. The Monte Alban State. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Monte Alban's population grew quickly to 5,000.§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2017, 31) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2017. Settlement Patterns in the Albarradas Area of Highland Oaxaca, Mexico: Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interaction. Fieldiana Anthropology, 46(1):1-162. Publication 1572. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1</a>§REF§ \"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§ Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Early I: 14652 (5250).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 17200, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 17200, "comment": null, "description": " Edited from 17,242. Inhabitants are estimated to have occupied Monte Albán, the largest settlement in the valley at this time. This concentration of people amounts to roughly one third of the population of the entire valley.§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p139§REF§<br>17,000: \"From the area of the distribution of Early I sherds (and estimating a population of about 25-50 persons per hectare, less for the area of more scattered pottery), we estimate a population for Early I of 3,500-7,000 (Blanton 1978:33-35) and take the middle value of about 5,000 as the best estimate of population for the period. Population group continued into Late I, eventually reaching an estimated 17,000 (Blanton 1978:44)(fig. 3.4).\"§REF§(Blanton, Feinman, Kowalewski, Nicholas 1999, 53) Blanton, Richard E. Feinman, Gary M. Kowalewski, Stephen A. Nicholas, Linda M. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. The Monte Alban State. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>\"During Monte Alban Late I, Monte Alban tripled in size to approximately 17,000 people\".§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2017, 38) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2017. Settlement Patterns in the Albarradas Area of Highland Oaxaca, Mexico: Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interaction. Fieldiana Anthropology, 46(1):1-162. Publication 1572. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1</a>§REF§<br>\"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§<br>Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Late I: 51339 (17242).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 14500, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 14500, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Monte Alban grew to include around 15,000 people by MA II.§REF§Balkansky, A. K. (1998). \"Origin and collapse of complex societies in Oaxaca, Mexico: Evaluating the era from 1965 to the present.\" Journal of World Prehistory 12(4): 451-493, p458§REF§§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. p174§REF§<br>100 BCE-200 CE capital less than 15,000§REF§(Blanton, Feinman, Kowalewski, Nicholas 1999, 110) Blanton, Richard E. Feinman, Gary M. Kowalewski, Stephen A. Nicholas, Linda M. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. The Monte Alban State. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>\"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§<br>Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Monte Alban II: 41927 (14492).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 15000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. This range is based on the estimated number of people living in each of the households at Monte Albán. 10-20 people may have lived in the larger households, while 5-10 may have lived in the smaller households, although this may be an underestimate.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p128§REF§ Marcus and Flannery§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. p226§REF§ estimate that Monte Alban had a population of 16,500 people duringt he IIIA period.<br>\"Monte Alban grew to a population of around 25,000 in the Classic period.\".§REF§(Blanton, Feinman, Kowalewski, Nicholas 1999, 132) Blanton, Richard E. Feinman, Gary M. Kowalewski, Stephen A. Nicholas, Linda M. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. The Monte Alban State. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>\"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§<br>Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Monte Alban IIIA: 120121 (16507).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 15000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Monte Alban remained the largest settlement in the valley during this period.§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feiman, G.M., Finsten, L., Blanton, R. E. and Nicholas, L. M. Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: the prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacoula, Etla and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor§REF§<br>Population of at least 50,000 by Monte Alban IIIb (600-800 AD)§REF§(Gendrop and Heyden 1975, 76-91) Gendrop, Paul. Heyden. Doris. 1975. Pre-Columbian Architecture of Mesoamerica. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. New York.§REF§<br>\"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§<br>Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Monte Alban IIIB: 78930 (24189); Monte Alban IV: 77612 (16117).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 4236, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 10590, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. This is the population estimate for the largest settlement in the valley at this time (in the Tlacolula subvalley). Although much reduced, Monte Albán was still a substantial settlement relative to other settlements during this period with a population estimate of 2774-5549 people. §REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feiman, G.M., Finsten, L., Blanton, R. E. and Nicholas, L. M. Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: the prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacoula, Etla and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor§REF§<br>\"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§<br>Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Monte Alban V: 166467 (13831).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants." }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 150000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": " \"When the Spanish arrived [...] the city could have housed up to 300,000 inhabitants\".§REF§(De Rioja 2017: 220) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GC3T83JD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GC3T83JD</a>.§REF§ In a recent personal communication, David Carballo suggested a rough estimate of \"150-250k\" for the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan at this time.§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 12, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7", "long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 125000, "comment": null, "description": " \"During its prosperous period (Xolalpan and Metepec phases: CE 400-650), Teotihuacan was the sixth largest city in the world, with an estimated population of 125,000\".§REF§(Sugiyama 2005: 2) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H</a>.§REF§ David Carballo suggests about \"100k\" as a figure for Teotihuacan's population at this time.§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 13, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8", "long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 25000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " \"...several centers of the Epiclassic (Cantona, Xochicalco, Cacaxtla) in the 25-30k range\".§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 4000, "comment": null, "description": " \"Using mortuary analyses Tostoy (1989) estimated [Tlatilco] to have housed approximately 1,000 inhabitants over 40ha [...] Sanders and colleagues (1979) placed the populaation of Tlatilco as high as 1,500\". In a recent personal communication, David Carballo suggests a rough estimate of\".2-4k\". for Tlatilco at this time.§REF§(Carballo 2016: 69) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7B7A8KA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7B7A8KA6</a>.§REF§§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm.)§REF§ From 1500-1150 BCE, the sites of Coapexco, Tlatilco, and Tlapacoya/Ayotla were inhabited by approx. 1000-2000 people.§REF§Paul Tolstoy. (1989) \"Coapexco and Tlatilco: sites with Olmec material in the Basin of Mexico\", In <i>Regional Perspectives on the Olmec</i>, Robert J. Sharer & David C. Grove (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 87-121.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul and Suzanne K. Fish. (1975) \"Surface and Subsurface Evidence for Community Size at Coapexco, Mexico.\" <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, 2(1/2): 97-104§REF§§REF§Niederberger, Christine. (2000) \"Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico Toward 1200 BC.\" In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by John E. Clark and Mary E. Pye. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 169-192.§REF§ During the Middle Formative, the site of Temamatla had as many as 2160 people.§REF§Parsons, Jeffrey R., Elizabeth Brumfiel, Mary R. Parsons, and David J Wilson. (1982) <i>Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Southern Valley of Mexico: The Chalco-Xohimilco Region.</i> Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 14. Ann Arbor, pg. 93-7.§REF§ While Sanders et al. (1979) estimated the population of Cuicuilco to have been 2500 in the Early Formative and 5000 in the Middle Formative,§REF§Sanders, William T., Jeffrey R. Parsons, and Robert S. Santley. (1979) <i>The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization.</i> Academic Press, New York, pg. 183-219.§REF§ more recent research has indicated that Cuicuilco wasn't even inhabited until c.700 BC at the earliest.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2016). <i>Urbanization and Religion in Ancient Central Mexico.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.76-9.§REF§" }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 20000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. \"At its height (400 to 100 BCE), Cuilcuilco covered at least 400 ha [...] with a population that Sanders et al. (1979; 99,193) estimate to have been at least 20,000\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 42) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§ The following refers to earlier candidates. The largest Late Formative site in the MxFormL quasi-polity is in the Chalco region (CH-LF-5), with an estimated population of 5200 people. Within the same settlement cluster, 2 km away (separated only by the current course of the Tlalmanalco River and the modern settlements of San Lorenzo Tlamimilopa and San Mateo Tezoquipan), is CH-LF-6 with an estimated 3400 people.§REF§Parsons, Jeffrey R., Elizabeth Brumfiel, Mary R. Parsons, and David J Wilson. (1982) <i>Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Southern Valley of Mexico: The Chalco-Xohimilco Region.</i> Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 14. Ann Arbor, pg. 106-110.§REF§ Given their close proximity within a single settlement cluster, and their separation by urban development and thousands of years of alluviation, it is likely that these two sites are a single settlement.§REF§Frederick, Charles D. 1996. <i>Landscape Change and Human Settlement in the Southeastern Basin of Mexico.</i> Report submitted to the University of Houston, Clear Lake, TX.§REF§ As such, I present the range with and without their combination for the date c.200 BCE (the end/culmination of the Late Formative period). The same two sites are the largest during the Terminal Formative period, re-designated CH-TF-14 and CH-TF-16, with population of 4000 and 2200, respectively.§REF§Parsons, Jeffrey R., Elizabeth Brumfiel, Mary R. Parsons, and David J Wilson. (1982) <i>Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Southern Valley of Mexico: The Chalco-Xohimilco Region.</i> Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 14. Ann Arbor, pg. 118-120.§REF§ As such, I present the range with and without their combination for the date c.100 BCE -- which is intended to represent the date of their independent zenith before being taken over by Cuicuilco.§REF§Steponaitis, V. P. (1981). \"Settlement hierarchies and political complexity in nonmarket societies: the Formative Period of the Valley of Mexico.\" <i>American Anthropologist</i>, 83(2), 320-363.§REF§§REF§Sanders, William T., Jeffrey R. Parsons, and Robert S. Santley. (1979) <i>The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization.</i> Academic Press, New York, pg. 98-105.§REF§§REF§Charlton, Thomas H., & Deborah L. Nichols. (1997). \"Diachronic studies of city-states: Permutations on a theme—Central Mexico from 1700 BC to AD 1600.\" In Charlton and Nichols, eds. <i>The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp.169-207.§REF§§REF§Earle, Timothy K., (1976). \"A nearest-neighbor analysis of two formative settlement systems.\" In Flannery, Kent V. (Ed.), <i>The Early Mesoamerican Village.</i> San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 196-223.§REF§" }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 3000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 5000, "comment": null, "description": " people. \"Sanders et al (1979: 97-105) see Cuicuilco as growing from 5,000-10,000 early in this period to at least 20,000\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 45) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§ David Carballo suggests Chalcatzingo as the largest settlement in this period, with a rough population estimate of \"3-5k\".§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to G. Nazzaro and E. Cioni)§REF§ From 1500-1150 BCE, the sites of Coapexco, Tlatilco, and Tlapacoya/Ayotla were inhabited by approx. 1000-2000 people.§REF§Paul Tolstoy. (1989) \"Coapexco and Tlatilco: sites with Olmec material in the Basin of Mexico\", In <i>Regional Perspectives on the Olmec</i>, Robert J. Sharer & David C. Grove (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 87-121.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul and Suzanne K. Fish. (1975) \"Surface and Subsurface Evidence for Community Size at Coapexco, Mexico.\" <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, 2(1/2): 97-104§REF§§REF§Niederberger, Christine. (2000) \"Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico Toward 1200 BC.\" In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by John E. Clark and Mary E. Pye. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 169-192.§REF§ During the Middle Formative, the site of Temamatla had as many as 2160 people.§REF§Parsons, Jeffrey R., Elizabeth Brumfiel, Mary R. Parsons, and David J Wilson. (1982) <i>Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Southern Valley of Mexico: The Chalco-Xohimilco Region.</i> Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 14. Ann Arbor, pg. 93-7.§REF§ While Sanders et al. (1979) estimated the population of Cuicuilco to have been 2500 in the Early Formative and 5000 in the Middle Formative,§REF§Sanders, William T., Jeffrey R. Parsons, and Robert S. Santley. (1979) <i>The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization.</i> Academic Press, New York, pg. 183-219.§REF§ more recent research has indicated that Cuicuilco wasn't even inhabited until c.700 BC at the earliest.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2016). <i>Urbanization and Religion in Ancient Central Mexico.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.76-9.§REF§" }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": -100, "year_to": -1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 20000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. \"It has been difficult to get people to recognize that the Patlachique phase (c.100-1 BCE) was more than a prelude to the development of Teotihuacan [...] By the end of this phase, the population was likely at least 20,000\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 53) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§ During the next stage (Tzacualliphase: AD1-150), Teotihuacan quickly became the largest and most populous metropolis in the New World. By AD 150 the urban area had expanded to approximately 20 km2 and contained some 60,000 to 80,000 inhabitants.§REF§(Sugiyama 2005: 1) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": 0, "year_to": 99, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 40000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. \"It has been difficult to get people to recognize that the Patlachique phase (c.100-1 BCE) was more than a prelude to the development of Teotihuacan [...] By the end of this phase, the population was likely at least 20,000\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 53) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§ During the next stage (Tzacualliphase: AD1-150), Teotihuacan quickly became the largest and most populous metropolis in the New World. By AD 150 the urban area had expanded to approximately 20 km2 and contained some 60,000 to 80,000 inhabitants.§REF§(Sugiyama 2005: 1) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 3000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 13000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Very rough estimate, itself based on an estimate of 50-200 inhabitants per hectare for Tlatilco. \"Settled by about 1300 BC, Tlatilco was a very large village (or a small town) sprawling over about 160 acres (65 hectares)\".§REF§(Coe 1994: 46) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " \"In the Middle Postclassic probably Azcapotzalco, Texcoco, or Cholula would have been in the 20-30k range\".§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Estimated population at San José Mogote is around 1000 people (60-65ha).§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2006). Resistance strategies and early state formation in Oaxaca, Mexico, p33§REF§§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p125§REF§ \"The population of the Valley of Oaxaca did not grow appreciably throughout the Middle Formative period (ca. 850-500 BC). San Jose Mogote decreased in size but still remained the region's largest settlement with the most elaborate monumental construction.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2017, 27) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2017. Settlement Patterns in the Albarradas Area of Highland Oaxaca, Mexico: Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interaction. Fieldiana Anthropology, 46(1):1-162. Publication 1572. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-46.1.1</a>§REF§ \"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§ Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Rosario: 1835 (564).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 791, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1976, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The population of San José Mogote is estimated to have grown during this period, and the population estimates are based on the extent of buildings and pottery at San José Mogote.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2005). Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum, p11§REF§ §REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2003). \"The origin of war: New C-14 dates from ancient Mexico.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(20): 11801-11805, p11802§REF§§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. p112§REF§ Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§ Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): San Jose: 1942 (1384); Guadalupe: 1788 (774).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 71, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 340, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The actual extent of San José Mogote during this period cannot be determined because of later disturbance and the movement of materials from this period: “The Settlement Pattern Project estimates San José Mogote to have had between 71 and 186 persons... Our [Flannery and Marcus, 2005] estimates for the site of San José Mogote, based on excavation, would be 170-340 persons... There is no way to know, at present, whether either of those estimates is accurate.”§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (2005). Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum, p7§REF§ \"Table 11.3. Population in the largest centers, by phase, in Oaxaca and Ejutla.\"§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§ Valley of Oaxaca population (Largest center in Oaxaca): Tierras Largas: 327 (128).§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2013, 183) Gary M Feinman. Linda M Nicholas. 2013. Settlement Patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Diachronic Macroscale Perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology, 43(1):1-330. 2013. Field Museum of Natural History. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3158/0071-4739-43.00.1</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 14, "name": "mx_toltec", "long_name": "Toltecs", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 30000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Tollan phase (950AD-1150 or 1200) marks the major occupation of the capital, with the city [Tula][...] reaching an estimated population of 30,000-40,000\".§REF§(Coe 1994: 138) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF</a>.§REF§ David Carballo suggested a rough estimate of \"50-60k\" inhabitants for Tula at this time.§REF§(Carballo 2019: pers. comm. to E. Cioni and G. Nazzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 200, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. So far, no reliable estimates have been found in the reviewed sources. Some of the major trading centres may have grown demographically during the Norwegian period; but the population continued to reside on dispersed farmsteads. We have therefore chosen to import the range provided in the Commonwealth sheet. That figure was based on advice from experts: 'As there were no cities, this number is extremely low. An educated guess places the population of the villages where the two cathedrals were based between 200 and 300.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ As there may have been population growth in some of the larger settlements, this figure might be in need of re-evaluation. 'Technically the bishops sees were not villages. However, some fishing villages may have reached similar size in this period.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Brian Bauer 2015, personal communication)§REF§<br>\"Fig. 4.2. Qotakalli sites in the Cusco Basin (after AD 400)\" redrawn from Bauer. §REF§(Covey 2006, 60 cite: Bauer 2004)§REF§Qotakalli sites in the Cuzco Basin<br>1-5 ha sites: 16<br>0.25-1 ha sites: 35<br>There was a greater density of large sites at the Western end of the Cuzco Basin, with a cluster around the modern Cuzco city area. It is possible there is a large Qotakalli era village under Cuzco. §REF§(Bauer 2004, 52)§REF§<br>The largest site may have covered 5 hectares or more.<br>Information copied from the following polity sheet (Qotakalli) as the data comes from Bauer 2004 and Covey 2006. To Bauer, Qotakalli goes from 200-600CE, and Covey refers to the period between 400-600CE." } ] }