Population Of The Largest Settlement List
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{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/population-of-the-largest-settlements/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/population-of-the-largest-settlements/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 10000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 10000, "comment": null, "description": "In Medieval France \"no town surpassed 10,000 inhabitants between the 8th century and the year 1000.\"§REF§(Percy Jr 1995, 1739-1740 CE)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 100, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>2500-800 BCE (European Bronze Age)<br>\"Each autonomous political community consisted of around a hundred people on average, distributed in five to eight small settlements.\" §REF§(Brun 1995, 14)§REF§" }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": "Paris 20,000-30,000 by 8th Century.§REF§(Kilber 1995, 1316) Kilber, W W. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": "Paris 20,000-30,000 by 8th Century.§REF§(Kilber 1995, 1316) Kilber, W W. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": -475, "year_to": -400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 5000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 7000, "comment": null, "description": " My own estimates. 50 based on quote from Wells about typical small communities, not offering estimate of large fortified settlement<br>475-400 BCE<br>Early Iron Age settlements had large towns §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§ which collapsed c450-400 BCE.<br>For comparison: Oppida excavated Manching, Bavaria - Late Iron Age (2nd-3rd centuries BCE) Est. 3,000-10,000 people §REF§(Wells 1999, 31)§REF§<br>400-200 BCE<br>The distinctive large urban fortified settlements did not appear until the mid-second century. Between 400-200 BCE agricultural burials were smaller, less differentiated and there were no large towns on the scale of the Early Iron Age settlements. Small communities predominated, hamlets and farmsteads typically had a population of about 50. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>\"By the Late Iron Age Europe’s population had risen to between 15 and 30 million, with Italy and Greece being the most densely settled regions. The majority of settlements in the rest of Europe still housed fewer than 50 people. Earlier Iron Age hillforts and other more substantial settlements may have had populations, in some cases, of as many as 1,000 people, and some of the oppida that emerged in the last centuries B.C. may have accommodated as many as 10,000 people, though others were smaller.\" §REF§(McIntosh 2006, 349)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": -399, "year_to": -325, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 50, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 50, "comment": null, "description": " My own estimates. 50 based on quote from Wells about typical small communities, not offering estimate of large fortified settlement<br>475-400 BCE<br>Early Iron Age settlements had large towns §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§ which collapsed c450-400 BCE.<br>For comparison: Oppida excavated Manching, Bavaria - Late Iron Age (2nd-3rd centuries BCE) Est. 3,000-10,000 people §REF§(Wells 1999, 31)§REF§<br>400-200 BCE<br>The distinctive large urban fortified settlements did not appear until the mid-second century. Between 400-200 BCE agricultural burials were smaller, less differentiated and there were no large towns on the scale of the Early Iron Age settlements. Small communities predominated, hamlets and farmsteads typically had a population of about 50. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>\"By the Late Iron Age Europe’s population had risen to between 15 and 30 million, with Italy and Greece being the most densely settled regions. The majority of settlements in the rest of Europe still housed fewer than 50 people. Earlier Iron Age hillforts and other more substantial settlements may have had populations, in some cases, of as many as 1,000 people, and some of the oppida that emerged in the last centuries B.C. may have accommodated as many as 10,000 people, though others were smaller.\" §REF§(McIntosh 2006, 349)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": -300, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 50, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 50, "comment": null, "description": "50: 300 BCEThe distinctive large urban fortified settlements did not appear until the mid-second century. Between 400-200 BCE agricultural burials were smaller, less differentiated. No large towns on the scale of the Early Iron Age settlements. Small communities predominated, hamlets and farmsteads typically had a population of about 50. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>200 BCE, evidence for population expansion and increased urbanism<br>However, there is evidence for population expansion in this period: from Celtic emigrations, from the warriors serving as mercenaries for Mediterranean states (a trend which declined c200 BCE) and the notable external military activity, such as on Etruscans, Rome (387 BCE) and Greece (Delphi 279-278 BCE). §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>In the 300-200 period there also is evidence for increased urbanisation from increased economic activity (universal coinage), long-distance trade (bridge building), and the rise of an urban aristocrat class who formed and could maintain a standing cavalry corps. §REF§(Kruta 2004, 110)§REF§§REF§(Wells 1999, 54)§REF§<br>Oppida excavated Manching, Bavaria - Late Iron Age (2nd-3rd centuries BCE) Est. 3,000-10,000 people §REF§(Wells 1999, 31)§REF§ Evidence from onsite battle indicates date 3rd-2nd centuries BCE.§REF§(Wells 1999, 30)§REF§ -- <i>however, Bavaria is quite far from NGA zone. Using lower limit of this estimate as upper limit for our estimate.</i><br>10,000<br>late Iron Age. §REF§(McIntosh 2009, 349)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1500, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": "50: 300 BCEThe distinctive large urban fortified settlements did not appear until the mid-second century. Between 400-200 BCE agricultural burials were smaller, less differentiated. No large towns on the scale of the Early Iron Age settlements. Small communities predominated, hamlets and farmsteads typically had a population of about 50. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>200 BCE, evidence for population expansion and increased urbanism<br>However, there is evidence for population expansion in this period: from Celtic emigrations, from the warriors serving as mercenaries for Mediterranean states (a trend which declined c200 BCE) and the notable external military activity, such as on Etruscans, Rome (387 BCE) and Greece (Delphi 279-278 BCE). §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§<br>In the 300-200 period there also is evidence for increased urbanisation from increased economic activity (universal coinage), long-distance trade (bridge building), and the rise of an urban aristocrat class who formed and could maintain a standing cavalry corps. §REF§(Kruta 2004, 110)§REF§§REF§(Wells 1999, 54)§REF§<br>Oppida excavated Manching, Bavaria - Late Iron Age (2nd-3rd centuries BCE) Est. 3,000-10,000 people §REF§(Wells 1999, 31)§REF§ Evidence from onsite battle indicates date 3rd-2nd centuries BCE.§REF§(Wells 1999, 30)§REF§ -- <i>however, Bavaria is quite far from NGA zone. Using lower limit of this estimate as upper limit for our estimate.</i><br>10,000<br>late Iron Age. §REF§(McIntosh 2009, 349)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1350, "year_to": 1350, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 200000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": "Paris. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 120)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 300000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": "Paris. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 120)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1450, "year_to": 1450, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 150000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 150000, "comment": null, "description": "Paris. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 120)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 250000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": "Lyon: 20,000: 1450 CE; 40,000: 1500 CE; 70,000: 1550 CE. §REF§(Potter 1995, 10)§REF§<br>Rouen: 20,000: 1450 CE; [60,000-70,000]: 1560 CE. §REF§(Potter 1995, 10)§REF§<br>Paris: 300,000: 1560 CE. §REF§(Potter 1995, 10)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 900000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 900000, "comment": null, "description": "Inhabitants.<br>\"Table of the Towns of the British Isles, above 100,000 inhabitants, in 1871.\" London: 3,254,260§REF§(Bartholomew 1877, vii) John Bartholomew. 1877. Atlas of the British empire throughout the world. George Philip and Son. London.§REF§<br>Colquhoun says 900,000 in 1801. §REF§Page 27. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire (London: Joseph Mawman), 1814.§REF§<br>4.5 million in 1901 CE §REF§Census of the British Empire, 1901: Report with Summary and Detailed Tables for the Several Colonies, &c. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1906.§REF§" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": 1877, "year_to": 1877, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 3250000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 3250000, "comment": null, "description": "Inhabitants.<br>\"Table of the Towns of the British Isles, above 100,000 inhabitants, in 1871.\" London: 3,254,260§REF§(Bartholomew 1877, vii) John Bartholomew. 1877. Atlas of the British empire throughout the world. George Philip and Son. London.§REF§<br>Colquhoun says 900,000 in 1801. §REF§Page 27. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire (London: Joseph Mawman), 1814.§REF§<br>4.5 million in 1901 CE §REF§Census of the British Empire, 1901: Report with Summary and Detailed Tables for the Several Colonies, &c. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1906.§REF§" }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": 1900, "year_to": 1900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 4500000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 6500000, "comment": null, "description": "Inhabitants.<br>\"Table of the Towns of the British Isles, above 100,000 inhabitants, in 1871.\" London: 3,254,260§REF§(Bartholomew 1877, vii) John Bartholomew. 1877. Atlas of the British empire throughout the world. George Philip and Son. London.§REF§<br>Colquhoun says 900,000 in 1801. §REF§Page 27. Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire (London: Joseph Mawman), 1814.§REF§<br>4.5 million in 1901 CE §REF§Census of the British Empire, 1901: Report with Summary and Detailed Tables for the Several Colonies, &c. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1906.§REF§" }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 13500, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 13500, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. {12,000-15,000; 20,000-25,000} 'The population of Kumasi, variously estimated at 12,000-15,000, 20,000-25,000, and 70,000-100,000 (Bowdich 1819: 324; Bascom 1959), included the Asantehene's relations, courtiers, and members of palace associations; the heads and peoples of the Kumasi wards; visiting rulers and their attendants from the Asante central, provincial, and tributary states (Wilks 1975: chap. 2); traders from the coastal areas (Freeman 1844); resident Muslim foreigners (Wilks 1975: 263, 345; Schildkrout 1978: 68); visitors from the Sudan and northern Africa; and representatives of the European coastal traders and Christian missions (Huydecoper 1817, Bowdich 1819, Dupuis 1824, Freeman 1844, Ramseyer and Kühne 1874). These formed a substantial clientele for the subsistence markets and sources of external cultural influences that, in addition to courtly traditions, patterned Kumasi culture differently from that of the rural areas.' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1983. “Peasants In 19Th-Century Asante”, 473§REF§ The 70,000-100,000 slot is a highly unlikely estimate for the time period covered here, given that numbers around 10,000 or 20,000 appear more frequently in the literature. We have therefore chosen to go with the above." }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 22500, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 22500, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. {12,000-15,000; 20,000-25,000} 'The population of Kumasi, variously estimated at 12,000-15,000, 20,000-25,000, and 70,000-100,000 (Bowdich 1819: 324; Bascom 1959), included the Asantehene's relations, courtiers, and members of palace associations; the heads and peoples of the Kumasi wards; visiting rulers and their attendants from the Asante central, provincial, and tributary states (Wilks 1975: chap. 2); traders from the coastal areas (Freeman 1844); resident Muslim foreigners (Wilks 1975: 263, 345; Schildkrout 1978: 68); visitors from the Sudan and northern Africa; and representatives of the European coastal traders and Christian missions (Huydecoper 1817, Bowdich 1819, Dupuis 1824, Freeman 1844, Ramseyer and Kühne 1874). These formed a substantial clientele for the subsistence markets and sources of external cultural influences that, in addition to courtly traditions, patterned Kumasi culture differently from that of the rural areas.' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1983. “Peasants In 19Th-Century Asante”, 473§REF§ The 70,000-100,000 slot is a highly unlikely estimate for the time period covered here, given that numbers around 10,000 or 20,000 appear more frequently in the literature. We have therefore chosen to go with the above." }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 4000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 4000, "comment": null, "description": " Knossos was the largest urban center, with a population of roughly 4,000 in this period.§REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§" }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 4000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 4000, "comment": null, "description": " The largest town of Classical Crete was Knossos. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§It is also argued that the population of large cities was about 2,000-5,000 souls. §REF§Chaniotis, A. 1897. \"Κλασική και Ελληνιστική Κρήτη,\" in Panagiotakis, N. (ed.), <i>Κρήτη: Ιστορία και Πολιτισμός</i>, Heraklion, 195.§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 12000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 12000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The largest settlement of the island is Khandax (Candia, the modern Iraklion). It population is speculated to 12,000 souls. §REF§Παπαδόπουλος, Ι.Β. 1948. <i>Η Κρήτη υπό τους Σαρακηνούς (824-961)</i>, Athens, 37.§REF§" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " people. The largest settlement of the period was Knossos and its population is estimated to about 1,000 people. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§ There is no detailed data for the size of many of the other Final Postpalatial settlements. If we consider, however, that the average size of a large settlement is about 2.5 to 4.5 ha., we could speculate a population of 375 to 600 souls or 75 to 80 families. §REF§These estimates are based on a figure of 150 individuals per ha and of five individuals as the typical size of a nuclear family. See Whitelaw, T. 2001. \"From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism,\" in Branigan, K. (ed.), <i>Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age</i> (SSAA 4), Sheffield, 18§REF§ §REF§Branigan, K. 2001. \"Aspects of Minoan urbanism,\" in Branigan, K. (ed.), <i>Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age</i> (SSAA 4), Sheffield, 48.§REF§ Karphi, one of the few fully excavated settlements of the period (1200-1000 BCE), consisted of 125 to 150 houses. If we assume a figure of five persons as a typical household, we have a total population of 625 to 750 souls. §REF§Nowicki estimated the population of the site at 627 to 1200 souls based on the figure of five to eight individuals as the size of a typical family. Nowicki, K. 1999. \"Economy of refugees: life in the Cretan mountains at the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages,\" in Chaniotis, A. (ed.), <i>From Minoan Farmers to Roman Traders. Sidelights on the Economy of Ancient Crete</i>, Stuttgart, 158.§REF§<br>Minoan Crete \"a lively and pleasure loving matriarchal society, made wealthy by extensive trade.\"; \"Houses were up to 5 stories high, palaces had plumbing with flush toilets and there was little indication of warfare or social strife on the island and in their colonies.\"§REF§(Basilevsky 2016, 25) Basilevsky, Alexander. 2016. Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Jefferson.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 6000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 6000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The largest settlement of the period is Knossos and its population is estimated to about 6,000 individuals. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 24000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 24000, "comment": null, "description": "Inhabitants. The largest urban center was Gortyn (24,000 inhabitants) followed by Knossos (11,000 inhabitants). §REF§Raab, H. A. 2001. <i>Rural Settlement in Hellenistic and Roman Crete</i> (BAR I.S 984), 9-8§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 10000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 10000, "comment": null, "description": " inhabitants. Knossos is the largest urban center. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2012. \"The urbanization of prehistoric Crete§REF§ The growth of the city during the Neopalatial period was followed by a considerable contraction after the end of Late Minoan IB (1450 BCE), and a dramatic decline after Late Minoan IIIA (1300 BCE). The population is estimated to 25,000-30,000 inhabitants during 1500-1450 BCE, 10,000 inhabitants during 1450-1300 BCE, and just 1,000 inhabitants during 1300-1000 BCE." }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": -7000, "year_to": -5900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 35, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 70, "comment": null, "description": " people. The largest settlement and the only with continuous and permanent habitation from the earliest phase of the Neolithic (7000-6500/6000 BCE) is Knossos. The extent of the settlement increased from the Initial Neolithic to the Final Neolithic periods: Initial and Early Neolithic (7000-5900 BCE) c.0.25-0.35 ha; Middle Neolithic (5900-5300 BCE) c. 0.7-0.8 ha; Late Neolithic I (5300-4900 BCE) c. 1.4-1.75 ha; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV (4900-3000 BCE) c.1.75-2.5 ha. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2008. \"Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 32, table 3.2.§REF§ If we apply a population density of 150 to 200 people per hectare §REF§Manning, S. 1999. \"Knossos and the limits of settlement growth\" in Betancourt, P.P., Karageorhis,V., Laffineur, R,, and Niemeier, W-D. (eds), <i>MELETEMATA</i> (<i>Aegaeum</i> 20), Liège, 469-80.§REF§ to our total areas of settlement, we arrive at the following figures: Initial and Early Neolithic c.35/50 to 53/70 people; Middle Neolithic c. 105/140-120/160 people; Late Neolithic I c. 210/280-263/350 people; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV c.263/350-375/500 people. This demographic development reflects significant socio-economic changes; it is worth to note that the first rapid increase of the Knossian settlement, occurred during Middle Neolithic-Late Neolithic I, coincides with marked changes in the spatial organization of the site, architecture, and patterns of production, consumption and exchange of goods. §REF§Tomkins, P., Day, P. M., and Kilikoglou, V. 2004. \"Knossos and the early Neolithic landscape of the Heraklion Basin,\" in Gadogan, G., Hatzaki, E., and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State. Proceedings of the Conference in Heraklion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Heraklion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans’s Excavations at Knossos</i> (<i>British School at Athens Studies</i> 12), London, 51-9§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. M. 1992. \"Lost in the Labyrinth? Comments on Broodbank's social change at Knossos before the Bronze Age,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 5, 225-38.§REF§ Another large settlement was established on the hill of Phaistos, in the Mesara plain, during the Final Neolithic period (4500-3000 BCE). §REF§Todaro, S. and Di Tonto S. 2008. \"The Neolithic settlement of Phaistos revisited: evidence for ceremonial activity on the eve of the Bronze Age,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 177-90.§REF§ It’s size is estimated to 2 ha. §REF§Watrous, , L. V. and Hadzi-Vallianou, D. 2008. “Initial growth in social complexity (Late Neolithic-Early Minoan I),” in Watrous, L., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. (eds), T<i>he Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete</i>, Los Angeles, 221-31.§REF§ a figure which implies a population of 300-400 souls." }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": -5899, "year_to": -5300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 105, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 160, "comment": null, "description": " people. The largest settlement and the only with continuous and permanent habitation from the earliest phase of the Neolithic (7000-6500/6000 BCE) is Knossos. The extent of the settlement increased from the Initial Neolithic to the Final Neolithic periods: Initial and Early Neolithic (7000-5900 BCE) c.0.25-0.35 ha; Middle Neolithic (5900-5300 BCE) c. 0.7-0.8 ha; Late Neolithic I (5300-4900 BCE) c. 1.4-1.75 ha; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV (4900-3000 BCE) c.1.75-2.5 ha. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2008. \"Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 32, table 3.2.§REF§ If we apply a population density of 150 to 200 people per hectare §REF§Manning, S. 1999. \"Knossos and the limits of settlement growth\" in Betancourt, P.P., Karageorhis,V., Laffineur, R,, and Niemeier, W-D. (eds), <i>MELETEMATA</i> (<i>Aegaeum</i> 20), Liège, 469-80.§REF§ to our total areas of settlement, we arrive at the following figures: Initial and Early Neolithic c.35/50 to 53/70 people; Middle Neolithic c. 105/140-120/160 people; Late Neolithic I c. 210/280-263/350 people; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV c.263/350-375/500 people. This demographic development reflects significant socio-economic changes; it is worth to note that the first rapid increase of the Knossian settlement, occurred during Middle Neolithic-Late Neolithic I, coincides with marked changes in the spatial organization of the site, architecture, and patterns of production, consumption and exchange of goods. §REF§Tomkins, P., Day, P. M., and Kilikoglou, V. 2004. \"Knossos and the early Neolithic landscape of the Heraklion Basin,\" in Gadogan, G., Hatzaki, E., and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State. Proceedings of the Conference in Heraklion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Heraklion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans’s Excavations at Knossos</i> (<i>British School at Athens Studies</i> 12), London, 51-9§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. M. 1992. \"Lost in the Labyrinth? Comments on Broodbank's social change at Knossos before the Bronze Age,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 5, 225-38.§REF§ Another large settlement was established on the hill of Phaistos, in the Mesara plain, during the Final Neolithic period (4500-3000 BCE). §REF§Todaro, S. and Di Tonto S. 2008. \"The Neolithic settlement of Phaistos revisited: evidence for ceremonial activity on the eve of the Bronze Age,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 177-90.§REF§ It’s size is estimated to 2 ha. §REF§Watrous, , L. V. and Hadzi-Vallianou, D. 2008. “Initial growth in social complexity (Late Neolithic-Early Minoan I),” in Watrous, L., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. (eds), T<i>he Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete</i>, Los Angeles, 221-31.§REF§ a figure which implies a population of 300-400 souls." }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": -5299, "year_to": -4900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 210, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 350, "comment": null, "description": " people. The largest settlement and the only with continuous and permanent habitation from the earliest phase of the Neolithic (7000-6500/6000 BCE) is Knossos. The extent of the settlement increased from the Initial Neolithic to the Final Neolithic periods: Initial and Early Neolithic (7000-5900 BCE) c.0.25-0.35 ha; Middle Neolithic (5900-5300 BCE) c. 0.7-0.8 ha; Late Neolithic I (5300-4900 BCE) c. 1.4-1.75 ha; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV (4900-3000 BCE) c.1.75-2.5 ha. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2008. \"Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 32, table 3.2.§REF§ If we apply a population density of 150 to 200 people per hectare §REF§Manning, S. 1999. \"Knossos and the limits of settlement growth\" in Betancourt, P.P., Karageorhis,V., Laffineur, R,, and Niemeier, W-D. (eds), <i>MELETEMATA</i> (<i>Aegaeum</i> 20), Liège, 469-80.§REF§ to our total areas of settlement, we arrive at the following figures: Initial and Early Neolithic c.35/50 to 53/70 people; Middle Neolithic c. 105/140-120/160 people; Late Neolithic I c. 210/280-263/350 people; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV c.263/350-375/500 people. This demographic development reflects significant socio-economic changes; it is worth to note that the first rapid increase of the Knossian settlement, occurred during Middle Neolithic-Late Neolithic I, coincides with marked changes in the spatial organization of the site, architecture, and patterns of production, consumption and exchange of goods. §REF§Tomkins, P., Day, P. M., and Kilikoglou, V. 2004. \"Knossos and the early Neolithic landscape of the Heraklion Basin,\" in Gadogan, G., Hatzaki, E., and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State. Proceedings of the Conference in Heraklion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Heraklion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans’s Excavations at Knossos</i> (<i>British School at Athens Studies</i> 12), London, 51-9§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. M. 1992. \"Lost in the Labyrinth? Comments on Broodbank's social change at Knossos before the Bronze Age,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 5, 225-38.§REF§ Another large settlement was established on the hill of Phaistos, in the Mesara plain, during the Final Neolithic period (4500-3000 BCE). §REF§Todaro, S. and Di Tonto S. 2008. \"The Neolithic settlement of Phaistos revisited: evidence for ceremonial activity on the eve of the Bronze Age,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 177-90.§REF§ It’s size is estimated to 2 ha. §REF§Watrous, , L. V. and Hadzi-Vallianou, D. 2008. “Initial growth in social complexity (Late Neolithic-Early Minoan I),” in Watrous, L., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. (eds), T<i>he Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete</i>, Los Angeles, 221-31.§REF§ a figure which implies a population of 300-400 souls." }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": -4899, "year_to": -3000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 263, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 500, "comment": null, "description": " people. The largest settlement and the only with continuous and permanent habitation from the earliest phase of the Neolithic (7000-6500/6000 BCE) is Knossos. The extent of the settlement increased from the Initial Neolithic to the Final Neolithic periods: Initial and Early Neolithic (7000-5900 BCE) c.0.25-0.35 ha; Middle Neolithic (5900-5300 BCE) c. 0.7-0.8 ha; Late Neolithic I (5300-4900 BCE) c. 1.4-1.75 ha; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV (4900-3000 BCE) c.1.75-2.5 ha. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2008. \"Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 32, table 3.2.§REF§ If we apply a population density of 150 to 200 people per hectare §REF§Manning, S. 1999. \"Knossos and the limits of settlement growth\" in Betancourt, P.P., Karageorhis,V., Laffineur, R,, and Niemeier, W-D. (eds), <i>MELETEMATA</i> (<i>Aegaeum</i> 20), Liège, 469-80.§REF§ to our total areas of settlement, we arrive at the following figures: Initial and Early Neolithic c.35/50 to 53/70 people; Middle Neolithic c. 105/140-120/160 people; Late Neolithic I c. 210/280-263/350 people; and Late Neolithic II and Final Neolithic I-IV c.263/350-375/500 people. This demographic development reflects significant socio-economic changes; it is worth to note that the first rapid increase of the Knossian settlement, occurred during Middle Neolithic-Late Neolithic I, coincides with marked changes in the spatial organization of the site, architecture, and patterns of production, consumption and exchange of goods. §REF§Tomkins, P., Day, P. M., and Kilikoglou, V. 2004. \"Knossos and the early Neolithic landscape of the Heraklion Basin,\" in Gadogan, G., Hatzaki, E., and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State. Proceedings of the Conference in Heraklion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Heraklion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans’s Excavations at Knossos</i> (<i>British School at Athens Studies</i> 12), London, 51-9§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. M. 1992. \"Lost in the Labyrinth? Comments on Broodbank's social change at Knossos before the Bronze Age,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 5, 225-38.§REF§ Another large settlement was established on the hill of Phaistos, in the Mesara plain, during the Final Neolithic period (4500-3000 BCE). §REF§Todaro, S. and Di Tonto S. 2008. \"The Neolithic settlement of Phaistos revisited: evidence for ceremonial activity on the eve of the Bronze Age,\" in Isaakidou, V. and Tomkins, P. D. (eds), <i>Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context</i>, Sheffiled, 177-90.§REF§ It’s size is estimated to 2 ha. §REF§Watrous, , L. V. and Hadzi-Vallianou, D. 2008. “Initial growth in social complexity (Late Neolithic-Early Minoan I),” in Watrous, L., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. (eds), T<i>he Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of Social Complexity in the Mesara Region of Crete</i>, Los Angeles, 221-31.§REF§ a figure which implies a population of 300-400 souls." }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 25000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " inhabitants. Knossos is the largest site of Neopalatial Crete. The estimated site size is about 60-80 hectares making Knossos the largest urban centre of Prehistoric Greece. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2001. \"From sites to communities: Defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism,\" in Branigan, K. (ed.), <i>Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age</i> (SSAA 4), Sheffield,15-37.§REF§ Whitelaw estimated Knossian population to 25,000-30,000 people replacing his previous estimate of 14,000-18,000 individuals §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2000. \"Beyond the palace: a century of investigation in Europe’s oldest city,\" <i>BICS</i> 44, 223-26§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2001. \"From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism,\" in Branigan, K. (ed.), <i>Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age</i> (SSAA 4), Sheffield, 15-37§REF§ §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (<i>BSA</i> Studies 12), London, 147-58§REF§" }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 17100, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 17100, "comment": null, "description": " inhabitants. Knossos is the largest settlement of the island (ca. 57 ha) followed by Phaistos (31 ha) and Malia (24 ha.).§REF§Whitelaw, T. 2012. \"The urbanization of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation,\" in Schoep, I., Tomkins, P., and Driessen, J. (eds), <i>Back to the Beginning. Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age</i>, Oxford, 156.§REF§ The population of Knossos is estimated to 17,100 souls and that of Phaistos and Malia to 9,300 and 7,200 respectively." }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " The population of Knossos, the largest urban centre of the island, dramatically declined after Late Minoan IIIA (1300 BCE). Its population is estimated to 1,000 souls. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2004. \"Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos,\" in Cadogan, G., Hatzaki, E. and Vasilakis, A. (eds), <i>Knossos: Palace, City, State: Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organized by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos</i> (BSA Studies 12), London, 147-58.§REF§<br>Minoan Crete \"a lively and pleasure loving matriarchal society, made wealthy by extensive trade.\"; \"Houses were up to 5 stories high, palaces had plumbing with flush toilets and there was little indication of warfare or social strife on the island and in their colonies.\"§REF§(Basilevsky 2016, 25) Basilevsky, Alexander. 2016. Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Jefferson.§REF§" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 2600, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 11100, "comment": null, "description": " inhabitants. Knossos is the largest site of Prepalatial Crete. The estimated site size is about 20-37 hectares making Knossos the largest urban centre of the period. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2012. \"The urbanization of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation,\" in n Schope, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds), <i>Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age</i>, Oxford, 150.§REF§ Whitelaw estimated the Knossian population to 2,600 to 11,100 people (EM I-EM II: 2,600; EM III-MM IA: 6,000-11,100). The population of Phaistos, for the same period, is estimated to 1,660-5,400 souls and that of Malia to 1,500-3,190 souls. §REF§Whitelaw, T. 2012. \"The urbanization of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation,\" in n Schope, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (eds), <i>Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age</i>, Oxford, 156.§REF§" }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 25, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 500, "comment": null, "description": " People. As noted above, the Iban mostly lived in longhouse communities,§REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ and a \"longhouse may include as few as four families with 25 residents in a structure less than 15 meters long, or as many as 80 families with 500 residents in a house about 300 meters long.\"§REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§" }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 25, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 500, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The Iban lived in longhouses, and a \"longhouse may include as few as four families with 25 residents in a structure less than 15 meters long, or as many as 80 families with 500 residents in a house about 300 meters long.\"§REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ However, it is worth noting that the period under consideration is rather lengthy and witnessed a gradual process of urbanization, with consequent wage migration to the cities.§REF§Austin, Robert Frederic 1978. “Iban Migration: Patterns Of Mobility And Employment In The 20Th Century”, 38p§REF§ However, available demographic data for more recent and more urbanized include non-Iban communities as well, and more reliable figures for the Iban are difficult to find due to frequent migration.§REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ We have therefore assumed that the longhouse village continued to form the most prevalent form of Iban settlement throughout this period, though this would have to be confirmed by an expert." }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 100000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. 200,000 is the figure given by John Miksic for the supposed capital of Majapahit located in the vicinity of a model village called Trowulan. §REF§(Miksic 2000, 116)§REF§ Within the walled kratons resided 700-800 families resided including 8 residential chiefs. §REF§(Hall 2000, 52)§REF§ There is no description, however, of a settlement which can confidently be called a city.§REF§(Christie 1991, 29)§REF§" }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 1000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The settlements of Cane, Patakan, and Baru, lying just to the south of Surabaya, each appear to have supported populations exceeding a thousand persons by the early eleventh century. §REF§(Christie 1991, 28-29)§REF§" }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -2000, "year_to": -1551, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 20000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Middle Bronze Age is taken from Finkelstein's (1992:211) estimate of the population of Shechem (with the upper bound inflated as above), which is judged to have been the largest settlement at the time. Late Bronze Age is taken from Kennedy's (2013:328) estimate of the population of Hazor." }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -1550, "year_to": -1175, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 45000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Middle Bronze Age is taken from Finkelstein's (1992:211) estimate of the population of Shechem (with the upper bound inflated as above), which is judged to have been the largest settlement at the time. Late Bronze Age is taken from Kennedy's (2013:328) estimate of the population of Hazor." }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 10000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The population size of Jerusalem is the subject of wildly different views. Tacitus believed that during the Jewish revolt of 66-73 CE (some years after the Hasmonean period ended), Jerusalem had some 600,000 inhabitants; archaeological estimates of the population within the defensive walls range between 80,000§REF§Broshi (1978).§REF§ and 20,000§REF§Geva (2013).§REF§ (which is almost certainly far too low; Geva assumes that much of the enclosed territory of Jerusalem was actually uninhabited, being royal or Temple precincts, but it is hard to imagine that such extensive buildings and fortifications could have been produced by so few people). Both estimates are based on population-density coefficients; however, it is not clear that the coefficients in use are reasonable. \"Some of the densities recently put forward for area coefficients have been based on unwalled, premodern villages…. How similar is such a village to a walled Bronze or Iron Age town or city? Although this is not a case of comparing apples and oranges (more like oranges and grapefruit), it seems probable that the economic constraints of building a defensive system put a permanent physical limit on the settlement area,\" leading to higher population densities.§REF§Zorn (1994:33)§REF§ (Another possibility that I have seen noted, but not in the scholarly literature, is that much of the population associated with a given ANE city might not have lived inside its walls at all, but would be semi-nomadic pastoralists circulating within its economic orbit. Such pastoralists would leave little trace archaeologically, which would pose problems for conventional population estimates.)<br>In any event, Jerusalem is generally believed to have grown significantly under the rule of Herod Antipas, immediately after the Hasmonean era ended." }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 70000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 70000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants §REF§Chase-Dunn spreadsheet (2001)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 200000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": " persons.<br>\"Delhi in the thirteenth century had grown to be one of the largest cities of the Muslim world. A number of other cities had emerged as major urban centres during this period - Multan, Lahore, Anhilwara, Kara, Kambath, Sonargaon and Lakhnauti, to name a few\".§REF§(Ahmed 2011, 101) Ahmed, Farooqui Salma. 2011. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India.§REF§<br>Delhi became probably the largest city in South Asia.§REF§Asher, Catherine B., and Cynthia Talbot, India before Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp.39-40.§REF§<br>The population of Gaur, the principal city of Bengal, was estimated at 200,000 persons. Delhi would have a much bigger population than Gaur. §REF§Grewal, J. S. (2006). The state and society in medieval India (Vol. 7). Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 398.§REF§. It received large numbers of immigrants from Central Asia and Persia, who were driven there by the Mongol invasions. §REF§Habib, I. (1931). Researches in the history of India, 1200-1750. New Delhi : Oxford University Press, pp.32-33.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 415, "name": "in_ganga_ca", "long_name": "Chalcolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -601 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": null, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 2000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. There were no large settlements before the British colonial period (see below). We therefore need to consider the size of residential village communities. The following information seems to refer to the present rather than the past: 'The population in a village ranges from 20 to 1,000 persons. The population density tends to decrease as one moves towards the interior areas from the urban areas of the districts. Villages are scattered and distant from one another in the interior areas. These villages are generally situated on the top of hillocks.' §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ The material provided in the 'settlement hierarchy' section (see below) claims up to 300 houses for pre-colonial villages and a decrease in the mean size of villages after colonial 'pacification'. Domestic units were large: 'The household is the primary production and consumption unit. A Garo household comprises parents, unmarried sons and daughters, a married daughter (heiress) with her husband and their children. In principle a married granddaughter and her children should be included, but in reality grandparents hardly exist to see their grandchildren married. Some households may--for short periods only--include distant relatives or non-related persons for various reasons.' EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo; We have hypothetically assumed 6 to 10 residents for a pre-colonial household. The code is accordingly provisional and open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": 1956, "year_to": 1956, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 7000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 9000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. The A’chik population was mostly rural: ‘The population in a village ranges from 20 to 1,000 persons. The population density tends to decrease as one moves towards the interior areas from the urban areas of the districts. Villages are scattered and distant from one another in the interior areas. These villages are generally situated on the top of hillocks. The houses are built together with granaries, firewood sheds, and pig sties. The houses are built, together with granaries, firewood sheds, and pigsties, on piles around the slope of the hillock, using locally available bamboo, wood, grass, etc. The approach to the rectangular house is always built facing the leveled surface of the top, while the rear part of the house remains horizontal to the slope. Nowadays new pile-type buildings using wood and iron as major components are being made in some traditional villages also. In addition, buildings similar to those of the neighboring plains are also constructed. The villages may remain distant from agricultural fields (JHUM). In order to guard a crop (during agricultural seasons) from damage by wild animals, the people build temporary watchtowers (BORANQ) in trees in the field. Bachelor dormitories exist in some villages for meetings and recreation.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ Tura, the district capital, was the only urban centre of the British colonial and independent Indian administrations, but members of the A’chik community formed about half the population of the town: ‘Tura is the only town in the district. It is the administrative headquarters of the Garo Hills district. According to 1961 Census, it had a population of 8,888 out of which 4,370 were Garo. Tura is linked with the plains of Assam by three major roads; one enters the district near its north-eastern corner and traverses the district almost diagonally half-way; the other two roads enter the district through the north-western corner and one traverses the district south-eastwardly diagonally half-way, and the other follows the western border of the district, but from the middle of the western border line enters Tura from an westerly direction. All these three roads are all-weather roads meant for all types of vehicular traffic.’ §REF§Majumdar, Dhirendra Narayan 1978. “Culture Change In Two Garo Villages”, 16§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 80000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 92000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Kanauj, imperial capital, between 1100 and 1500 CE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 150000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 150000, "comment": null, "description": " people. Pataliputra in 360 CE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": 810, "year_to": 950, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 80000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 80000, "comment": null, "description": " people. Kanauj, imperial capital, 80,000 in 800 CE and 900 CE, and down to 72,000 in 1000 CE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§" }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": 951, "year_to": 1030, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 72000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 72000, "comment": null, "description": " people. Kanauj, imperial capital, 80,000 in 800 CE and 900 CE, and down to 72,000 in 1000 CE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Population_of_the_largest_settlement", "population_of_the_largest_settlement_from": 120000, "population_of_the_largest_settlement_to": 120000, "comment": null, "description": " people. Kanauj in 620 CE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§" } ] }