Polity Territory List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Territories.
GET /api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 606, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 580, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers The Ubaid territory is here understood as area sharing number of cultural, material, economic and social features, which are not only restricted to the presence of particular type of Ubaid pottery. The Ubaid reached its greatest extent probably during Ubaid 3 or Ubaid 4 phase and it encompasses regions as follows: southern Mesopotamia ('heartland'), central Mesopotamia, northern Mesopotamia, northwestern Syria, southeastern Anatolia, western Iran and the western littoral of the Persian Gulf.§REF§Carter & Phillip 2010, 1-3§REF§" }, { "id": 581, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": -4000, "year_to": -3501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2000, "polity_territory_to": 2100, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometres. Adams discerned two settlement areas: northern and southern. In the Early Uruk period, the southern area had 2010 km2, and the northern area had 2087 km2. In the Late Uruk Period: southern enclave: 2231 km2 and the northern area: 1619 km2.§REF§Adams 1981, 90§REF§" }, { "id": 582, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": -3500, "year_to": -3000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1600, "polity_territory_to": 2200, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometres. Adams discerned two settlement areas: northern and southern. In the Early Uruk period, the southern area had 2010 km2, and the northern area had 2087 km2. In the Late Uruk Period: southern enclave: 2231 km2 and the northern area: 1619 km2.§REF§Adams 1981, 90§REF§" }, { "id": 583, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": -539, "year_to": -501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2500000, "polity_territory_to": 4100000, "comment": null, "description": " Square kilometers. 2,500,000: 550 BCE; 4,100,000: 525 BCE; 5,500,000: 500 BCE; 4,800,000: 450 BCE; 3,800,000: 400 BCE; 4,325,000: 350 BCE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§<br>Egypt independent from empire between 403 - 343 BCE. §REF§(Wiesehofer 2009, 91)§REF§<br>At peak 6.2m km2.§REF§(Broodbank 2015, 583) Broodbank, Cyprian. 2015. The Making of the Middle Sea. Thames & Hudson. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 584, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": -500, "year_to": -451, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4800000, "polity_territory_to": 5500000, "comment": null, "description": " Square kilometers. 2,500,000: 550 BCE; 4,100,000: 525 BCE; 5,500,000: 500 BCE; 4,800,000: 450 BCE; 3,800,000: 400 BCE; 4,325,000: 350 BCE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§<br>Egypt independent from empire between 403 - 343 BCE. §REF§(Wiesehofer 2009, 91)§REF§<br>At peak 6.2m km2.§REF§(Broodbank 2015, 583) Broodbank, Cyprian. 2015. The Making of the Middle Sea. Thames & Hudson. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 585, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": -450, "year_to": -331, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3800000, "polity_territory_to": 4325000, "comment": null, "description": " Square kilometers. 2,500,000: 550 BCE; 4,100,000: 525 BCE; 5,500,000: 500 BCE; 4,800,000: 450 BCE; 3,800,000: 400 BCE; 4,325,000: 350 BCE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§<br>Egypt independent from empire between 403 - 343 BCE. §REF§(Wiesehofer 2009, 91)§REF§<br>At peak 6.2m km2.§REF§(Broodbank 2015, 583) Broodbank, Cyprian. 2015. The Making of the Middle Sea. Thames & Hudson. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 586, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1800000, "polity_territory_to": 1800000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>1770270.90 estimate calculated using Google Maps area calculator with the following result, based on Wells 1998's map. §REF§(Wells 1998, 135)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 587, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 200000, "polity_territory_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>\"The Akkadian expansion inevitably had to collide with Elam and its Awan dynasty. The latter ruled over an aggregation of smaller settlements spread across the Iranian plateau. In terms of size, demography and productivity, Elam was a worthy rival of the Akkadian empire.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 135) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>at this time inhabitants of Tepe Yahya semi-nomadic had different culture, many of their cultural objects were popularly received in Susa and Ur.§REF§(Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 6) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.§REF§<br>\"Overall, the Elamite state included a large part of Iran and interacted with other developed centres located further east, such as Tepe Yahya (in the land of Barahshi/Marhashi) and Shar-i Sokha (possibly the Aratta of Sumerian myths). These were crucial commercial junctions in the network, providing tin, lapis lazuli, diorite and other semiprecious stones to the west.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 142) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 588, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 900000, "polity_territory_to": 900000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers" }, { "id": 589, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3800000, "polity_territory_to": 3800000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Estimate of Ilkhanate at its greatest extent.<br>The Ilkhanate emerged from the Mongol conquest of Iran, Iraq and Turkey. The armies of Hulegu had attacked and destroyed many of the great cites of the Middle East, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Local dynasties had to submit to Mongol rule. In 1300 the Mongols spilt up their empire into four semi-independent regions, one of these was the Ilkhanate. From then on it was a fairly autonomous polity, although its rulers acknowledged a higher authority in the Great Khan. The Ilkhanate saw the return of stability to the region. Over time the Ilkhanate absorbed influences from Persia and the Middle East, becoming less 'Mongol'.§REF§REUVEN AMITAI, 'IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history</a>; Morgan, David. The Mongols. 2nd ed. The Peoples of Europe. Malden, MA ; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp.134-148.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 590, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 230000, "polity_territory_to": 260000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>16th-14th centuries BCE: The Elamites were concentrated in the Susiana plain but maintained their ancestral ties with the highlands, where Anshan was progressively deserted.\"§REF§(Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 9) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.§REF§<br>245606.94 km² : estimated on Google Area Calculator based on the Liverani map for 1450 BC §REF§(Liverani 2014, 279)§REF§" }, { "id": 591, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 290000, "polity_territory_to": 330000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>4 maps showing Elam p.279 1600 BCE, 1450 BCE, 1350 BCE, 1220 BCE. very little change over period.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 279) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>310124.72 km2. Estimated from Google Area calculator using the 1350 BC and 1220 BC maps in Liverani 2014 §REF§(Liverani 2014, 279)§REF§" }, { "id": 592, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 250000, "polity_territory_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>278706.48 km 2 based on Liverani map §REF§(Liverani 2014, 279)§REF§, calculated using Google area calculator.<br>4 maps showing Elam p.279 1600 BCE, 1450 BCE, 1350 BCE, 1220 BCE. very little change over period.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 279) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>\"This apogee, however, did not last long. Despite taking on the title of 'expander of the empire', the successor of the great Shilhak-Inshushinak, namely Kutelutush-Inshushinak, had to endure a marked reduction of his territories.\" -- at least this is true in west, it is possible gains may have been made in east.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 460) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>Map of Elam, Middle Elamite period, at apogee c1150-1120 BCE.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 464) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ -- <i>occupied significant parts of lower mesopotamia and borders Assyria in north, south of Ashur. however second map shows that peak territory did not last until 1100.</i><br>\"Shutruk-Nahhunte managed to considerably strengthen his entire kingdom, which now extended from the coast of the Persian Gulf (Liyan) and Anshan to the Mesopotamian border. \" §REF§(Liverani 2014, 458)§REF§<br>\"Kutir-Nahhunte was succeeded by his brother Shilhak-Inshushinak. In his reign, the Middle Elam- ite kingdom reached its peak both in terms of extension and monumental splendour. Following a series of campaigns attested in one of his celebratory inscriptions, the king took on, deservedly, the title of ‘expander of the empire’. Although many of the places mentioned by him remain unknown, it is clear that he expanded to the west. He conquered the entire region between the Zagros and the Tigris, reaching the Lower Zab and the Assyrian border. He annexed the regions of the Diyala, mount Ebih (Jebel Hamrin), Yalman, and Kirkuk. These areas were inhabited by Akkadian, Kassite, and Hurrian populations. This was the maximum extension ever reached by the Elamite kingdom, which also controlled the eastern ter- ritories from the Persian Gulf to the deserts in central Iran. The only areas unconquered by the Elamites were Assyria (which was considerably reduced in size) and the Mesopotamian south, ruled by the Second Dynasty of Isin. Babylonia itself suffered incursions, but its occupation was not consolidated. Therefore, the Tigris and Lower Zab became the westernmost borders of the empire at its peak.\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 460)§REF§" }, { "id": 593, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 300000, "polity_territory_to": 340000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. There is little evidence to be certain of the extent of Elamite rule. For example, cities in the eastern highlands wrote in a form of Elamite, but it is not known whether they were under the control of the Elamite kings. §REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 259§REF§" }, { "id": 594, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 280000, "polity_territory_to": 280000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>280,000: 200 BCE; 2,000,000: 100 BCE; 3,000,000: 1 CE; 1,900,000: 100 CE; 1,800,000: 200 CE<br>Maximum extent should include Oman region?<br>\"the Gulf region shared to a great extent in a common cultural kione with Babylonia, Mesene, Susiana, Elymais and Karmania between the second century BC and the third century AD. The Periplus leaves little doubt that some measure of Parthian authority extended to the Oman peninsular during the first century AD ... other late sources certainly suggests that Ardashir encountered a Parthian ruler in eastern Arabia when he campaigned there near the end of his reign. The Parthian presence in the Gulf, less widely acknowledged perhaps than either the earlier Seleucid or the later Sasanian one, was nevertheless a reality.\"§REF§(Potts 2013, 282) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>Coinage of Vologases IV (r.147-191 CE) found in Eastern Arabia (e.g. Jebel Kenzan).§REF§(Potts 2013, 280) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>The campaigns of Mithridates I (171-138 BCE) spread the authority of the Parthian kings. In 113 BCE Mithridates II took the title of ‘King of Kings’. For 300 years from 92 BC, the Parthian Empire was seen as the main foe of the Roman Empire. Parthian power derived from their military successes and control of commerce. Trade flourished as Parthia was an intermediary between Rome and Far East and became part of the network of Silk Roads.§REF§(Koshelenko and Pilipko 1999, 146) Koshelenko, G A. Pilipko, V N. in Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1999. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.§REF§" }, { "id": 595, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": -100, "year_to": -100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2000000, "polity_territory_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>280,000: 200 BCE; 2,000,000: 100 BCE; 3,000,000: 1 CE; 1,900,000: 100 CE; 1,800,000: 200 CE<br>Maximum extent should include Oman region?<br>\"the Gulf region shared to a great extent in a common cultural kione with Babylonia, Mesene, Susiana, Elymais and Karmania between the second century BC and the third century AD. The Periplus leaves little doubt that some measure of Parthian authority extended to the Oman peninsular during the first century AD ... other late sources certainly suggests that Ardashir encountered a Parthian ruler in eastern Arabia when he campaigned there near the end of his reign. The Parthian presence in the Gulf, less widely acknowledged perhaps than either the earlier Seleucid or the later Sasanian one, was nevertheless a reality.\"§REF§(Potts 2013, 282) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>Coinage of Vologases IV (r.147-191 CE) found in Eastern Arabia (e.g. Jebel Kenzan).§REF§(Potts 2013, 280) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>The campaigns of Mithridates I (171-138 BCE) spread the authority of the Parthian kings. In 113 BCE Mithridates II took the title of ‘King of Kings’. For 300 years from 92 BC, the Parthian Empire was seen as the main foe of the Roman Empire. Parthian power derived from their military successes and control of commerce. Trade flourished as Parthia was an intermediary between Rome and Far East and became part of the network of Silk Roads.§REF§(Koshelenko and Pilipko 1999, 146) Koshelenko, G A. Pilipko, V N. in Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1999. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.§REF§" }, { "id": 596, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3000000, "polity_territory_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>280,000: 200 BCE; 2,000,000: 100 BCE; 3,000,000: 1 CE; 1,900,000: 100 CE; 1,800,000: 200 CE<br>Maximum extent should include Oman region?<br>\"the Gulf region shared to a great extent in a common cultural kione with Babylonia, Mesene, Susiana, Elymais and Karmania between the second century BC and the third century AD. The Periplus leaves little doubt that some measure of Parthian authority extended to the Oman peninsular during the first century AD ... other late sources certainly suggests that Ardashir encountered a Parthian ruler in eastern Arabia when he campaigned there near the end of his reign. The Parthian presence in the Gulf, less widely acknowledged perhaps than either the earlier Seleucid or the later Sasanian one, was nevertheless a reality.\"§REF§(Potts 2013, 282) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>Coinage of Vologases IV (r.147-191 CE) found in Eastern Arabia (e.g. Jebel Kenzan).§REF§(Potts 2013, 280) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>The campaigns of Mithridates I (171-138 BCE) spread the authority of the Parthian kings. In 113 BCE Mithridates II took the title of ‘King of Kings’. For 300 years from 92 BC, the Parthian Empire was seen as the main foe of the Roman Empire. Parthian power derived from their military successes and control of commerce. Trade flourished as Parthia was an intermediary between Rome and Far East and became part of the network of Silk Roads.§REF§(Koshelenko and Pilipko 1999, 146) Koshelenko, G A. Pilipko, V N. in Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1999. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.§REF§" }, { "id": 597, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1900000, "polity_territory_to": 1900000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>280,000: 200 BCE; 2,000,000: 100 BCE; 3,000,000: 1 CE; 1,900,000: 100 CE; 1,800,000: 200 CE<br>Maximum extent should include Oman region?<br>\"the Gulf region shared to a great extent in a common cultural kione with Babylonia, Mesene, Susiana, Elymais and Karmania between the second century BC and the third century AD. The Periplus leaves little doubt that some measure of Parthian authority extended to the Oman peninsular during the first century AD ... other late sources certainly suggests that Ardashir encountered a Parthian ruler in eastern Arabia when he campaigned there near the end of his reign. The Parthian presence in the Gulf, less widely acknowledged perhaps than either the earlier Seleucid or the later Sasanian one, was nevertheless a reality.\"§REF§(Potts 2013, 282) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>Coinage of Vologases IV (r.147-191 CE) found in Eastern Arabia (e.g. Jebel Kenzan).§REF§(Potts 2013, 280) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 598, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": 200, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1800000, "polity_territory_to": 1800000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>280,000: 200 BCE; 2,000,000: 100 BCE; 3,000,000: 1 CE; 1,900,000: 100 CE; 1,800,000: 200 CE<br>Maximum extent should include Oman region?<br>\"the Gulf region shared to a great extent in a common cultural kione with Babylonia, Mesene, Susiana, Elymais and Karmania between the second century BC and the third century AD. The Periplus leaves little doubt that some measure of Parthian authority extended to the Oman peninsular during the first century AD ... other late sources certainly suggests that Ardashir encountered a Parthian ruler in eastern Arabia when he campaigned there near the end of his reign. The Parthian presence in the Gulf, less widely acknowledged perhaps than either the earlier Seleucid or the later Sasanian one, was nevertheless a reality.\"§REF§(Potts 2013, 282) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>Coinage of Vologases IV (r.147-191 CE) found in Eastern Arabia (e.g. Jebel Kenzan).§REF§(Potts 2013, 280) Potts, D T. in Reade, Julian ed. 2013. Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 599, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2000000, "polity_territory_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>By 1900 CE polity had assumed modern Iranian borders i.e. about 1,600,000 km2. I'd estimate using an area calculator that the polity had lost about 137,979 km2 on its north western border and 201,813 km2 on its north eastern border since 1800 CE." }, { "id": 600, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": 1900, "year_to": 1900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1600000, "polity_territory_to": 1600000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>By 1900 CE polity had assumed modern Iranian borders i.e. about 1,600,000 km2. I'd estimate using an area calculator that the polity had lost about 137,979 km2 on its north western border and 201,813 km2 on its north eastern border since 1800 CE." }, { "id": 601, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2700000, "polity_territory_to": 2700000, "comment": null, "description": " km2. Calculated with Google map distance calculator. In comparative terms note: \"The Safavid polity was never as large physically as those of the Achaemenians or Sassanians.\" §REF§Newman, Andrew J. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006., p.128.§REF§<br>Ismail expanded towards Persian Gulf, Kurdistan and Iraq. In fact under Ismail the Safavid polity was at its greatest territorial extent, later Shahs could never hold onto such large borders.§REF§Rudi Matthee ‘SAFAVID DYNASTY’ <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</a>; E Eshraghi, ‘PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS’, in Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. V The Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Centuries (Paris: Unesco, 1992)pp. 250-75.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 602, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": 220, "year_to": 300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2600000, "polity_territory_to": 2700000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2 §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§ 2,300,000: 230 CE; 2,400,000: 250 CE; 2,500,000: 270 CE; 2,600,000: 290 CE; 2,700,000: 310 CE; 2,800,000: 330 CE; 2,900,000: 350 CE; 3,000,000: 370 CE; 3,100,000: 390 CE; 3,200,000: 410 CE; 3,300,000: 430 CE; 3,400,000: 450 CE; 3,420,000: 470 CE; 3,440,000: 490 CE" }, { "id": 603, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": 301, "year_to": 487, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3100000, "polity_territory_to": 3200000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2 §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§ 2,300,000: 230 CE; 2,400,000: 250 CE; 2,500,000: 270 CE; 2,600,000: 290 CE; 2,700,000: 310 CE; 2,800,000: 330 CE; 2,900,000: 350 CE; 3,000,000: 370 CE; 3,100,000: 390 CE; 3,200,000: 410 CE; 3,300,000: 430 CE; 3,400,000: 450 CE; 3,420,000: 470 CE; 3,440,000: 490 CE" }, { "id": 604, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 499, "year_to": 540, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3450000, "polity_territory_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": " 3,450,000: 500 CE; 3,470,000: 520 CE; 3,470,000: 540 CE; 3,500,000: 550 CE; 3,320,000: 560 CE; 2,960,000: 580 CE; 2,600,000: 600 CE; 2,800,000: 620 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§ Greatest territorial extent under Khosrau II (591-628 CE)." }, { "id": 605, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2600000, "polity_territory_to": 2960000, "comment": null, "description": " 3,450,000: 500 CE; 3,470,000: 520 CE; 3,470,000: 540 CE; 3,500,000: 550 CE; 3,320,000: 560 CE; 2,960,000: 580 CE; 2,600,000: 600 CE; 2,800,000: 620 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§ Greatest territorial extent under Khosrau II (591-628 CE)." }, { "id": 606, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": -312, "year_to": -201, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3600000, "polity_territory_to": 3600000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. Estimated using maps and Google Maps Area Calculator.<br>Territory in 300 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Transoxania, Syria and the Levant<br>Territory in 200 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Syria and the Levant, south eastern half of Anatolia (excluding patches of the coast).<br>200 BCE Greek City dug up in Bahrain.§REF§Smith, Sylvia. 2013. Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilisations. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22596270\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22596270</a>§REF§<br>Territory in 100 BCE<br>Northern Iraq, Syria and the Levant<br>" }, { "id": 607, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -147, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2300000, "polity_territory_to": 475000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. Estimated using maps and Google Maps Area Calculator.<br>Territory in 300 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Transoxania, Syria and the Levant<br>Territory in 200 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Syria and the Levant, south eastern half of Anatolia (excluding patches of the coast).<br>200 BCE Greek City dug up in Bahrain.§REF§Smith, Sylvia. 2013. Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilisations. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22596270\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22596270</a>§REF§<br>Territory in 100 BCE<br>Northern Iraq, Syria and the Levant<br>" }, { "id": 608, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4000000, "polity_territory_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. <br>\"The Seljuk empire eventually embraced all of what is now Iran and extended to modern day Turkey and the Caucasus. But it was born in Central Asia, it was ruled at its zenith by a Central Asian, its last capital was in Central Asia, and it was there that it met its end.\"§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Within the context of declining influence of the caliphate, the Seljuks took control of Anatolia after defeating the Byzantine Empire.§REF§C. E. Bosworth, 'Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman' in The Oxford Companion to Military History eds. Richard Holmes, Charles Singleton, and Dr Spencer Jones (2001)§REF§ §REF§Ahmed H. al-Rahim, 'Seljuk Turks' in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ed. Robert E. Bjork (2010)§REF§" }, { "id": 609, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1, "polity_territory_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. ha based on calculation with value of 200 persons per hectare. “By various estimates, the size of the settled population in the Late Village Period is between 8,500 and 25,000. (The figure of 200 persons per hectare of settlement is often used in these calculations [Dollfus 1983].)\"§REF§(Hole 1987: 91) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2V3A89C3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2V3A89C3</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 610, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 103000, "polity_territory_to": 103000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers 'Iceland is an island situated just to the south of the Polar Circle in the mid-North Atlantic Ocean. With a surface of 103,000 square kilometers (39,000 square miles), Iceland is similar in size to the state of Kentucky. It was formed around 20 million years ago through underwater volcanic eruptions at the place where the Midatlantic Ridge and a ridge extending from Scotland to Greenland cross. Compared to other parts of Europe, Iceland has a short geological history, and its formative process is still far from over. The eastern and western halves of the country are slowly drifting apart, with volcanic eruptions filling the fissures with fresh lava. Fire is not the only element that characterizes the Icelandic environment because, as the name of the country indicates, ice also is a dominant factor. There are four major glaciers in the country, including the largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull, which is around 8,300 square kilometers (3,200 square miles) in size.' §REF§Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur 2010. \"The A to Z of Iceland\", 28§REF§ Given Iceland's status as a Commonwealth at the time, we have chosen to treat the natural boundaries of the island as coextensive with its political borders." }, { "id": 611, "polity": { "id": 179, "name": "it_latium_ba", "long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3, "polity_territory_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Average amount of territory controlled by settlements of Latium vetus during the Bronze Age." }, { "id": 612, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 635000, "polity_territory_to": 635000, "comment": null, "description": " 635,016 km². <br>From 511-549 CE Visigothic Spain was effectively an autonomous sub-kingdom of the Ostrogothic realm and Ravenna received annual tribute.<br>Amalaric was the last of the Visigothic royal line descended from Alaric I (who sacked Rome). \"The new king, Teudis (531-548), was that Ostrogothic general appointed to command the military of the peninsular by Theodoric and the former guardian of Amalaric. The former's accession was probably accompanied by some distribution of royal fisc lands to both the Visigothic nobility and the Ostrogothic warriors who had bolstered the Iberian garrisons during the latter's minority. Teudis also had previously taken a wife from the family of the Hispano-Roman nobility and that faction of the kingdom too likely shared in the distribution of fisc lands. If the royal authority suffered from all of this, at the same time it advanced the cohesion and mutual interest of the political classes of the new realm.\"§REF§Bernard F Reilly. The Medieval Spains. 1993. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Teudis had been the bodyguard of Amalaric and was effectively leader during Amalaric during his regency. Ostrogoth Theodoric the Great was Amalaric's grandfather. 511 CE onwards Ostrogothic military helped Visigoths counterattack against the Frankish invasion. Theudis was effectively completely independent in Spain and even ignored an invitation to Theodoric in Ravenna (must have been pre-531, before Theodoric's death) but he kept paying the annual tributum. Amalaric's assassination by his own men in 531 CE was \"perhaps urged on by Theudis\".§REF§(Burns 1991, 98-99) Burns, T. S. 1991. A History of the Ostrogoths. Indiana University Press§REF§" }, { "id": 613, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 14000, "polity_territory_to": 14000, "comment": null, "description": "14,000: 900 CE; 14,000: 1000 CE; 6,000: 1100 CE. This is Wickham's figure for the <i>territorium Sancti Petri</i>, the fundamental core of the Duchy of Rome.§REF§Wickham (2015), 36-37, for this figure, and the large size of Rome's territory in comparison with other Italian polities.§REF§ The second figure is Wickham's estimate for Rome's territory after it had lost effective control of the rest of Lazio, during the crises of the late eleventh century.§REF§Wickham (2015), 36§REF§ We need to remember, however, that the claims of the papacy were far wider, extending as they did from Rome's territory (<i>contado</i>) all the way up to the Po River Delta. 14,000: 1000 CE = inferred data." }, { "id": 614, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 6000, "polity_territory_to": 6000, "comment": null, "description": "14,000: 900 CE; 14,000: 1000 CE; 6,000: 1100 CE. This is Wickham's figure for the <i>territorium Sancti Petri</i>, the fundamental core of the Duchy of Rome.§REF§Wickham (2015), 36-37, for this figure, and the large size of Rome's territory in comparison with other Italian polities.§REF§ The second figure is Wickham's estimate for Rome's territory after it had lost effective control of the rest of Lazio, during the crises of the late eleventh century.§REF§Wickham (2015), 36§REF§ We need to remember, however, that the claims of the papacy were far wider, extending as they did from Rome's territory (<i>contado</i>) all the way up to the Po River Delta. 14,000: 1000 CE = inferred data." }, { "id": 615, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 44000, "polity_territory_to": 44000, "comment": null, "description": " km2. §REF§pers.comm. Joe Figliulo-Rosswurm§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 616, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 44000, "polity_territory_to": 44000, "comment": null, "description": " This was the extent of the Papal States in 1649, following the papacy's cession of some cities in the Po Valley to the Farnese and Este; the brackets reflect that these areas, in the extreme north of the Papal States, passed back and forth between <i>de facto</i> independence, acknowledgment of papal suzerainty, and direct submission to the papacy during the period." }, { "id": 617, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 44000, "polity_territory_to": 44000, "comment": null, "description": " This was the extent of the Papal States in 1649, following some concessions in the Po Valley. The territory contracted and expanded slightly during the period without any substantial adjustments, thus it should be bracketed." }, { "id": 618, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 44000, "polity_territory_to": 44000, "comment": null, "description": "NB!: 40,000 is a very rough estimate, based on the firmer figure of 44,000 for the mid-17th century, when Ferrara was more or less securely a part of the Papal State. A lower figure seems more suitable for this period, when papal control over the papal states was less secure and often virtually non-existent due to schisms or rebellions. It remains rough, though, and needs more research (see my August 2014 status report-JFR). -- <i>how do we code unsecurely held territory? to be consistent with coding of other polities we might code the full territory that was, that was claimed and for which effort was expended to be retained? - ET</i><br>c1200 CE 44,000 <br>" }, { "id": 619, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 50000, "polity_territory_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Estimate for whole polity/sub-polity area.<br>Exarchate of Ravenna refers to a region around the capital of this polity/sub-polity.§REF§(Hutton 1926)§REF§<br>\"Geographically the exarchate of Ravenna was bounded on the north by the Adige, the Tartaro, and the principal branch of the Po as far as its confluence with the Panaro. Hadria and Gabellum were its most northern towns in the hands of the imperialists. The western frontier is more difficult to determine with exactitude; it may be said to have run between Modena and Bologna. On the south the Marecchia divided the exarchate from the Dutchy of the Pentapolis whose capital was Rimini. §REF§(Hutton 1926)§REF§<br>\"diagonal strip of territory extending from north of Ravenna to south of Rome, the peninsula's southern extremities, and various coastal enclaves.\"§REF§(Ring 1994, 556) Ring, Trudy. Salkin, Robert M. La Boda, Sharon. 1994. International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis.§REF§" }, { "id": 620, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -500, "year_to": -500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1300, "polity_territory_to": 1300, "comment": null, "description": " At the beginning of the Republic, Roman territory comprised about 500 square miles, and by 338 BCE the territory controlled was 2000 square miles of Latium, expanding north and south.§REF§(Noble 2010: 121) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 621, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": -400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1300, "polity_territory_to": 1300, "comment": null, "description": " At the beginning of the Republic, Roman territory comprised about 500 square miles, and by 338 BCE the territory controlled was 2000 square miles of Latium, expanding north and south.§REF§(Noble 2010: 121) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 622, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -300, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5000, "polity_territory_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " At the beginning of the Republic, Roman territory comprised about 500 square miles, and by 338 BCE the territory controlled was 2000 square miles of Latium, expanding north and south.§REF§(Noble 2010: 121) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PZWRGX5H</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 623, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1950000, "polity_territory_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. in 49 BCE. §REF§(Taagepera 1979: 125) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GPEXGDM4\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GPEXGDM4</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 624, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 130000, "polity_territory_to": 730000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. In 265 BCE Roman territory was approximately 50,000 square miles and still growing.§REF§(Taagepera 1979: 125) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GPEXGDM4\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GPEXGDM4</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 625, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4500000, "polity_territory_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>Actual: 4,500,000: 14 CE; 5,800,000: 117 CE; 4,750,000: 274 CE<br>Maximum Area: 5.0 Mm^2. §REF§(Turchin et. al. 2006, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§ 5m km^2.<br>Estimates:<br>14 CE 4476051 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>117 CE 5819328 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>211 CE 5039845 km2<br>274 CE 4750000" }, { "id": 626, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5800000, "polity_territory_to": 5800000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>Actual: 4,500,000: 14 CE; 5,800,000: 117 CE; 4,750,000: 274 CE<br>Maximum Area: 5.0 Mm^2. §REF§(Turchin et. al. 2006, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§ 5m km^2.<br>Estimates:<br>14 CE 4476051 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>117 CE 5819328 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>211 CE 5039845 km2<br>274 CE 4750000" }, { "id": 627, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 200, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5000000, "polity_territory_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>Actual: 4,500,000: 14 CE; 5,800,000: 117 CE; 4,750,000: 274 CE<br>Maximum Area: 5.0 Mm^2. §REF§(Turchin et. al. 2006, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§ 5m km^2.<br>Estimates:<br>14 CE 4476051 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>117 CE 5819328 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>211 CE 5039845 km2<br>274 CE 4750000" }, { "id": 628, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 275, "year_to": 275, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4750000, "polity_territory_to": 4750000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>Actual: 4,500,000: 14 CE; 5,800,000: 117 CE; 4,750,000: 274 CE<br>Maximum Area: 5.0 Mm^2. §REF§(Turchin et. al. 2006, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§ 5m km^2.<br>Estimates:<br>14 CE 4476051 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>117 CE 5819328 km2 §REF§(Stockton 2001 152-153)§REF§<br>211 CE 5039845 km2<br>274 CE 4750000" }, { "id": 629, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1000, "polity_territory_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>By end of the Regal Period, Rome held about one third, or more, of the area of Latium Vetas. §REF§(Cornell 1995, 205)§REF§<br>\"as a consequence of Rome's urban development during the sixth century, which involved increased economic activity, a rise in population from growth and incorporation of foreigners as new citizens, and the increase in the territorial extent of the Roman state, a new military organization was introduced to take advantage of these economic, demographic, and geographical changes, and the result was a hoplite phalanx recruited from new territorial districts called tribes.\"§REF§(Forsythe 2006, 115) Forsythe, Gary. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California Press.§REF§" } ] }