Polity Territory List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Territories.
GET /api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api
{ "count": 606, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": 1772, "year_to": 1772, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1792000, "polity_territory_to": 1792000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. 1,792,327: 1772 CE; 489,172: 1819 CE Inferred: the 1772 CE estimate is an approximation based on the modern day territory of the component territories of Pakistan, Indian Kashmir, and the former Iranian province of Khorasan. The second date reflects the loss of external territories by the beginning of the nineteenth century. §REF§Barfield, Thomas. <i>Afghanistan: a cultural and political history.</i> pp. 99-100§REF§<br>Conquests including former territory of the Mughal and Maratha Empires in India, the Afsharid Empire of Persia, and the Khanate of Bukhara.§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§<br>In 1757 CE, the Durrani sacked Delhi and dealt a deathblow to the formerly powerful Moghul Empire. This resulted in the conquest of Punjab, the Sindh, and the Kachi plains.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§<br>After 1809 CE, the East India company signed the Treaty of Amritsar with a Sikh Maharaja named Ranjit Singh. Following an agreement to halt expansion southward, Singh conquered Multan and the Kachi plains in 1818 CE, Kashmir in 1819 CE, and finally Peshawar in 1823 CE.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§" }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1790000, "polity_territory_to": 490000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. 1,792,327: 1772 CE; 489,172: 1819 CE Inferred: the 1772 CE estimate is an approximation based on the modern day territory of the component territories of Pakistan, Indian Kashmir, and the former Iranian province of Khorasan. The second date reflects the loss of external territories by the beginning of the nineteenth century. §REF§Barfield, Thomas. <i>Afghanistan: a cultural and political history.</i> pp. 99-100§REF§<br>Conquests including former territory of the Mughal and Maratha Empires in India, the Afsharid Empire of Persia, and the Khanate of Bukhara.§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§<br>In 1757 CE, the Durrani sacked Delhi and dealt a deathblow to the formerly powerful Moghul Empire. This resulted in the conquest of Punjab, the Sindh, and the Kachi plains.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§<br>After 1809 CE, the East India company signed the Treaty of Amritsar with a Sikh Maharaja named Ranjit Singh. Following an agreement to halt expansion southward, Singh conquered Multan and the Kachi plains in 1818 CE, Kashmir in 1819 CE, and finally Peshawar in 1823 CE.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§" }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": 1819, "year_to": 1819, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 489000, "polity_territory_to": 489000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. 1,792,327: 1772 CE; 489,172: 1819 CE Inferred: the 1772 CE estimate is an approximation based on the modern day territory of the component territories of Pakistan, Indian Kashmir, and the former Iranian province of Khorasan. The second date reflects the loss of external territories by the beginning of the nineteenth century. §REF§Barfield, Thomas. <i>Afghanistan: a cultural and political history.</i> pp. 99-100§REF§<br>Conquests including former territory of the Mughal and Maratha Empires in India, the Afsharid Empire of Persia, and the Khanate of Bukhara.§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§<br>In 1757 CE, the Durrani sacked Delhi and dealt a deathblow to the formerly powerful Moghul Empire. This resulted in the conquest of Punjab, the Sindh, and the Kachi plains.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§<br>After 1809 CE, the East India company signed the Treaty of Amritsar with a Sikh Maharaja named Ranjit Singh. Following an agreement to halt expansion southward, Singh conquered Multan and the Kachi plains in 1818 CE, Kashmir in 1819 CE, and finally Peshawar in 1823 CE.§REF§Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq. <i>Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised.</i> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009. p. 24§REF§" }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1150, "year_to": 1150, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 60000, "polity_territory_to": 80000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>[60,000-80,000]: 1150 CE; [900,000-1,100,000]: 1175 CE; [1,600,000-1,700,000]: 1200 CE.<br>" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1175, "year_to": 1175, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 900000, "polity_territory_to": 1100000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>[60,000-80,000]: 1150 CE; [900,000-1,100,000]: 1175 CE; [1,600,000-1,700,000]: 1200 CE.<br>" }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1600000, "polity_territory_to": 1700000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>[60,000-80,000]: 1150 CE; [900,000-1,100,000]: 1175 CE; [1,600,000-1,700,000]: 1200 CE.<br>" }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": -180, "year_to": -180, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2200000, "polity_territory_to": 2200000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. " }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 600000, "polity_territory_to": 800000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. " }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": 450, "year_to": 450, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1000000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers,<br>In 532 CE India was lost after a successful rebellion. In 557 CE - 561 CE the Sasasanids annexed substantial territories, and in 565 CE the Goturks claimed the remainder and took a number of successor kingdoms as vassals.<br>The late fifth and early sixth centuries saw the start of Hephthalite raids on Gandhara and northern India.<br>Information is scarce, but recent discoveries have given evidence of what had been earlier only speculation. Islamic sources describe a series of disastrous campaigns by the Sassasian King Peroz that resulted in his eventual death.§REF§encyclopedia iranica vol. XII, HAREM I - ILLUMINATIONISM, 2004. Fasc. 2, pp. 198-201§REF§ Following this victory, the Hepthalties secured control over Central Asia, Korasan and Afganistan from the Sassanian and Kushan Kingdoms.§REF§Docherty, Paddy. The Khyber Pass: a history of empire and invasion. Union Square Press, 2008. p. 105§REF§ They continued to expand until the sixth century, when they were defeated by a recovered Sassasian Empire fighting alongside another confederation of central Asian nomads known as the Gokturks. This defeat destroyed Hepthalite power in transoxania, though some fragment of power seems to have existed until the Arab invasions.§REF§encyclopedia iranica vol. XII, HAREM I - ILLUMINATIONISM, 2004. Fasc. 2, pp. 198-201§REF§" }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2750000, "polity_territory_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers,<br>In 532 CE India was lost after a successful rebellion. In 557 CE - 561 CE the Sasasanids annexed substantial territories, and in 565 CE the Goturks claimed the remainder and took a number of successor kingdoms as vassals.<br>The late fifth and early sixth centuries saw the start of Hephthalite raids on Gandhara and northern India.<br>Information is scarce, but recent discoveries have given evidence of what had been earlier only speculation. Islamic sources describe a series of disastrous campaigns by the Sassasian King Peroz that resulted in his eventual death.§REF§encyclopedia iranica vol. XII, HAREM I - ILLUMINATIONISM, 2004. Fasc. 2, pp. 198-201§REF§ Following this victory, the Hepthalties secured control over Central Asia, Korasan and Afganistan from the Sassanian and Kushan Kingdoms.§REF§Docherty, Paddy. The Khyber Pass: a history of empire and invasion. Union Square Press, 2008. p. 105§REF§ They continued to expand until the sixth century, when they were defeated by a recovered Sassasian Empire fighting alongside another confederation of central Asian nomads known as the Gokturks. This defeat destroyed Hepthalite power in transoxania, though some fragment of power seems to have existed until the Arab invasions.§REF§encyclopedia iranica vol. XII, HAREM I - ILLUMINATIONISM, 2004. Fasc. 2, pp. 198-201§REF§" }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": 400, "year_to": 400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 250000, "polity_territory_to": 250000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>King Kidara incorporated Gandhara into the kingdom, and \"four other territories to the north of it.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Further territories may have been taken in India in the mid-5th century when \"a considerable portion of central and western Panjab was under Kidarite rule\" during the reign of the Gupta king Kumaragupta I (413-455 CE).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>\"total absence of Gupta coins in the western regions of India and in Pakistan\" at beginning of Skandagupta's (455-467 CE) reign.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 128) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>After defeat north of the Hindu Kush by Peroz (Sassanids) in alliance with Hephthalites, Kidarites retreated to Gandhara in India, later to be overrun by the Hephthalites.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": 450, "year_to": 450, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 850000, "polity_territory_to": 900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>King Kidara incorporated Gandhara into the kingdom, and \"four other territories to the north of it.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Further territories may have been taken in India in the mid-5th century when \"a considerable portion of central and western Panjab was under Kidarite rule\" during the reign of the Gupta king Kumaragupta I (413-455 CE).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>\"total absence of Gupta coins in the western regions of India and in Pakistan\" at beginning of Skandagupta's (455-467 CE) reign.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 128) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>After defeat north of the Hindu Kush by Peroz (Sassanids) in alliance with Hephthalites, Kidarites retreated to Gandhara in India, later to be overrun by the Hephthalites.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2000000, "polity_territory_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>[2,000,000-2,500,000]: 100 CE<br>60 CE Greater Bactria, Anxi (Indo-Parthia), Kaofu (Kabul Region), Puda (Paktiya), Jipin (Kapisa and Gandhara), and the Taxila region. However, at this time core area was the Taxila region.§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vima Taktu (81-100 CE) and Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) \"the entire region of Greater Gandhara including Uddhyana (Swat, Dir & Bajaur) and Upper and Lower Kabul River valleys became a solid part of the Kushan Empire.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ \"North of the Hindu Kush, till the Guissar Mountains, Kushans exercised some influence; but these regions were not strictly under the political control of the Kushan emperors.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ \"Probably Mathura was also established as a vassal State of the Kushan Empire during this period.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[3,500,000-4,000,000]: 150 CE<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) \"the Kushan Empire included besides the territories of Greater Gandhara, Greater Bactria, part of Parthia and the Tarim Basin in Chinese Xingjiang.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[2,000,000-2,500,000]: 200 CE<br>Huvishka (155-190 CE) \"it seems that the territories north of the Amu Darya and the Tarim Basin became independent but Bactria (south of the Amu Darya) could have remained under Kushan control.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[1,000,000-1,500,000]: 250 CE<br>230 CE \"during the rule of the minor rulers, the entire Central Asian region became independent.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Note on the Rabatak Inscription \"peak territory\"<br>\"The Rabatak Inscription ... mentions a number of cities which Kanishka says formed a part of his vast empire. The names of these cities are given as Ozene, Zageda, Kasambo, Palabotro and Ziri tambo in the Rabatak inscription, which the translator of the Rabatak inscription, Professor Nicholas Sims-Williams, has identified with the cities of Ujjain, Saketa, Kausambi, Pataliputra and Champa.\" \"This identification, if it is correct, obviously gives a rather exaggerated account of the extent of the Kushan Empire during Kanishka's reign. This statement in the Rabatak Inscription is not supported by reliable archaeological or historical information from other sources. At best one could agree that Kanishka invaded these territories and forced the rulers to pay tribute, but such an arrangement could not have lasted for very long. These territories could therefore not be considered an integral part of the Kushan Empire.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86-87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Sogdiana<br>\"The territory of Sogdiana (the Zerafshan valley) did not belong to the Kushan Empire\".§REF§(Harmatta 1994, 429) Harmatta, J. Languages and literature in the Kushan Empire. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": 200, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2000000, "polity_territory_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>[2,000,000-2,500,000]: 100 CE<br>60 CE Greater Bactria, Anxi (Indo-Parthia), Kaofu (Kabul Region), Puda (Paktiya), Jipin (Kapisa and Gandhara), and the Taxila region. However, at this time core area was the Taxila region.§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vima Taktu (81-100 CE) and Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) \"the entire region of Greater Gandhara including Uddhyana (Swat, Dir & Bajaur) and Upper and Lower Kabul River valleys became a solid part of the Kushan Empire.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ \"North of the Hindu Kush, till the Guissar Mountains, Kushans exercised some influence; but these regions were not strictly under the political control of the Kushan emperors.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ \"Probably Mathura was also established as a vassal State of the Kushan Empire during this period.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[3,500,000-4,000,000]: 150 CE<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) \"the Kushan Empire included besides the territories of Greater Gandhara, Greater Bactria, part of Parthia and the Tarim Basin in Chinese Xingjiang.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[2,000,000-2,500,000]: 200 CE<br>Huvishka (155-190 CE) \"it seems that the territories north of the Amu Darya and the Tarim Basin became independent but Bactria (south of the Amu Darya) could have remained under Kushan control.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>[1,000,000-1,500,000]: 250 CE<br>230 CE \"during the rule of the minor rulers, the entire Central Asian region became independent.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Note on the Rabatak Inscription \"peak territory\"<br>\"The Rabatak Inscription ... mentions a number of cities which Kanishka says formed a part of his vast empire. The names of these cities are given as Ozene, Zageda, Kasambo, Palabotro and Ziri tambo in the Rabatak inscription, which the translator of the Rabatak inscription, Professor Nicholas Sims-Williams, has identified with the cities of Ujjain, Saketa, Kausambi, Pataliputra and Champa.\" \"This identification, if it is correct, obviously gives a rather exaggerated account of the extent of the Kushan Empire during Kanishka's reign. This statement in the Rabatak Inscription is not supported by reliable archaeological or historical information from other sources. At best one could agree that Kanishka invaded these territories and forced the rulers to pay tribute, but such an arrangement could not have lasted for very long. These territories could therefore not be considered an integral part of the Kushan Empire.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86-87) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Sogdiana<br>\"The territory of Sogdiana (the Zerafshan valley) did not belong to the Kushan Empire\".§REF§(Harmatta 1994, 429) Harmatta, J. Languages and literature in the Kushan Empire. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 10000, "polity_territory_to": 20000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>If we divide the Zarafshan valley between two realms we get about 15,000 km2 for each of them.<br>\"Thus, both the written sources and the numismatic data show that Transoxiana in the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.lacked internal political unity. Even Sughd (the basin of the river Zarafshan) was divided between at least two realms, this corresponding more or less to the later partition of the Zarafshan valley into \"Bukharan Sughd\" and \"Samarkandian Sughd\"; accordingly we have imitations of tetradrachms of Euthydemus and imitations of drachms of Antiochus I, with a horse's head on the reverse side.\" §REF§(Zeimal 1983, 246)§REF§<br>\"The five hsi-hou or regions where the five tribes established their presence were located on either side of the Amu Darya - approximately the territory included in modern Bactria, Southern Tajikistan and Southern Uzbekistan (Sogdiana). The Kabul region (Kao-fu) and Parthia were initially not occupied by any of the Yueh-chih tribes.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 78) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>On the area of southeastern Sogdiana which came under Yuezhi domination in this period: 'The next five hundred years of Sogdian history [after the Graeco-Bactrian period] are extremely obscure. There is basically no information on Sogdiana concerning this period other than what is related in the Chinese sources [...] Around 160-130 BCE, the region was crisscrossed by various waves of migratory nomads from the north, whether they were Iranian-speaking Saka or the Yuezhi from within China. Beginning in the first century BCE, most of Sogdiana was included in a larger nomadic state, centered on the middle Syr Darya, namely Kangju. On the other hand, the Yuezhi principalities and then the Kushan empire incorporated the southeast part of Sogdiana (south of the Hissar mountains), which thereafter left the Sogdian sphere and was attached to Bactria.'§REF§(de la Vaissière 2011) É. de la Vaissière. 2011. 'Sogdiana iii: History and Archeology', <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>, online edition, <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdiana-iii-history-and-archeology\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdiana-iii-history-and-archeology</a> (accessed on 10 September 2016).§REF§" }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 6500000, "polity_territory_to": 6500000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 120, "year_to": 120, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5344000, "polity_territory_to": 5344000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 140, "year_to": 140, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4633000, "polity_territory_to": 4633000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 160, "year_to": 160, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3922000, "polity_territory_to": 3922000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 180, "year_to": 180, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3211000, "polity_territory_to": 3211000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 200, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2500000, "polity_territory_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " KM2. 5,500,000: 80 CE; 6,500,000: 100 CE; 5,344,000: 120 CE; 4,633,000: 140 CE; 3,922,000: 160 CE; 3,211,000: 180 CE; 2,500,000: 200 CE. Km2. Contains interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": 300, "year_to": 300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4500000, "polity_territory_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers.<br>Kingdom of Wu conquered 280 CE.§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 182) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>After 316 CE \"the entire area north of the Yangi river was in the hands of various non-Han peoples.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 350000, "polity_territory_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>[350,000-400,000] based on idealised circle centered a bit south of the capital Zhengzhou that reaches as far south as Panlongchen<br>\"Bagley has described Panlongchen, which was located in eastern Hubei on a tributary of the Yangtze River, 450 km to the south of Erligang, as a \"site of Erligang civilization\" where the \"indigenous population was ruled by an intrusive Erligang elite.\"§REF§(Howard 2012, 111) Howard, Michael C. 2012. Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland.§REF§ Erligang remains at Panlongcheng were spread over 1 km2. Part of area enclosed by rectangular wall 260m by 290m.§REF§(Bagley 1999, 168) Bagley, R. in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L.1999. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"The extent of the Erligang polity also is disputed, but even skeptical reviewers agree that its political influence (and probably direct political control) extended considerably beyond the immediate region around Zhengzhou. §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 355)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 10000, "polity_territory_to": 20000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Calculated using a radius of 70km around Erlitou = c. 15,394 sq km.<br>Expansionist view<br>\"The size of the area controlled by the Erlitou site during its zenith (phase III) is a debated question. According to one recent model, it extended as far south as Panlongcheng (about 500 km!) and about 100-150 km northwestward to sites such as Dongxiafeng (东下冯) and Nanguan (南关). This expansion is often said to have involved the aggressive conquering of faraway lands, along with the establishment of colonies crucial for the extraction and acquisition of particular resources that were essential for Erlitou’s functioning as a governing state (Liu 2004, pp. 232-234; Liu and Chen 2003).\"§REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 354-355)§REF§<br>\"Some archaeologists are inclined to classify it as a territorial state with no serious rivals. In their view Erlitou was an expansionist state that had established colonies well beyond the Yilou region, reaching north and south into a large area between the middle Yellow River and the middle Yangzi River. The motive behind the expansion, they argue, was to produce copper, tin, lead, and salt for the core area's people and workshops. On balance, however, the evidence seems to favor something more modest, a polity confined to the Yilou basin, comparable in size to a large city-state in Mesopotamia or Mesoamerica.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 178) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>Lesser / City-state model<br>\"If we use the same methods for delineating the political borders of Erlitou as those used for the Longshan polities, it would seem that the Erlitou polity may have extended no further than perhaps 70 km in each direction, somewhat larger than the Longshan period polities but still not spreading out beyond the local region.\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 354-355)§REF§§REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 354-355)§REF§<br>\"It is equally possible ... that we should not be thinking of early second millennium north China in terms of a single territorial state but rather as a landscape dotted with multiple city-states.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 178) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"Erlitou is the largest and richest site of an archaeological culture whose distribution covers Henan and adjacent parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, and Hubei.\"§REF§(Bagley 1999, 164)§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 10100, "polity_territory_to": 10100, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers.‘The wide dispersion makes it difficult to generalize about ecological settings. Miao settlements are found anywhere from a few hundred meters above sea level to elevations of 1,400 meters or more. The largest number are uplands people, often living at elevations over 1,200 meters and located at some distance from urban centers or the lowlands and river valleys where the Han are concentrated. Often, these upland villages and hamlets are interspersed with those of other minorities such as Yao, Dong, Zhuang, Yi, Hui, and Bouyei.' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'The Ch'uan Miao are an ethnic group living on the borders of Szechwan, Kweichow, and Yunnan Provinces, western China. The country is very mountainous with numerous peaks rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. There are many streams, forests, waterfalls, perpendicular or overhanging cliffs, natural caves and natural bridges, and deepholes or pits where the water disappears into the bowels of the earth. While the roads between the Chinese towns and villages are generally paved with stones, most of the roads are narrow footpaths up and down the steep mountainsides or through fields and forests.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 1§REF§ Some authors claim periodic decreases in population size for the rural Hmong population and report inconsistencies in the self-reporting of settled territory: 'The area of the Sheng Miao according to their exaggerated account, extends to 9,000 li, but actually the area is about 200 /sq./ li in length and width. It is a mountainous area, the highest peak at Teng-k'ung-ming-t'ang being 2,000 meters, and the total population about 10,000. The writer has visited altogether 101 Sheng Miao villages of all sizes, the largest being Chia-lu, Chia-mien, Chia-ya, Chia-lung, Chia-wêng, Cheng-yu, Tang-wêng and Chüeh-ts'ai-p'ing, with about 100 families in each. Even today they do not have a single market fair within the area and this shows how circumscribed is the sphere of their economic activity. Their only means of livelihood is agriculture. Almost all the fields are terraced according to natural topography, rising from the bottom of the slope to the top in several hundred layers. The shape of the field is long and narrow, producing rice, wheat, corn and barley. [...] Being in direct contact with them, the writer could watch at close quarters their extremely miserable conditions, which are pitiable indeed. Because of their ignorance they do not know how to save or to improve the method of production. In case of famine they cannot escape starvation, which is the most important reason for the decrease in their population.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 73§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 160000, "polity_territory_to": 160000, "comment": null, "description": " km^2<br>size of State of Jin by 5th c. bce<br>Hsu: “An expansion of territory is a characteristic of all major states, and the four most powerful states of the Spring and Autumn period — Qi, Jin, Chu, and Qin - all expanded dramatically. Qi Huan Gong annexed 35 neighboring states to become the first ba. Jin Xian Gong took 17 states and subjugated 38, paving the way for Jin to lead the Zhou world for generations. Qin Mu Gong fUS-^ (659—621 B.C.) combined 12 other states to extend its territory in the west. During the reign of King Zhuang of Chu (613-591 B.C.), Chu annexed no fewer than 26 states, many of which were former important Zhou states, and thus became the main threat to the Zhou \u2028world.' Of 148 states that appear in the chronicles of the Spring and Autumn period,\" the number extinguished by these four major powers adds up to 1*”§REF§(Hsu 1999, 567)§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1500, "polity_territory_to": 2000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers \"In most regions, population growth during the Late Neolithic was coupled with the clustering of sites and the formation of site hierarchies. The few sites that were fortified stood at the top of the settlement hierarchy. More than 20 walled sites, some very large in scale, are known from the lower and middle Yellow River area. The relatively regular spacing of these sites, at a distance of some 30-50 km from one another (Guojia 2006, 2007; Liu 2004), suggests that they were central nodes of small-scale polities each covering some 1,500-2,000 km2. Other evidence, such as the association of fortified sites with prestigious buildings and artifacts and specialized production activities, also supports this hypothesis (Liu 2004, pp. 104- 105; Underhill et al. 2008).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 339)§REF§<br>In Zhengzhou there were sites during the Longshan that were 3 square kilometers at the center. Note: Don't know how far these sites controlled. §REF§(Feinman, Gary. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3600000, "polity_territory_to": 3600000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3900000, "polity_territory_to": 3900000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. Contains interpolated data. 3,100,000: 1369 CE; 3,367,000: 1380 CE; 3,633,000: 1390 CE; 3,900,000: 1400 CE; 4,420,000: 1410 CE; 4,940,000: 1420 CE; 5,460,000: 1430 CE; 5,980,000: 1440 CE; 6,500,000: 1450 CE; [6,067,000-5,200,000]: 1470 CE; [5,200,000-4,333,000]: 1490 CE; 3,900,000: 1513 CE; 3,845,000: 1530 CE; 3,791,000: 1550 CE; 3,736,000: 1570 CE; 3,682,000: 1590 CE; 3,655,000: 1600 CE; 3,600,000: 1616 CE; 2,950,000: 1630 CE; 2,300,000: 1644 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3900000, "polity_territory_to": 5200000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. Contains interpolated data. 3,100,000: 1369 CE; 3,367,000: 1380 CE; 3,633,000: 1390 CE; 3,900,000: 1400 CE; 4,420,000: 1410 CE; 4,940,000: 1420 CE; 5,460,000: 1430 CE; 5,980,000: 1440 CE; 6,500,000: 1450 CE; [6,067,000-5,200,000]: 1470 CE; [5,200,000-4,333,000]: 1490 CE; 3,900,000: 1513 CE; 3,845,000: 1530 CE; 3,791,000: 1550 CE; 3,736,000: 1570 CE; 3,682,000: 1590 CE; 3,655,000: 1600 CE; 3,600,000: 1616 CE; 2,950,000: 1630 CE; 2,300,000: 1644 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3655000, "polity_territory_to": 3655000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers. Contains interpolated data. 3,100,000: 1369 CE; 3,367,000: 1380 CE; 3,633,000: 1390 CE; 3,900,000: 1400 CE; 4,420,000: 1410 CE; 4,940,000: 1420 CE; 5,460,000: 1430 CE; 5,980,000: 1440 CE; 6,500,000: 1450 CE; [6,067,000-5,200,000]: 1470 CE; [5,200,000-4,333,000]: 1490 CE; 3,900,000: 1513 CE; 3,845,000: 1530 CE; 3,791,000: 1550 CE; 3,736,000: 1570 CE; 3,682,000: 1590 CE; 3,655,000: 1600 CE; 3,600,000: 1616 CE; 2,950,000: 1630 CE; 2,300,000: 1644 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3033000, "polity_territory_to": 2900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains interpolated data. 800,000: 960 CE; 550,000: 970 CE; 3,100,000: 980 CE; [3,033,000-2,900,000]: 1000 CE; [2,900,000-2,767,000]: 1020 CE; [2,767,000-2,633,000]: 1040 CE; [2,633,000-2,500,000]: 1060 CE; [2,500,000-2,367,000]: 1080 CE; [2,367,000-2,233,000]: 1100 CE; [2,233,000-2,100,000]: 1120 CE; 2,100,000: 1127 CE (in squared kilometers) §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2367000, "polity_territory_to": 2233000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains interpolated data. 800,000: 960 CE; 550,000: 970 CE; 3,100,000: 980 CE; [3,033,000-2,900,000]: 1000 CE; [2,900,000-2,767,000]: 1020 CE; [2,767,000-2,633,000]: 1040 CE; [2,633,000-2,500,000]: 1060 CE; [2,500,000-2,367,000]: 1080 CE; [2,367,000-2,233,000]: 1100 CE; [2,233,000-2,100,000]: 1120 CE; 2,100,000: 1127 CE (in squared kilometers) §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": 400, "year_to": 400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 500000, "polity_territory_to": 500000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers 500,000: 400 CE; [1,200,000-1,300,000]: 425 CE; 2,000,000: 450 BC; [1,900,000-1,850,000]: 475 CE; 1,773,000: 500 CE; [1,700,000-1,650,000]: 525 CE; 1,545,000: 550 CE (in squared kilometers) §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet 2001)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1773000, "polity_territory_to": 1773000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers 500,000: 400 CE; [1,200,000-1,300,000]: 425 CE; 2,000,000: 450 BC; [1,900,000-1,850,000]: 475 CE; 1,773,000: 500 CE; [1,700,000-1,650,000]: 525 CE; 1,545,000: 550 CE (in squared kilometers) §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet 2001)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Likely unknown." }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 13100000, "polity_territory_to": 13100000, "comment": null, "description": " km^2" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 11300000, "polity_territory_to": 11300000, "comment": null, "description": " km^2" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1000000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " KM.<br>850,000: 1250 BCE; 1,000,600: 1200 BCE; 1,160,000: 1150 BCE; 1,050,000: 1100 BCE; 55,000: 1050 BCE §REF§(Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)§REF§<br>Maximum extent reached no further than northern Henan, south-eastern Shanxi provinces of modern China.§REF§(Keay 2009, 48)§REF§<br>Core in Henan province \"in a triangular area between the cities of Anyang, Luoyang, and Zhengzhou, the latter two which are on the Yellow River.\"§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3000000, "polity_territory_to": 3100000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>1,500,000: 581 CE; 3,000,000: 589 CE; 3,100,000: 610 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 620, "year_to": 620, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 6225000, "polity_territory_to": 6225000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 630, "year_to": 630, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 6350000, "polity_territory_to": 6350000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 640, "year_to": 640, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 6475000, "polity_territory_to": 6475000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 650, "year_to": 650, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3600000, "polity_territory_to": 3600000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 660, "year_to": 660, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4900000, "polity_territory_to": 4900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 670, "year_to": 670, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3900000, "polity_territory_to": 3900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 680, "year_to": 680, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4400000, "polity_territory_to": 4400000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 690, "year_to": 690, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4900000, "polity_territory_to": 4900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 700, "year_to": 700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5067000, "polity_territory_to": 5067000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 710, "year_to": 710, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5233000, "polity_territory_to": 5233000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Contains some interpolated data. §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§<br>" } ] }