Polity Territory List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Territories.
GET /api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 606, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-territories/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 8336, "polity_territory_to": 8336, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. In terms of its political organization, Crete was divided into forty districts and was ruled by an emir who only nominally recognized the Caliph of Baghdad.§REF§(Christides 1984) Vassilios Christides. 1984. <i>The Conquest of Crete by Arabs (ca. 824). A Turning Point in the Struggle Between Byzantium and Islam</i>. Athens: Akademia Athenon.§REF§ The area of the whole island of Crete is 8,336 square kilometres." }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. During this period Crete was divided up into many small, independent political units.§REF§Borgna, E. 2003. \"Regional settlement patterns, exchange systems and sources of power in Crete at the ends of the Late Bronze Age: establishing a connection,\" <i>SMEA</i> 45, 153-83.§REF§ Expert input may be needed to suggest a figure for the typical territory of one of these polities." }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. Not much is known about either the island's population numbers at the time, or its political organization. In terms of population, very few settlements have been excavated, and none of these have yielded enough data for a credible estimate; in terms of political organization, it is likely that elite families were in charge but not much else could be said.§REF§Kostis Christakis, pers. comm., May 2016§REF§" }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 210, "polity_territory_to": 240, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. In this period Crete was divided into regional city-states and state-confederations that controlled well-defined regions. There seem to have been about 35-40 city states, of which most survived up to the early 2nd century BCE, as is shown by the treaty signed by Eumenes II with 30 individual Cretan states in 183 BCE.§REF§Sanders, I. F. 1982. <i>Roman Crete. An Archaeological Survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete</i>, Warminister, 11.§REF§ The area of the whole island is 8,336 square kilometres, yielding a range of c. 210-240 square kilometres if divided up into 35-40 polities." }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4000, "polity_territory_to": 6000, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. Crete has an area of 8,336 square kilometres, and was dominated by the Knossian palatial state in this period. However, the area of east Crete may have been independent of Knossian control and was perhaps organized into a separate polity or group of polities.§REF§Bennet, J. 1987. \"The wild country east of Dikte: the problem of east Crete in the LM III period,\" in Killen, J. T., Melena, J. L., and Olivier, J.-P. (eds), Studies in Mycenaean and Classical Greek presented to John Chadwick (Minos 20-22), Salamanga, 77-88.§REF§ Coded for roughly half of the island's total area." }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " The area of Crete is 8,336 square kilometres. However, according to the most widely accepted narrative Crete, was divided into regional polities controlled by political factions residing in monumental court-centered building compounds, generally known as \"palaces\", built in large urban centers. How many regional polities were there? Expert input may be needed to code this variable." }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " The area of Crete is 8,336 square kilometres. However, according to the most widely accepted narrative Crete, was divided into regional polities controlled by political factions residing in monumental court-centered building compounds, generally known as \"palaces\", built in large urban centers. How many regional polities were there? Expert input may be needed to code this variable." }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Km2. Crete has an area of 8,336 square kilometres. However, during this period, after the collapse of the Knossian state, it was divided into many small, independent polities.§REF§Borgna, E. 2003. \"Regional settlement patterns, exchange systems and sources of power in Crete at the ends of the Late Bronze Age: establishing a connection,\" <i>SMEA</i> 45, 158.§REF§ Crete, to quote Popham \"was free, too, of centralized control and it may be assumed that the various geographical regions, or provinces, existed independently under their local rulers.\" §REF§Popham, M. R. 1994. \"Late Minoan II to the end of the Bronze Age,\" in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H., and Momigliano, N. (eds), Knossos. A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honour of Sinclair Hood, London, 90.§REF§ Expert input may be needed to suggest a code for the territory of a typical Post-Palatial polity." }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1700, "polity_territory_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " square kilometers. The area of the entire Big Island is 10,432 km², but it is unclear what the size of the ‘typical’ polity in this quasi-polity would be. \"Hawaii 1 is very difficult to say, but most likely to have been several independent polities--maybe as many as 5 or 6.\" §REF§(Kirch 2016, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1500, "polity_territory_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " in square kilometers. During the reign of ‘Umi, the island had a single polity, so the area would be 10,432 (the entire Big Island) for the approximate period of his reign, 1550-1590§REF§Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 92, 98.§REF§. During the rest of this time period, there were two or three polities. Thus, polity territory fluctuated between one-third and all of island. \"Hawaii 1 is very difficult to say, but most likely to have been several independent polities--maybe as many as 5 or 6.'Umi-a-Liloa is said to have been the first to consolidate all of these into one island-wide polity, and he is dated genealogical estimation to ca. AD 1570-1590, toward the end of your Hawaii2 period.\" §REF§(Kirch 2016, personal communication)§REF§ Between 3 and 6 polities for the revised Hawaii2 period finishing at 1580 CE? Fluctuating between 1/6 and 1/3 of the island? AD." }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 7000, "polity_territory_to": 12000, "comment": null, "description": " To account for a range of polity sizes.10,432- the entire Big Island“By the late seventeenth century, four main polities had emerged, focused on the main islands of Kaua’i, O’ahu, Maui, and Hawai’i, with the fought-over smaller islands being incorporated into one or another of the main units. However, the political dynamism of Hawai’i [the archipelago] in late prehistoric and early historic times emanated primarily from the two largest and youngest islands, Maui and Hawai’i….The Maui and Hawai’i chiefs coveted the generously endowed production systems based on irrigation that these western islands offered. Not long before Cook’s fateful visit in 1778-79, the Maui paramount Kahekili expanded his polity to encompass all of the islands to the west and was engaged in a fierce succession of wars with his arch-rival Kalani’ōpu’u of Hawai’i. After the fateful encounter with the West, Kalani’ōpu’u’s successor—the famous Kamehameha I—made shrewd use of Western arms to incorporate the entire archipelago under his hegemony.”§REF§Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 300.§REF§" }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 124450, "polity_territory_to": 124450, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers Given the gradual extension of Brooke Raj rule, this variable is somewhat difficult to 'codify'. Iban communities and their headmen controlled relatively small tracts of land, but the Brooke Raj administration introduced additional administrative positions for Iban leaders for the purposes of colonial administration and indirect rule. It therefore seems appropriate to treat 'polity territory' as co-extensive with Sarawak (even though Iban communities also resided elsewhere), given how most of our ethnographic data are from this area. " }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 50000, "polity_territory_to": 70000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers.<br>\"Kadiri was an ancient kingdom on the island of Java.\" §REF§(Sedwayati in Ooi 2004 (b), 707)§REF§" }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 500000, "polity_territory_to": 500000, "comment": null, "description": " Km2 0.5 Mm^2 One source says 2.7 <a href=\"http://empires.findthedata.org/compare/60-150/Majapahit-Empire-vs-Srivijaya-Empire\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://empires.findthedata.org/compare/60-150/Majapahit-Empire-vs-Srivijaya-Empire </a>. However, while Majapahit had many vassals, it likely did not have much administrative power outside Java, Bali, and Madura, whose combined territory is c 0.14 <a href=\"http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html </a>. Estimate of 0.5 reflects influence of navy." }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 90000, "polity_territory_to": 110000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>Estimated from map of Java.§REF§Gunawan Kartapranata / Wikimedia Commons / <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\" rel=\"nofollow\">CC-BY-SA-3.0</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 100000, "polity_territory_to": 150000, "comment": null, "description": " km2<br>Based in Java. Majority of area of Indonesia as a whole at this time covered by another polity, Srivijaya. <a href=\"http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/seasia/xsrivijaya.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/seasia/xsrivijaya.html </a>" }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 400, "polity_territory_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. This represents the range of single polity sizes (rather than the size of Canaan as a whole) taken from Finkelstein's estimates of the Middle Bronze Age period.§REF§Finkelstein (1992:211)§REF§ §REF§cf. Burke (2004:267).§REF§ In his reckoning, Akko had the smallest polity with c. 400 km^2, and Jerusalem the largest at about 2,850 km^2. Whether or not these polity sizes are accurate—and they may be overstating the case, since they assume that all the available territory is \"claimed\" rather than no-man's-land areas existing§REF§Cf. Scott (2009).§REF§—they are certainly in the ballpark." }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 5000, "polity_territory_to": 10000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Very rough estimate from the varying descriptions of Judean territory. Records are not precise enough to provide finer-grained estimates by king." }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 8000, "polity_territory_to": 15000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. The precise extent of the Northern Kingdom is uncertain, as is the distinction between territory it controlled directly versus territory that was subject to it indirectly.§REF§Estimated using <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://geacron.com/home-en/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Geacron</a> for 900 BCE.§REF§" }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 750000, "polity_territory_to": 750000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Roughly the equivalent of the sum of the modern-day Indian states of Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, the region of South Gujarat, half of the state of Madhya Pradesh, the Rayaseema district and half the Andhra district of Andhra Pradesh. " }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 600000, "polity_territory_to": 7000000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. This is the combined territory of Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and the Andhra Pradesh districts of Kurnool and Anantapur, which roughly correspond with this " }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 2800000, "polity_territory_to": 3200000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers, calculated using Google area calculator and map of Sultanate at its height c.1320-1350 CE<br>The Sultans began to cede territory for the rest of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, losing control of Bengal, the Deccan and the south.§REF§Habib, I. (2005). The Delhi Sultanate in The state and society in medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.37-44.§REF§" }, { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 415, "name": "in_ganga_ca", "long_name": "Chalcolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -601 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers" }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers The Garo Hills districts cover an area of 8,000 square kilometers at present: ‘The two Garo Hills districts are situated between 25 degrees, 9 minutes and 26 degrees, 1 minute north latitude and 89 degrees, 49 minutes and 91 degrees, 2 minutes east longitude, covering an area of 8,000 square kilometers. The districts border Bangladesh on the south and west and Assam on the north. Hills cover most of the district, with plains along the fringes. There are a number of hilly streams and rivers; excepting for the Simsang River which forms a wide flood plain none is navigable. The monsoon area produces a thick vegetation on the hills.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ This regional integration was an artefact of colonial rule. Prior to the establishment of colonial rule, there was no unifying regional authority to govern the Garo Hills as a whole, given the decentralized nature of the A’chik political system. Local headmen led villages or clusters of villages and these therefore controlled smaller bits of land, probably with uninhabited frontier zones in between. It is accordingly difficult to identify a reasonable code for this variable." }, { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 8000, "polity_territory_to": 8000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers Regional integration was an artefact of colonial rule and the superimposition of a colonial administration upon a native system: ‘The two Garo Hills districts are situated between 25 degrees, 9 minutes and 26 degrees, 1 minute north latitude and 89 degrees, 49 minutes and 91 degrees, 2 minutes east longitude, covering an area of 8,000 square kilometers. The districts border Bangladesh on the south and west and Assam on the north. Hills cover most of the district, with plains along the fringes. There are a number of hilly streams and rivers; excepting for the Simsang River which forms a wide flood plain none is navigable. The monsoon area produces a thick vegetation on the hills.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ Given how colonial authorities introduced an administrative system in which the A’chik participated through the office of Laskar (see below), we have chosen to code for the district rather than for the village level." }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 300000, "polity_territory_to": 350000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Roughly corresponding to the combined areas of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (which lies to the east of Uttar Pradesh). The Gahadavalas \"expanded themselves in the modern Uttar Pradesh and the eastern part of the Bihar region.\"§REF§(Yadav 2011: 360) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WENWX8HQ\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WENWX8HQ</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 800000, "polity_territory_to": 900000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. The polity's borders changed over the course of the fifth century CE, but it would appear that losses in the South-Eastern territories were compensated with gains in the North-West. The estimate, then, roughly corresponds with the combined areas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha for the earlier period, and Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and the northenmost Indian states for the later period. Based on maps found in Agrawal (1989)§REF§(Agrawal 1989)§REF§, Kulke and Rothermund (2004)§REF§(Kulke and Rothermund 2004)§REF§ and Stein (2010)§REF§(Stein 2010)§REF§.<br>\"The Gupta Empire at its height controlled north and central India directly and exercised indirect control over south India. So the Gupta Empire was a smaller entity compared to the Maurya Empire.\"§REF§(Roy 2016, 21) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1000000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " km2. Roughly corresponding to a slightly smaller area than the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar combined. Based on a map in Keay (2000).§REF§(Keay 2000: 198) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 100000, "polity_territory_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers.<br>1184: Ruling over the area bounded by Konkana, Alvakheda, Bayalnad, Talakad and Savimale , area between Kaveri and Kabbani rivers §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 24-5§REF§<br>up to and about the year 1098: 95 miles long at the longest and 70 miles broad at its widest part, represents the entire known area within which the Hoysala enjoyed the revenues§REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 26§REF§ -- this reference refers to period before 1108-1346 CE kingdom<br>By the end of Vishnuvardhana’s rule: he had broken the bones of Malava, Cera, Kerala, Nolamba, Kadamba, Kalinga, Anga, Bangala, Varala, Cola, Khasa, Barbara, Oddaha and others §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 69§REF§<br>1192: Sevuna, it is true, had many Kannada-speaking subjects, but south of the Krishna most of the subjects looked either to the Hoysala or to the rulers in the Konkana as their natural lead. The government at Devagiri, a great distance north of the Krishna, had a distinct Maratha bias, and although it was careful to use Kannada subordinates in the actual process of government in the south, its outlook was necessarily different from that which prevailed at Kalyana §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 95§REF§.<br>1196 Ballala II took - besides the places already conventionally associated with his name- Banavase, Hanugal, Halasige, Huligere, Nolambavadi, Belvola, Bagadage, Erambarage, Kisukad, Balla, Kuderi and Lokkigundi, Tattavadi. Without epigraphical evidence we cannot establish that effective Hoysala rule (revenue) was exercised to any distance beyond the Malprabha river §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 96-7§REF§<br>1233: Tungabhadr served as the frontier in the north-west of the empire §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 116§REF§." }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 50000, "polity_territory_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. \"The epigraphical records of the dynasty suggest that the area comprising Belgaum, North Canara, Shimoga, Chitradurga and Bellary districts formed the Kadamba kingdom during its heydays\" §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb032004/spt3.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb032004/spt3.asp</a>§REF§. This would suggest an area of 49,088 squared kilometers. However, these districts are not all adjacent to one another, which suggests that this polity was somewhat larger, probably including a few more neighbouring districts." }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 10000, "polity_territory_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Range estimate based on drawing points from the middle of Raichur district to Anantapur city (thus encompassing Bellary between them) then drawing a point to Shivamogga city (which takes in Chitaldurg district). This forms a triangle shape with an area of 20,000. Will express estimate of polity size (maximum extent?) with range of 10,000-30,000.<br>kingdom of Kampili (Anantpur, Shimoga, and Chitaldurg districts).§REF§(SarDesai 2007, 149) SarDesai, D. R. 2007. India: The Definitive History. Westview Press.§REF§<br>Anantapur district 19,130 km2<br>Shimoga district 8,495 km2<br>Chitradurga district 8,440 km2<br>While Bellary (not mentioned by source), Anantpur and Chiltradurga districts are contiguous, Shimoga district is not. If the described area shown below outlines the areas under control the kingdom was larger than maps that present it as the region of Bellary only.<br>\"The Kingdom of Kampili on the Raichur Doab between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers was protected by the strong forts of Kunmata and Anegondi.\"§REF§(Sadasivan 2011, 191) Sadasiva, Balaju. 2011. The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.§REF§ -- If we include Raichur (on the above map) the kingdom would be even larger." }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4000000, "polity_territory_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometers.<br>Mauryas in Deccan<br>\"The recent archaeological survey by Allchin has also pointed out that while there existed a few possible 'Mauryan' cities in the Deccan and coast Andhra (such as Dharanikota and Sannati in Karnataka), they were distinctly small in scale compared with the cities of the Gangetic valley.\"§REF§(Shimada 2012, 116) Shimada, Akira. 2012. Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE). BRILL.§REF§\"... such insignificant Mauryan presence in the Deccan may represent the non-unified nature of the Mauryan empire. Although the dynasty succeeded in holding vast territory through its military power and refined ruling structure, it was probably almost impossible to constitute a united empire controlled by central government due to the absence of an efficient communicate network and the great diversity of regional traditions. It is more likely that Mauryan rule in the provincial areas was primarily a supervisory role which remained at the upper level. The main concern in the provincial areas was extracting revenue from existing resources to enrich the core region (i.e. the lower Gangetic Valley) rather than changing local societies to establish unified rule in the empire. Although the Mauryas could possibly have had direct control over a few key locales such as Amaravati/Dhamnakataka, the remaining areas, which most probably retained their megalithic culture, may have been beyond their concern, may have been beyond their concern. In short, the Mauryan imperial expansion did not cause immediate and fundamental social changes in the lower Krishna valley.\"§REF§(Shimada 2012, 116) Shimada, Akira. 2012. Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE). BRILL.§REF§Mauryan Empire: \"more recent scholarship has emphasized the discontinous geography of the empire and the internal variability in its administration ... In particular, Mauryan territories in the Deccan and south India appear to have been quite limited, restricted to areas near important mineral resources, especially gold sources along the Tungabhadra River and in the Kolar region of south India. Asokan inscriptions are rare in the western and eastern Deccan areas where the Satavahana polity emerged (... though Satavahana and Mauryan inscriptions co-occur at Sanchi, Amaravati, and Sannathi). Other than Asokan inscriptions and some rare trade wares, these areas contain little direct evidence of the Mauryan presence, and no evidence of the form that presence may have taken. ... claims for its universal status and highly centralized political structure appear to have been overstated.\"§REF§(Alcock 2001, 159) Alcock, Susan E. 2001. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 3200000, "polity_territory_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": " squared kilometres. [3,200,000-4,500,000]§REF§Richards, (1993) The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 190.§REF§" }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 600000, "polity_territory_to": 600000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980)§REF§. The area is the sum of the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Goa, and Telangana, the state of Maharashtra minus its eastern region (Nagpur), the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, and South Gujarat. This estimate is approximate." }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": -100, "year_to": 99, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1200000, "polity_territory_to": 1400000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>" }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1400000, "polity_territory_to": 1600000, "comment": null, "description": "in squared kilometers<br>" }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 4000000, "polity_territory_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": " km2. Estimated from known area of territory said to be controlled by Mauryan Empire, roughly equivalent to that of the Sunga Dynasty. The Sunga was in effect the continuation of the Mauryan Empire as it was established in a coup by the Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sunga (Roy 2015, 19).§REF§(Roy 2015: 19) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW</a>.§REF§ \"For the finer elements of historical detail, scholars of the textual school have turned to other texts, the chief of which are Harṣacharitam of Bana, the play Mālavikāgnimitra of Kālidāsa, and the Grammatik of Patañjali named Mahābhāṣya. These confine the Śuṅga realm to the “central part of Mauryan Empire,” i.e., the provinces of Kosala, Vidisha, and Magadha.\"§REF§(Bhandare 2006, 70) Shailendra Bhandare. 2006. 'Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain' in <i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i>, edited by Patrick Olivelle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§ \"The principal inheritors of the Mauryan power seem to be the Sungas who ruled from Pataliputra but do not appear to have retained the former Magadhan control of even the core of northern India. In Central India, their power did not extend beyond eastern Malwa which had Vidisa as its capital; southward their control ended on the Narmada. North-East from Pataliputra, Kosala with its principal centre of Ayodhya, was under the Sunga control, and so presumably was Ahichchhatra of north Panchala. The Sunga control also extended up to Panjab and the Indus.\"§REF§(Chakrabarti 2010, 38) Dilip Chakrabarti. 2010. 'The Shift of the Focus to Orissa, the Deccan, and Malwa' in <i>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties</i>, edited by Dilip Chakrabarti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 568, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 900000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 569, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 350000, "polity_territory_to": 370000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. The realm can be defined by the provenance of royal inscriptions over some 140,000 square miles§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1990), p. 2§REF§ (equal to 362,598 square km)." }, { "id": 570, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": 800, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 8300000, "polity_territory_to": 8300000, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers squared. 11,100,000: 750 CE; 8,300,000: 800 CE; 4,600,000: 850 CE; 1,000,000: 900 CE; 200,000: 946 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 571, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1000000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers squared. 11,100,000: 750 CE; 8,300,000: 800 CE; 4,600,000: 850 CE; 1,000,000: 900 CE; 200,000: 946 CE §REF§(Chase-Dunn spreadsheet)§REF§" }, { "id": 572, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 750000, "polity_territory_to": 750000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers<br>750,000: 1200 CE. <br>1207 CE lost Persian territory to Khwarezm Empire." }, { "id": 573, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 450000, "polity_territory_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers.<br>Sargon undertook several campaigns both to crush internal rebellions and extend the territory of Akkad. As a result, his empire became huge as never before. To cite Hamblin: \"He created the largest empire the world had yet known, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean, and encompassing most of modern Iraq and Syria, and over twice the size in population and land of contemporary Egypt. From another perspective, however, Sargon's empire was what we would call today a humanitarian disaster, for \"the god Enlil instructed [Sargon to conquer the world] and he showed mercy to no one\"§REF§Hamblin 2006, 76§REF§<br>c2200 BCE (actually later)<br>1,100,000 maximum extent - much larger than presented on current maps. Marhashi in the East is on the border with Afghanistan. Maximum extent estimated from Map 2. p.81 Foster (2016)§REF§(Foster 2016, 81) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>Naram-Sin claimed conquests \"from Marhashi in the east as far as the Cedar Forest, presumably the slops of the Amanus or Lebanon; from the Mediterranean to the \"lands beyond the sea,\" perhaps as far as Oman, a claim fully justified by administrative documents from his reign (Chapter 3, part 6).\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 10) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>\"This network of political, economic, and diplomatic interconnections, stretching from northern Syria to eastern Iran and the Indus Valley and Oman, not only corresponds well to the territorial claims of Naram-Sin (Chapter 1 part 4), but also demonstrates that the Akkadian Empire was indeed a historical reality and the world's first documented empire.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 82) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>\"The systematic destruction of city walls shows Akkadian determination to subjugate territory by removing a key symbol of social and political identity, not just to break resistance but to achieve imperial integration.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 82) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>\"As the Akkadians and their empire expanded, Akkad came to include the entire alluvial plain, along the Euphrates from a point north of Nippur to Sippar, where the alluvium begins, and along the Tigris at least as far as the Adheim River and perhaps further north.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 30) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>Liverani says Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin \"controlled the region of Elam, and not its broad confederation.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 135) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ <i>The \"broad confederation\" would presumably include Marhashi. So although his military forces did conquer this region Akkad had no way to directly control it. So if it was ever part of an \"Empire\" it was through means of influence other than force (after the initial conquest and retreat).</i><br>\"The kings of Awan continued to rule, and relations between Akkad and Awan (described in the inscriptions as subjugated by Akkad) are recorded on an Elamite treaty found at Susa. The agreement was between Naram-Sin and the king of Elam, who is recognised as a political and legal representative of Elam. However, it is true that, after these last attestations, the dynasty of Awan seems to have disappeared. Susa had an Akkadian official in power and Susiana began to be significantly influenced by Akkadian culture.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 135) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>second half third century, occupied Susiana.§REF§(Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 7) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.§REF§<br>\"Despite the fact the Elamites had not been defeated for good, Rimush proclaimed that Enlil had given him 'all the land' (that is, the Mesopotamian alluvial plain) and 'all the mountains' (that is, the preriphery), from the Lower Sea to the Upper Sea.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 135) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 574, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 400000, "polity_territory_to": 500000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometres. At largest extent. §REF§Liverani, M. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.242§REF§" }, { "id": 575, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 200000, "polity_territory_to": 250000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers" }, { "id": 576, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1200, "polity_territory_to": 20200, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. Adams mentions two settlement enclaves: southern and northern. The southern enclave was inhabited by 86300 people on area of 2398 in squared km and the northern enclave had 20240 people living on area of 1184 in squared km§REF§(Adams 1981, 90) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K</a>.§REF§ 30,000§REF§Roux 1998, 115§REF§" }, { "id": 577, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 1400000, "polity_territory_to": 1400000, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Chase-Dunn 2011, <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/asa01/oct2k1.xls\" rel=\"nofollow\">Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet</a>)§REF§<br>Assyrian heartland in northern Iraq covered approximately 4000 km2 §REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§" }, { "id": 578, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": 750000, "polity_territory_to": 850000, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. §REF§Vanderhooft, D.S. 1999. The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets. Harvard Semitic Museum Monographs 59. p.39-40§REF§§REF§Kriwaczek, P. 2010. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. London: Atlantic Books. p.246§REF§" }, { "id": 579, "polity": { "id": 472, "name": "iq_so_mesopotamia_nl", "long_name": "Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic", "start_year": -9000, "end_year": -5501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_territory", "polity_territory_from": null, "polity_territory_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers" } ] }