Polity Population List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Populations.
GET /api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 575, "polity": { "id": 20, "name": "us_kamehameha_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1778, "end_year": 1819 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60000, "polity_population_to": 180000, "comment": null, "description": " By the time of Capt. Cook’s arrival there in 1779, Kalani’ōpu’u’s kingdom (the entire Big Island plus the Hana district of Maui) had at least 60,000 people, and possibly as many as 150,000 people§REF§Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 248.§REF§. Kirch (2010: 33) gives as a high figure 150,000 (based on estimates by Lt. King on Cook’s voyage), and a low of 120,000 based on Emory, in Schmitt (1968, Table 6) (This included the kingdom’s foothold in eastern Maui.) In 1778, the population of entire archipelago was 250,000 or more§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pg. 286.§REF§, so the population of the entire archipelago at the time of Kamehameha’s unification in 1810 was probably somewhat less than this, given outbreaks of disease as well as a considerable number killed in the wars. Given a fairly credible estimate of 142,050 people in the entire archipelago in 1823§REF§Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1968[1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1: 1778-1854, Foundation and Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pg. 336.§REF§, 180,000 is a reasonable estimate for 1810." }, { "id": 576, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 12000, "polity_population_to": 15000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Milner estimates the American Bottom population (\"population figures for Cahokia were doubled to approximate the inhabitants of all mound centers and added to valley-wide estimates for small settlements\") in the Sand Prairie phase had fallen about 75% from the Stirling peak. §REF§(Milner 2006, 124)§REF§ Which was:<br>\"It is likely that at least 50,000 people lived within the 2000 square kilometer “greater Cahokia” region at its height (ca. A.D. 1100).\"§REF§(Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>\"George Milner estimates that there were roughly 8000 people in the Cahokia central administrative complex and up to 50,000 in the greater Cahokia region after AD 1050. Before that the neither had large populations—perhaps less than 1000 people in the entire greater Cahokia region.\" However: \"With new excavations at East St. Louis the estimate for the central administrative complex needs to be increased to something like 15,000.\"§REF§(Peregrine/Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 577, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1300, "year_to": 1300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>McEvedy and Jones estimated 3 million for Russian Turkestan 1300 CE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§ Chagatai Khanate included what likely was the most populous region (Zavastan basin) of this area? at this time (after the Mongol genocides)." }, { "id": 578, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>1300 BCE \"100,000 scattered through the oases and in the areas where neolithic agriculture was possible.\"§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 579, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>900 CE in McEvedy and Jones (1978) §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>Afghanistan 2.30m<br>Russian Turkestan 2.25m<br>Khoresan part of Iran. Iran total: 4.25m. Khoresan region perhaps a third? 1.4m<br>" }, { "id": 580, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 15000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Additional 10% or so for this region for population who live in villages outside the city?<br>[11,000-44,000] Assuming 50-200 inhabitants per hectare in the city. \"In the seventh century Samarkand again covered the whole plateau of Afrasiab, an area of 219 ha.\"§REF§(Marshak 1996, 244)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 581, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>A population estimate for the kingdom of Saba at its height could be used for the Himyarite kingdom which must have covered the same area, if not more. \"At their heights, the Sabean and Himyarite kingdoms embraced much of historic Yemen.\"§REF§(Burrows 2010, lxiii) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§<br>\"In turn Schippmann has used these already approximate estimates to arrive at figures of 310,000 to not greater than 500,000 people for the kingdom of Saba' at its height. It must be emphasized, however, that the above figures of captives and corvee labour may well be exaggerated, and, the overall population estimates provided by Schippman, although useful, are little more than educated guesses. Moreover, they do not take into account the recent archaeological surveys conducted in the 1990s that demostrate a rather densely populated plateau... Overall, Schippmann contrasts his estimated population of 500,000 for the kingdom of Saba' with a total estimated population of 1 million for the Indus civilization at its height...\"§REF§(Wilkinson 2009, 58) Tony J Wilkinson. Environment and Long-Term Population Trends in Southwest Arabia. Michael D Petraglia. Jeffrey I Rose. eds. 2009. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics. Springer. Dordrecht.§REF§<br>\"Overall, it is sufficient to say that the Yemen plateau between Yarim and Sana'a and apparently to the north as well, was during the later first millennium BC and AD, very well populated with perhaps between 1 and 5 settlements per 100 km2.§REF§(Wilkinson 2009, 58) Tony J Wilkinson. Environment and Long-Term Population Trends in Southwest Arabia. Michael D Petraglia. Jeffrey I Rose. eds. 2009. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics. Springer. Dordrecht.§REF§" }, { "id": 582, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>A population estimate for the kingdom of Saba at its height could be used for the Himyarite kingdom which must have covered the same area, if not more. \"At their heights, the Sabean and Himyarite kingdoms embraced much of historic Yemen.\"§REF§(Burrows 2010, lxiii) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§<br>\"In turn Schippmann has used these already approximate estimates to arrive at figures of 310,000 to not greater than 500,000 people for the kingdom of Saba' at its height. It must be emphasized, however, that the above figures of captives and corvee labour may well be exaggerated, and, the overall population estimates provided by Schippman, although useful, are little more than educated guesses. Moreover, they do not take into account the recent archaeological surveys conducted in the 1990s that demostrate a rather densely populated plateau... Overall, Schippmann contrasts his estimated population of 500,000 for the kingdom of Saba' with a total estimated population of 1 million for the Indus civilization at its height...\"§REF§(Wilkinson 2009, 58) Tony J Wilkinson. Environment and Long-Term Population Trends in Southwest Arabia. Michael D Petraglia. Jeffrey I Rose. eds. 2009. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics. Springer. Dordrecht.§REF§<br>\"Overall, it is sufficient to say that the Yemen plateau between Yarim and Sana'a and apparently to the north as well, was during the later first millennium BC and AD, very well populated with perhaps between 1 and 5 settlements per 100 km2.§REF§(Wilkinson 2009, 58) Tony J Wilkinson. Environment and Long-Term Population Trends in Southwest Arabia. Michael D Petraglia. Jeffrey I Rose. eds. 2009. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics. Springer. Dordrecht.§REF§" }, { "id": 583, "polity": { "id": 537, "name": "ye_yemen_lba", "long_name": "Yemen - Late Bronze Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People. \"There are no serious works on the estimates for the area and population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Yemen\".§REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 584, "polity": { "id": 536, "name": "ye_yemen_lnl", "long_name": "Neolithic Yemen", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in squared kilometers. \"There are no serious works on the estimates for the area and population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Yemen\".§REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 585, "polity": { "id": 372, "name": "ye_tahirid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 586, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": -150, "year_to": -32, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": "{[3,000,000-5,000,000]; 2,500,000}: 100 BCE<br>TC: figures below refer to Egypt specfically:<br>3,000,000-5,000,000 Egypt 100 BCE.<br>Fischer-Bovet book is out in 2014<br>Clarysse and Thompson §REF§W. Clarysse and D. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt. Cambridge, 2006§REF§ offer an estimate (for Egypt) of around 2.8 mln which is based upon census figures.<br>F. Hassan provides an estimate for Egypt which is also less than 3 mln. W. Scheidel prefers a number closer to 5 mln. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2011 gives 3.5 mln. ca. BCE 100. §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/180468/ancient-Egypt/22341/The-Ptolemaic-dynasty?anchor=ref936466\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/180468/ancient-Egypt/22341/The-Ptolemaic-dynasty?anchor=ref936466</a>§REF§<br>C. Fischer-Bovet, \"Counting the Greeks in Egypt. Immigration in the first century of Ptolemaic rule,\" in Demography in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. C. Holleran and A. Pudsey. Cambridge, 2011, pp. 135-54 reviews earlier estimations, and suggests a population in the Third century BC of 4 mln, with Greeks representing ca. 5% of the total.<br>Korotaev and Khaltourina's estimated population dynamics of Egypt 300-1900 CE. §REF§(Korotaev and Khaltourina 2006, 38)§REF§Korotaev and Khaltourina's data (Egypt only)300 BCE: 3,000,000200 BCE: 4,000,000100 BCE: 2,500,0001 CE: 3,500,000<br>" }, { "id": 587, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 400, "polity_population_to": 500, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Population of largest settlement probably in region of 500 people and this would be the quasi-polity size. This is an upper limit estimate. This population was not resident at the site that later became Cahokia. One of the areas with this number of people is called the Range site.<br>After 700-800 CE maize cultivation lead to larger populations.§REF§(Iseminger 2010, 26) Iseminger, W R. 2010. Cahokia Mounds: America's First City. The History Press. Charleston.§REF§" }, { "id": 588, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1450, "year_to": 1450, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9500000, "polity_population_to": 9500000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of France and estimate for French Kingdom<br>1350 CE - 12 million11.5 million<br>1400 CE - 10 million9 million<br>1450 CE - 11 million9.5 million<br>Population of medieval France derived from Turchin and Nefedov (2009). §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§ Estimates take account of territory of France in the possession of the French Kingdom.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§<br>Plague from 1348 CE. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 142)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 589, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>According to McEvedy and Jones (1978) the total population of Siberia and Mongolia at this time did not exceed 400,000, while in Russian Turkestan in 1300 BC \"we can think in terms of 100,000 people on the steppe.\"§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 160-156) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>The pre-Empire Xiongnu would have been a fraction of the total figure. 5-10% of 500,000 would provide an estimate of 25,000-50,000. This might represent an average of 20-40 groups covering this whole region. Since the time period 1400-300 BCE is extremely long I use this average for the 1400-500 BCE period and double it for the last 200 years prior to the rise of the Xiongnu Imperial Confederation. <br>" }, { "id": 590, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 9000000, "comment": null, "description": " Floor estimates a total population of 9 million. He also estimates the urban population was between 10 to 15 % of this total. §REF§Floor, Willem M. The Economy of Safavid Persia. Iran-Turan, Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2000, pp.2-5; 301.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 591, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 30000000, "polity_population_to": 30000000, "comment": null, "description": "Aperghis (2004)§REF§Aperghis, G. G. 2004. The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p58§REF§<br>[14,000,000-18,000,000]: 281 BCE. The estimated figure was calculated using information from the peak of the empire in 281 BCE. The population fluctuated as different kings won and lost territory.<br>Ehrenberg (2013)§REF§(Ehrenberg 2013, 148) Ehrenberg, V. 2013. The Greek State (Routledge Library Editions: Political Science Volume 23). Routledge.§REF§<br>30,000,000: ??? BCE<br>Territory in 300 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Transoxania, Syria and the Levant<br>Territory in 200 BCE<br>Iran, Iraq, Syria and the Levant, south eastern half of Anatolia (excluding patches of the coast).<br>Territory in 100 BCE<br>Northern Iraq, Syria and the Levant<br>" }, { "id": 592, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4750000, "polity_population_to": 4750000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 593, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": 1685, "year_to": 1685, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 21800000, "polity_population_to": 21800000, "comment": null, "description": "21,800,000: 1685 CE; 23,400,000: 1715 CE; 25,300,000: 1745 CE; 28,500,000: 1789 CE §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 302)§REF§<br>17th-18th century France: 20 million §REF§(Chartrand 2013)§REF§<br>Famine 1661 CE. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 336)§REF§<br>Famine 1693-1694 CE. Perhaps 2 million died.§REF§(Ladurie 1991, 216)§REF§<br>Famine 1709 CE. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 336)§REF§<br>1720-1760 CE period of economic and population growth. §REF§(Briggs 1998, 158)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 594, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 30000, "polity_population_to": 80000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>\"Despite the growing intimacy of Manchu-Mongol ties, one major Mon- gol leader, Ligdan (Linden) Khan of the Chahars, resolutely opposed the growing Manchu power. As the last descendant of Chinggis Khan, he held an official Yuan seal and viewed himself as the legitimate representative of the Mongolian imperial tradition. But after his losses in battle to the Man- chus in 1628 and 1632, the Manchus took over the Yuan seal and enrolled the Eastern Mongols as a whole in the banner system. Ligdan Khan’s son married a Manchu princess after Ligdan died of smallpox in Qinghai. The Chahar and Khalkha Mongols comprised 384 niru with 19,580 families, the Khorcin 448 niru with 22,308 families.\" §REF§(Perdue 2005, 125)§REF§<br>So the total population of the Chahar and Khalkhas in the 1630s was comprised between 58,740 and 156,640 people using an estimate of 3-8 people per family. Halving this figure to exclude the Chahar, we get a rough population estimate of 30,000-80,000 people for the Khalkhas.<br>" }, { "id": 595, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60000000, "polity_population_to": 80000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Census in 766 CE recorded 16.9m. \"It is impossible, however, to believe, as some authors would have it, that 36 million people perished, especially in view of the fact that large parts of the country were not affected by the fighting. It is more likely these figures reveal a far-reaching disorganization of the government and its inability to have a proper census carried out. The T'ang government never recovered full control, particularly in the northern provinces ... the areas under the rule of the more independent military governors failed to follow the instructions of the central government also in this respect as they did in so many others.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 130)§REF§<br>\"In this period the population of the southern provinces, e.g. Kwangtung, increased rapidly. The Cantonese still call themselves T'ang jen - men of T'ang.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 130)§REF§<br>\"60-80 million in 900\" §REF§(Lorge 2015, 182)§REF§" }, { "id": 596, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 700, "year_to": 700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 37000000, "polity_population_to": 37000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>37,000,000: 705 CE; 41,400,000: 726 CE; 48,000,000: 740 CE; 52,800,000: 754 CE. \"of this, 75 per cent was still north of the Yangtse.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129)§REF§<br>AD: 37,000,000 inferred at 700 CE from the data available." }, { "id": 597, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 726, "year_to": 726, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 41400000, "polity_population_to": 41400000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>37,000,000: 705 CE; 41,400,000: 726 CE; 48,000,000: 740 CE; 52,800,000: 754 CE. \"of this, 75 per cent was still north of the Yangtse.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129)§REF§<br>AD: 37,000,000 inferred at 700 CE from the data available." }, { "id": 598, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": 766, "year_to": 766, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 40000000, "polity_population_to": 55000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Census in 766 CE recorded 16.9m. \"It is impossible, however, to believe, as some authors would have it, that 36 million people perished, especially in view of the fact that large parts of the country were not affected by the fighting. It is more likely these figures reveal a far-reaching disorganization of the government and its inability to have a proper census carried out. The T'ang government never recovered full control, particularly in the northern provinces ... the areas under the rule of the more independent military governors failed to follow the instructions of the central government also in this respect as they did in so many others.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 130)§REF§<br>\"In this period the population of the southern provinces, e.g. Kwangtung, increased rapidly. The Cantonese still call themselves T'ang jen - men of T'ang.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 130)§REF§<br>\"60-80 million in 900\" §REF§(Lorge 2015, 182)§REF§" }, { "id": 599, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": 1150, "year_to": 1150, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3000000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of France and estimate for French Kingdom<br>1150 CE - 7 million3 million<br>1200 CE - 10 million4 million<br>1250 CE - 15 million14 million<br>1300 CE - 18 million17 million<br>Population of medieval France derived from Turchin and Nefedov (2009). §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§ Estimates take account of territory of France in the possession of the French Kingdom.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§<br>Reduction of forest cover in medieval France (estimates)§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 115)§REF§<br>1000 CE: 26 million ha forest cover<br>1300 CE: 13 million ha forest cover<br>" }, { "id": 600, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -1400, "year_to": -500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 25000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>According to McEvedy and Jones (1978) the total population of Siberia and Mongolia at this time did not exceed 400,000, while in Russian Turkestan in 1300 BC \"we can think in terms of 100,000 people on the steppe.\"§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 160-156) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>The pre-Empire Xiongnu would have been a fraction of the total figure. 5-10% of 500,000 would provide an estimate of 25,000-50,000. This might represent an average of 20-40 groups covering this whole region. Since the time period 1400-300 BCE is extremely long I use this average for the 1400-500 BCE period and double it for the last 200 years prior to the rise of the Xiongnu Imperial Confederation. <br>" }, { "id": 601, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": -956, "year_to": -795, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 13500000, "polity_population_to": 13500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>100,000: 1122 BCE; 5,000,000: 1045; [9,000,000-12,000,000]: 957 BCE; 13,500,000: 771 BCE<br>McEvedy and Jones (1979) say after the Shang Empire population actually increased quickly so that by 400 BCE the figure for a definition of China - that included parts outside the Western Zhou - was 25 million. Their implied figure for the Shang Empire in 1045 BCE was 5 million. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1979, 172)§REF§<br>Maisels suggests 13.5 million for Western Zhou. §REF§(Maisels 2001, 260)§REF§<br>Relevant page in Maisel's book not now accessible via google books so cannot check for date. If figure was at peak, i.e. c950 BCE, that would be a jump of 8m in 100 years from 5m in 1045 BCE. Seems high even for territorial acquisitions. Perhaps 13.5 million reflects 771 BCE.<br>Have instead coded a range for the population at the the peak date between the beginning and end figures." }, { "id": 602, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1250000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Territory of \"Gana\" in 1000 CE included the Inland Delta region of Mali from Timbuktu to the tributaries/uplands, the eastern half of Mauritania and part of eastern Senegal.§REF§(Konemann et al 2010, 302 Atlas Historica, Editions Place des Victories. Paris.)§REF§ We need an estimate of the population within this region. Using the McEvedy and Jones figure of 2 million by 1000 CE for the \"Sahel States\" (Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad) I will estimate about 1 million.<br>\"Before the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry the population of the area of the present-day Sahel states is unlikely to have exceeded 50,000: once pastoralism and agriculture had become well-established the population can hardly have been less than half a million. The chronology of the transition is as yet totally obscure, but there is no reason to postulate anything above the 50,000 line before 3000 BC or place the achievement of the half million later than 1000 BC. From this latter point a low rate of increase is all that is needed to bring the total to 1m by AD 1 and 2m by AD 1000.\" §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 238)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 603, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 100, "polity_population_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " People. There is a mismatch between polity territory and polity population. Very rough estimate assuming small communities of ~10 100-or-so person villages<br>2500-800 BCE (European Bronze Age)<br>\"Each autonomous political community consisted of around a hundred people on average, distributed in five to eight small settlements.\" §REF§(Brun 1995, 14)§REF§" }, { "id": 604, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": 705, "year_to": 705, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 37000000, "polity_population_to": 37000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>37,000,000: 705 CE; 41,400,000: 726 CE; 48,000,000: 740 CE; 52,800,000: 754 CE. \"of this, 75 per cent was still north of the Yangtse.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129)§REF§<br>AD: 37,000,000 inferred at 700 CE from the data available." }, { "id": 605, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 400, "polity_population_to": 500, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Population of largest settlement probably in region of 500 people and this would be the quasi-polity size. This is an upper limit estimate. This population was not resident at the site that later became Cahokia. One of the areas with this number of people is called the Range site.<br>" }, { "id": 606, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 200, "polity_population_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>At this time 500,000-1,000,000 across the Sahel states (Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad) but at a very low level of organization with many pastoralists. If a Sahel population of 750,000 all lived in villages and there were 150 per village there would be 5000 villages. This seems too much. Urbanism at this time was unlikely the main form of living. If, say, 10% of the Sahel population lived in villages 75,000 population at 150 per village would give us 500 nascent settlements. This seems a more reasonable figure. However, the actual size of villages would have ranged.<br>We could perhaps code [200-300] as an upper maximum for a quasi-polity that consisted of more than one village settlement.<br>\"Before the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry the population of the area of the present-day Sahel states is unlikely to have exceeded 50,000: once pastoralism and agriculture had become well-established the population can hardly have been less than half a million. The chronology of the transition is as yet totally obscure, but there is no reason to postulate anything above the 50,000 line before 3000 BC or place the achievement of the half million later than 1000 BC. From this latter point a low rate of increase is all that is needed to bring the total to 1m by AD 1 and 2m by AD 1000.\" §REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978, 238)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 607, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1100000, "polity_population_to": 1200000, "comment": null, "description": "1 million, 3000 BCE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§<br>From about 200,000 3500 BCE to over 1 million c3100 BCE.ref: Butzer<br>" }, { "id": 608, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1350, "year_to": 1350, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 11500000, "polity_population_to": 11500000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of France and estimate for French Kingdom<br>1350 CE - 12 million11.5 million<br>1400 CE - 10 million9 million<br>1450 CE - 11 million9.5 million<br>Population of medieval France derived from Turchin and Nefedov (2009). §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§ Estimates take account of territory of France in the possession of the French Kingdom.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§<br>Plague from 1348 CE. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 142)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 609, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": 1650, "year_to": 1650, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 21000000, "polity_population_to": 21000000, "comment": null, "description": "Estimate, within boundaries of present day France: 18,500,000: 1600 CE; 21,000,000: 1650 CE §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 56)§REF§<br>20,000,000 at time of Richelieu. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 40)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 610, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": 1715, "year_to": 1715, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 23400000, "polity_population_to": 23400000, "comment": null, "description": "21,800,000: 1685 CE; 23,400,000: 1715 CE; 25,300,000: 1745 CE; 28,500,000: 1789 CE §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 302)§REF§<br>17th-18th century France: 20 million §REF§(Chartrand 2013)§REF§<br>Famine 1661 CE. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 336)§REF§<br>Famine 1693-1694 CE. Perhaps 2 million died.§REF§(Ladurie 1991, 216)§REF§<br>Famine 1709 CE. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 336)§REF§<br>1720-1760 CE period of economic and population growth. §REF§(Briggs 1998, 158)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 611, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 500000, "polity_population_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 612, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": 1250, "year_to": 1250, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 14000000, "polity_population_to": 14000000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of France and estimate for French Kingdom<br>1150 CE - 7 million3 million<br>1200 CE - 10 million4 million<br>1250 CE - 15 million14 million<br>1300 CE - 18 million17 million<br>Population of medieval France derived from Turchin and Nefedov (2009). §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§ Estimates take account of territory of France in the possession of the French Kingdom.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§<br>Reduction of forest cover in medieval France (estimates)§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 115)§REF§<br>1000 CE: 26 million ha forest cover<br>1300 CE: 13 million ha forest cover<br>" }, { "id": 613, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000000, "polity_population_to": 20000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>(541/542: Plague epidemic, returns all 10-15 years until ca. 750)<br>395: 15 Million<br>534: 20 Million<br>552: 17 Million<br>568: 14 Million<br>591: 15 Million<br>610: 12.5 Million<br>620: 7 Million<br>630: 11 Million<br>East Roman Empire 4th and 5th Centuries<br>\"In an estimated realm covering some 1.4 million km2 with a population density at 20 inhabitants per km2 this would amount to roughly 28 million inhabitants (Koder 1984/2001:154, between 24 and 26 million; Stein 1949-51: 154, 26 million).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>14,150,000: 400 CE; 13,400,000: 450 CE; 12,900,000: 500 CE; [16,500,000-17,500,000]: 550 CE; [17,000,000-22,000,000]: 600 CE;<br>400 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 6m, Levant 1.75m+0.4m, Egypt 4m<br>450 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.75m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.75m<br>500 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.5m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.5m<br>550 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.25m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.25m, North Africa 1m+1.75m+1m+0.4m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m.<br>600 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3m, North Africa 1m+1.75m+1m+0.4m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, southern coast of Spain ?m, north-east Italy ?m.<br>650 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.25m now extending into the Caucasus 0.25m, southern Crimea, North Africa 1.25m+1.75m+1m+0.5m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>" }, { "id": 614, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 150000, "polity_population_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": " People. “In the eighteenth century, as China’s population doubled to over 300 million, the Miao Frontier experienced corresponding demographic crisis, growing from a few tens of thousands to well over a hundred thousand residents.” §REF§(88) McMahon, D. 2014. Rethinking the Decline of China's Qing Dynasty: Imperial Activism and Borderland Management at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century. Routledge.§REF§ 200,000 is a best guess of the population of the A-Hmao Big Flowery Hmong from extremely limited sources and will require further investigation. Modern populations estimates hover around 400,000. The quasi-polity's population would have undoubtedly fluctuated greatly during the Hmong rebellions to the east and the subsequent mass dispersal from these regions to the south and west." }, { "id": 615, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 9000000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of France and estimate for French Kingdom<br>1350 CE - 12 million11.5 million<br>1400 CE - 10 million9 million<br>1450 CE - 11 million9.5 million<br>Population of medieval France derived from Turchin and Nefedov (2009). §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§ Estimates take account of territory of France in the possession of the French Kingdom.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113)§REF§<br>Plague from 1348 CE. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 142)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 616, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": 401, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 200000, "polity_population_to": 300000, "comment": null, "description": "Whole of Japan = 1m in 300 CE, 1.5m in 400 CE, 1.75m in 500 CE, 3m in 600 CE, 3.5m in 700 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>Figure for 250-599 CE = 16.8% of Japan estimate (assumes equal density per km2)<br>An estimation of the population size in Japan between 300 BCE-700 CE was provided by Koyama§REF§Koyama, S., 1978. Jomon Subsistence and Population. Senri Ethnological Studies 2. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology§REF§ on the basis of his demographic study on the forty-seven-volume \"National Site Maps\" published by the Japanese government in 1965. During the Yayoi and Kofun periods around 16.8 % of Japan's population lived in the Kansai region§REF§Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 60.§REF§.<br>Figure for 600-710 CE = estimate for southern half of Japan (assumes slightly higher density per km2 in southern half, using half of Japan figure as baseline of range)<br>Centers in Kyushu (south west Japan) and Nara-Osaka-Kobe area until 600 CE when unified by a bureaucracy and Buddhism. So 250-599 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe, whilst 600-710 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe + Kyushu (south west Japan).\"The other main centre was in the fertile, but circumscribed, alluvial systems of the Nara-Osaka-Kobe area, where status differentiation appears instead to have been based on hereditary ritual authority. The fusion of these geographical power-bases had occurred by about A.D. 600, by which time a well-developed bureaucracy in the Nara basin was exerting its authority and promoting Buddhism as a unifying ideology for the new regime, thus replacing the ritual authority vested in earlier individual rulers.\"§REF§(Ikawa-Smith 1985, 396) Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko in Misra, Virenda N. Bellwood, Peter S. 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Poona, December 19-21, 1978. BRILL.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 617, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 40000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>40,000-50,000 is a widely agreed upon number<br>Milner estimates the American Bottom population (\"population figures for Cahokia were doubled to approximate the inhabitants of all mound centers and added to valley-wide estimates for small settlements\") in the Moorehead phase had fallen about 25% from the Stirling total. §REF§(Milner 2006, 124)§REF§ Which was:<br>\"It is likely that at least 50,000 people lived within the 2000 square kilometer “greater Cahokia” region at its height (ca. A.D. 1100).\" §REF§(Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>\"George Milner estimates that there were roughly 8000 people in the Cahokia central administrative complex and up to 50,000 in the greater Cahokia region after AD 1050. Before that the neither had large populations—perhaps less than 1000 people in the entire greater Cahokia region.\" However: \"With new excavations at East St. Louis the estimate for the central administrative complex needs to be increased to something like 15,000.\"§REF§(Peregrine/Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 618, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 18500000, "polity_population_to": 18500000, "comment": null, "description": "Estimate, within boundaries of present day France: 18,500,000: 1600 CE; 21,000,000: 1650 CE §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 56)§REF§<br>20,000,000 at time of Richelieu. §REF§(Ladurie 1991, 40)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 619, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": 250, "year_to": 400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 150000, "polity_population_to": 200000, "comment": null, "description": "Whole of Japan = 1m in 300 CE, 1.5m in 400 CE, 1.75m in 500 CE, 3m in 600 CE, 3.5m in 700 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>Figure for 250-599 CE = 16.8% of Japan estimate (assumes equal density per km2)<br>An estimation of the population size in Japan between 300 BCE-700 CE was provided by Koyama§REF§Koyama, S., 1978. Jomon Subsistence and Population. Senri Ethnological Studies 2. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology§REF§ on the basis of his demographic study on the forty-seven-volume \"National Site Maps\" published by the Japanese government in 1965. During the Yayoi and Kofun periods around 16.8 % of Japan's population lived in the Kansai region§REF§Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 60.§REF§.<br>Figure for 600-710 CE = estimate for southern half of Japan (assumes slightly higher density per km2 in southern half, using half of Japan figure as baseline of range)<br>Centers in Kyushu (south west Japan) and Nara-Osaka-Kobe area until 600 CE when unified by a bureaucracy and Buddhism. So 250-599 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe, whilst 600-710 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe + Kyushu (south west Japan).\"The other main centre was in the fertile, but circumscribed, alluvial systems of the Nara-Osaka-Kobe area, where status differentiation appears instead to have been based on hereditary ritual authority. The fusion of these geographical power-bases had occurred by about A.D. 600, by which time a well-developed bureaucracy in the Nara basin was exerting its authority and promoting Buddhism as a unifying ideology for the new regime, thus replacing the ritual authority vested in earlier individual rulers.\"§REF§(Ikawa-Smith 1985, 396) Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko in Misra, Virenda N. Bellwood, Peter S. 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Poona, December 19-21, 1978. BRILL.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 620, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": 601, "year_to": 709, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": "Whole of Japan = 1m in 300 CE, 1.5m in 400 CE, 1.75m in 500 CE, 3m in 600 CE, 3.5m in 700 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ or 5m in 700 CE. 16.8% in Kansai region during Yayoi and Kofun period.§REF§(Totman 2004, 83) Totman, Conrad D. 2004. Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective. BRILL.§REF§<br>Figure for 600-710 CE = estimate for southern half of Japan<br>Centers in Kyushu (south west Japan) and Nara-Osaka-Kobe area until 600 CE when unified by a bureaucracy and Buddhism. So 250-599 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe, whilst 600-710 CE = Nara-Osaka-Kobe + Kyushu (south west Japan).\"The other main centre was in the fertile, but circumscribed, alluvial systems of the Nara-Osaka-Kobe area, where status differentiation appears instead to have been based on hereditary ritual authority. The fusion of these geographical power-bases had occurred by about A.D. 600, by which time a well-developed bureaucracy in the Nara basin was exerting its authority and promoting Buddhism as a unifying ideology for the new regime, thus replacing the ritual authority vested in earlier individual rulers.\"§REF§(Ikawa-Smith 1985, 396) Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko in Misra, Virenda N. Bellwood, Peter S. 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Poona, December 19-21, 1978. BRILL.§REF§<br>900,000 in Japan 300 BCE - 700 CE<br>an estimation of the population size in Japan between 300 BCE-700 CE was provided by Koyama§REF§Koyama, S., 1978. Jomon Subsistence and Population. Senri Ethnological Studies 2. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology§REF§ on the basis of his demographic study on the forty-seven-volume \"National Site Maps\" published by the Japanese government in 1965. During the Yayoi and Kofun periods around 16.8 % of Japan's population lived in the Kansai region§REF§Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 60.§REF§.<br>5,000,000 in whole archipelago 700 CE<br>\"In the case of ritsuryo Japan, demographers combine the few surviving local census figures with scattered records of agricultural output to estimate the archipelago's overall population as of 700 CE at about 5,000,000. For the next three centuries or so the number seems to have fluctuated in the five to six million range and then gradually risen to perhaps seven million by 1150.\"§REF§(Totman 2004, 83) Totman, Conrad D. 2004. Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective. BRILL.§REF§" }, { "id": 621, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 15000000, "polity_population_to": 12500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>(541/542: Plague epidemic, returns all 10-15 years until ca. 750)<br>395: 15 Million<br>534: 20 Million<br>552: 17 Million<br>568: 14 Million<br>591: 15 Million<br>610: 12.5 Million<br>620: 7 Million<br>630: 11 Million<br>East Roman Empire 4th and 5th Centuries<br>\"In an estimated realm covering some 1.4 million km2 with a population density at 20 inhabitants per km2 this would amount to roughly 28 million inhabitants (Koder 1984/2001:154, between 24 and 26 million; Stein 1949-51: 154, 26 million).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>14,150,000: 400 CE; 13,400,000: 450 CE; 12,900,000: 500 CE; [16,500,000-17,500,000]: 550 CE; [17,000,000-22,000,000]: 600 CE;<br>400 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 6m, Levant 1.75m+0.4m, Egypt 4m<br>450 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.75m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.75m<br>500 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.5m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.5m<br>550 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 5.25m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3.25m, North Africa 1m+1.75m+1m+0.4m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m.<br>600 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5m, Levant 1.5m+0.4m, Egypt 3m, North Africa 1m+1.75m+1m+0.4m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, southern coast of Spain ?m, north-east Italy ?m.<br>650 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.25m now extending into the Caucasus 0.25m, southern Crimea, North Africa 1.25m+1.75m+1m+0.5m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>" }, { "id": 622, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": -150, "year_to": -32, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4000000, "polity_population_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": "{[3,000,000-5,000,000]; 2,500,000}: 100 BCE<br>TC: figures below refer to Egypt specfically:<br>3,000,000-5,000,000 Egypt 100 BCE.<br>Fischer-Bovet book is out in 2014<br>Clarysse and Thompson §REF§W. Clarysse and D. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt. Cambridge, 2006§REF§ offer an estimate (for Egypt) of around 2.8 mln which is based upon census figures.<br>F. Hassan provides an estimate for Egypt which is also less than 3 mln. W. Scheidel prefers a number closer to 5 mln. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2011 gives 3.5 mln. ca. BCE 100. §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/180468/ancient-Egypt/22341/The-Ptolemaic-dynasty?anchor=ref936466\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/180468/ancient-Egypt/22341/The-Ptolemaic-dynasty?anchor=ref936466</a>§REF§<br>C. Fischer-Bovet, \"Counting the Greeks in Egypt. Immigration in the first century of Ptolemaic rule,\" in Demography in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. C. Holleran and A. Pudsey. Cambridge, 2011, pp. 135-54 reviews earlier estimations, and suggests a population in the Third century BC of 4 mln, with Greeks representing ca. 5% of the total.<br>Korotaev and Khaltourina's estimated population dynamics of Egypt 300-1900 CE. §REF§(Korotaev and Khaltourina 2006, 38)§REF§Korotaev and Khaltourina's data (Egypt only)300 BCE: 3,000,000200 BCE: 4,000,000100 BCE: 2,500,0001 CE: 3,500,000<br>" }, { "id": 623, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -599, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000, "polity_population_to": 25000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Early = 500-1000 / Middle = 5,000-15,000 / Late = 20,000-25,000<br>\"At the smallest and least complex (in terms of population, geographic scale and decision-making arrangements) end of this continuum, chiefs with limited decision-making prerogatives probably presided over single settlements. In larger examples, more powerful leaders based in larger centers likely exerted varying degrees of control over multiple and varying numbers of settlements. Finally, at the most complex end of this continuum, paramount chiefs ruling from large regional centers with lesser chiefs as political subordinates dominated even larger polities containing numerous settlements and substantial populations. In the present context it seems most likely that chiefdoms of the first type were prevalent during the earlier phases of the Iron Age, with those of the latter two types developing with increasing frequency as time passed.\"§REF§R. Brubaker, Aspects of mortuary variability in the South Indian Iron Age, in <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61, pp. 253-302§REF§<br>Early in period = same as the population of a single settlement at that time<br>1. Single settlement<br>e.g. 5 ha settlement§REF§P. Peregrine, M. Ember (eds), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 8: South And Southwest Asia (2003), p. 365§REF§ at 200 per ha gives upper limit of 1000. [500-1000]: 1200-1000 BCE<br>Later in period = population of a large settlement, plus population of numerous lesser settlements that have substantial populations<br>1. Large regional center<br>e.g. 50 ha settlement§REF§P. Peregrine, M. Ember (eds), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 8: South And Southwest Asia (2003), p. 365§REF§ at 200 per ha gives upper limit of 10,000. [5,000-10,000]: 599-300 BCE<br>2. Numerous settlements and substantial populationse.g. settlement of 20 ha§REF§P. Peregrine, M. Ember (eds), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 8: South And Southwest Asia (2003), p. 365§REF§ at 200 per ha gives an upper limit of 4,000. 5 ha settlement§REF§P. Peregrine, M. Ember (eds), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 8: South And Southwest Asia (2003), p. 365§REF§ at 200 per ha gives upper limit of 1000. Multiple these figures by 3 to approximate \"numerous lesser settlements\" = 15,000<br>" }, { "id": 625, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3000, "polity_population_to": 5000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>There was a fortified center which was possibly \"the seat of the local aristocracy.\" §REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§<br>Estimate of 5,000 for just after end of this period.<br>\"Rather than a small hillfort of just a few hectares, as once believed, we can now see that in the first half of the 6th century BC Heuneburg was an enormous settlement of 100 ha and at least 5,000 inhabitants.\" §REF§(Fernández Götz and Krausse 2012, 31)§REF§<br>" } ] }