Polity Population List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Populations.
GET /api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api
{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": "Evidence of irrigation and the flourishing trade network seems to indicate a growth of population in the region controlled by the Indo-Greek Kingdom. However, this is largely speculative based on the current archaeological record. The description of Bactria as 'the land of a thousand cities' does seem to imply a relatively dense population. So far, only two of these have seen extensive excavation.§REF§Fino, Elisabetta Valtz, ed. Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road. Buy this book, 2012.§REF§ There is also evidence that Bactria was fertile and extensively irrigated. §REF§Gardin, J.C, The Development of Eastern Bactria in Pre-Classical Times, Purattava (10): 8-13 (1981)§REF§<br>McEvedy and Jones §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 155+163)§REF§<br>200 BCE: Russian Turkestan: 1,000,000; Afghanistan 1,750,000. Highest density of population likely to be in the Greco-Bactrian region which contained cities.<br>126 BCE the Chinese chronicler Zhang Qian estimated \"some 1,000,000 or more persons.\"§REF§(www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html)§REF§" }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 26500000, "polity_population_to": 26500000, "comment": null, "description": "The total size of the Hephthalite population is unknown. In the territory of Tokharistan there were reportedly 5,000-6,000 Hephthalite warriors. This could suggest a population of 50,000 individuals if the extended family groups were included, although this would have been experienced considerable fluctuations with the increase and decrease of the number of affiliated tribes and fortune of the Hepthalite. §REF§Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)<i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i> Vol. 3, 1999 pp. 138-141§REF§<br>McEvedy and Jones (1978) 26,500,000: 500 CE §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978)§REF§<br>Russian Tukestan 1,000,000: 400-600 CE<br>Pakistan, India and Bangladesh: 45,000,000: 400 CE; 50,000,000: 500 CE. In 200 BC approximately 40% in the Ganges Basin which would translate to 20m in 500 CE. Hephthalites held Upper and Middle Gangers Basin so perhaps two-thirds (13m) under Hephthalite control. Indus Basin likely to have been next most populous part of Indian sub-continent at this time. If 25% of the total: 12.5m." }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Estimate for the population of Bactria c400 CE.<br>Bactria included part of modern Afghanistan and the region McEverdy and Jones (1979) called Russian Turkestan. In 400 CE McEvedy and Jones estimate 2.5 million and 2 million for those entire regions, respectively.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1979) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1979. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§ At this time in history Bactria would have been the core area of settled population in both these regions (with perhaps the exception of Khwarezm region in Russian Turkestan). However, core Bactria is only a very small part of northern Afghanistan. I would estimate 500,000 at most for the Afghan region and 1,000,000 for the region in Russian Turkestan, and express this as a range of 1-1.5 million." }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 100000, "polity_population_to": 225000, "comment": null, "description": " People. [225,000; 105,000], coded as a range 100,000-225,000. AD. This is a rough estimate that needs to be checked by an expert.<br>If there were at least two realms within the Zarafshan basin then the population estimate should be divided between them (200,000). Another source suggests a federation of five tribes - so the estimate could also be divided between five (80,000). These figures presumably refer to the migrant population: how many inhabitants were there already living in the locales (if the invasion was not accompanied by genocide)? <span style=\"color:purple\">(JR: Woodcock said that 'there is no evidence of any general or even local massacre of the ordinary Greek population [in Bactria] after the nomad victories'.§REF§(Woodcock 1966, 130 in Hill 2009, 319) John E. Hill. 2009. <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle on the 'Western Regions' from the</i> Hou Hanshu. Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing.§REF§)</span> Given the relatively small size of these polities, this latter estimate could be directly added to the total. The largest settlement size for Greco-Bactria 200 BCE currently is estimated about 25,000.<br>According to Chinese sources, the Yueh-chih had a total population of 400,000 including 100,000 warriors. §REF§(Burjakov 1991, 199)§REF§ This number would correspond to the federation of five tribes, not to each separate polity.<br>\"Thus, both the written sources and the numismatic data show that Transoxiana in the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.lacked internal political unity. Even Sughd (the basin of the river Zarafshan) was divided between at least two realms, this corresponding more or less to the later partition of the Zarafshan valley into \"Bukharan Sughd\" and \"Samarkandian Sughd\"; accordingly we have imitations of tetradrachms of Euthydemus and imitations of drachms of Antiochus I, with a horse's head on the reverse side.\" §REF§(Zeimal 1983, 246)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 57, "year_to": 57, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 21007820, "polity_population_to": 21007820, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 75, "year_to": 75, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 34125021, "polity_population_to": 34125021, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 88, "year_to": 88, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 43356367, "polity_population_to": 43356367, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 105, "year_to": 105, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 53256219, "polity_population_to": 53256219, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 125, "year_to": 125, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 48690789, "polity_population_to": 48690789, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 126, "year_to": 141, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 48000000, "polity_population_to": 53869588, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 142, "year_to": 144, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 49150220, "polity_population_to": 49730550, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 146, "year_to": 146, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 47556772, "polity_population_to": 47556772, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 156, "year_to": 156, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50066856, "polity_population_to": 50066856, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": 157, "year_to": 157, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 56486856, "polity_population_to": 56486856, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>57.7 million in census of 2 CE. 48,000,000 in census of 140 CE - however data from three commanderies were missing in this census.§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 240)§REF§ Annual population register figures: 2 CE: 57.7m (76% in north). 140 CE: 48m (54% in north). §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§<br>\"With the exception of Yuyang, where the resettlement of the Wuhuan and Xianbi led to a population increase, all commanderies show significant declines, many more than eighty or ninety percent...indicates a genuine decline in the Han population due to barbarian incursions.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 65) Lewis, Mark. 2000. The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service. in ed. Van de ven, Hans. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 33-76.§REF§ Note: decline from Han leaving or being killed?<br>From Bielenstein (1987): \"The following national totals have been preserved for the Han dynasty\", but there is some margin of error as is natural with historical censuses.<br>2 CE- 59,594,978 individuals<br>57 CE- 21,007,820 individuals<br>75 CE- 34,125,021 individuals<br>88 CE- 43,356,367 individuals<br>105 CE- 53,256,219 individuals<br>125 CE- 48,690,789 individuals<br>126-144 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>136-141 CE- 53,869,588 individuals<br>140 CE- 49,150,220 individuals<br>144 CE- 49,730,550 individuals<br>146 CE- 47,556,772 individuals<br>156 CE- 50,066,856 individuals<br>157 CE- 56,486,856 individuals §REF§(Bielenstein 1987: 12) Bielenstein, Hans. 1987. \"Chinese Historical Demography AD 2-1982.\" Bulletin of the Museum of Far Antiquities 59: 1-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": 280, "year_to": 280, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 16163863, "polity_population_to": 16163863, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Jin census 280 CE: 2,459,840 households, 16,163,863 people.§REF§(Graff 2002, 35)§REF§" }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 54000, "polity_population_to": 82000, "comment": null, "description": " People. (Liu 2005: 240) estimate. Did this change over time?§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012: 263) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY</a>?.§REF§ Coded previously as [20,000-40,000], but not very clear what this estimate is based on, and how it relates to the following: \"By some estimates, the population of the Erlitou capital was at least 20,000 during the apex of its occupation, a huge increase from the estimated population of no more than 5,000 during the preceding Longshan period. It appears that the population of most of the other Erlitou culture sites in the region was no more than about 1,000. This is the first time in East Asia that such a large concentration of population was found in a regional center.\" §REF§(Xu 2013, 307)§REF§" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 45000000, "polity_population_to": 54000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. 32,700,000: 1142 CE; {44,705,086; 39,663,400; 36,989,014}: 1187 CE; 45,447,900: 1190 CE; 48,490,400: 1195 CE; {45,816,079; 53,532,151}: 1207 CE; 53,720,000: 1210 CE. §REF§(《中国人口发展史》.葛剑雄.福建人民出版社.)§REF§§REF§(《中國文明史‧宋遼金時期‧金代》〈第十一章 民俗文化與社會精神風貌〉: 第2001頁－第2022頁.)§REF§<br>A Chinese source believes 53 million is too high, because similar dynasties had populations between 30 million and 40 million. \"金朝人口数量(一)人口总置金朝人口发展,在其统治的北方地区,达到了比历史上几个盛大朝代更高的水平。其他各朝均只 3000 多万或 4000 多万,金朝则达到了5300 多万。对此或有不可理解,或对统计数字有怀疑.\" §REF§(《中国人口通史》2000. 路遇, 滕泽之. 山东人民出版社)§REF§" }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60545800, "polity_population_to": 66598300, "comment": null, "description": " people<ul><li>1381 CE: 59,873,305 people §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§</li><li>1393 CE: {60,545,812 people; 65,000,000 §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§ 60,545,812 was recorded in the Ming history source, while the number 65,000,000 is the current estimation.</li><li>1403 CE: 66,598,337 people</li><li>1404 CE: 50,950,470 people</li><li>1479 CE: 71,850,000 people. The number of 1479 CE and 1488 CE were higher than other period because they were the current estimations.</li><li>1488 CE: 75,000,000 people</li><li>1491 CE: 53,281,158 people</li><li>1502 CE: 50,908,672 people §REF§《明孝宗實錄 卷194》§REF§</li><li>1504 CE: 60,105,835 people</li></ul><br>Population of 1393 CE §REF§第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉//《中國古代經濟簡史》. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第154頁－第165頁§REF§:<ul><li>Beijing: 2,619,500 people</li><li>Shanxi Province: 3,790,760 people</li><li>Henan Province: 2,825,300 people</li><li>Shaanxi Province: 2,646,450 people</li><li>Zhejiang Province: 9,959,270 people</li><li>Jiangxi Province: 7,260,000 people</li><li>Sichuan Province: 1,314,260 people</li></ul>90,000,000-110,000,000: 1600 CE §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50908700, "polity_population_to": 50908700, "comment": null, "description": " people<ul><li>1381 CE: 59,873,305 people §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§</li><li>1393 CE: {60,545,812 people; 65,000,000 §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§ 60,545,812 was recorded in the Ming history source, while the number 65,000,000 is the current estimation.</li><li>1403 CE: 66,598,337 people</li><li>1404 CE: 50,950,470 people</li><li>1479 CE: 71,850,000 people. The number of 1479 CE and 1488 CE were higher than other period because they were the current estimations.</li><li>1488 CE: 75,000,000 people</li><li>1491 CE: 53,281,158 people</li><li>1502 CE: 50,908,672 people §REF§《明孝宗實錄 卷194》§REF§</li><li>1504 CE: 60,105,835 people</li></ul><br>Population of 1393 CE §REF§第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉//《中國古代經濟簡史》. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第154頁－第165頁§REF§:<ul><li>Beijing: 2,619,500 people</li><li>Shanxi Province: 3,790,760 people</li><li>Henan Province: 2,825,300 people</li><li>Shaanxi Province: 2,646,450 people</li><li>Zhejiang Province: 9,959,270 people</li><li>Jiangxi Province: 7,260,000 people</li><li>Sichuan Province: 1,314,260 people</li></ul>90,000,000-110,000,000: 1600 CE §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 90000000, "polity_population_to": 110000000, "comment": null, "description": " people<ul><li>1381 CE: 59,873,305 people §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§</li><li>1393 CE: {60,545,812 people; 65,000,000 §REF§《明太祖實錄 卷140》§REF§ 60,545,812 was recorded in the Ming history source, while the number 65,000,000 is the current estimation.</li><li>1403 CE: 66,598,337 people</li><li>1404 CE: 50,950,470 people</li><li>1479 CE: 71,850,000 people. The number of 1479 CE and 1488 CE were higher than other period because they were the current estimations.</li><li>1488 CE: 75,000,000 people</li><li>1491 CE: 53,281,158 people</li><li>1502 CE: 50,908,672 people §REF§《明孝宗實錄 卷194》§REF§</li><li>1504 CE: 60,105,835 people</li></ul><br>Population of 1393 CE §REF§第五章 〈封建社會唐（後期）宋遼金元的經濟〉//《中國古代經濟簡史》. 復旦大學. 1982年: 第154頁－第165頁§REF§:<ul><li>Beijing: 2,619,500 people</li><li>Shanxi Province: 3,790,760 people</li><li>Henan Province: 2,825,300 people</li><li>Shaanxi Province: 2,646,450 people</li><li>Zhejiang Province: 9,959,270 people</li><li>Jiangxi Province: 7,260,000 people</li><li>Sichuan Province: 1,314,260 people</li></ul>90,000,000-110,000,000: 1600 CE §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_population.htm</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60000000, "polity_population_to": 100000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Hartman provides a general population estimate of 60 million, whilst Mote estimates 100 million by 1100 CE. Analysis by Lui suggests a figure between these numbers.<br>No date estimates<br>60 million. \"a general population of 60 million people.\" §REF§(Hartman 2015, 29)§REF§<br>140 million §REF§(Peers 2002, 33)§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>100 million by 1100 CE.§REF§(Mote 2003, 164) Mote, Frederick W. 2003. Imperial China: 900-1800. Harvard University Press.§REF§<br>14,245,000 households in 1077 CE §REF§(Liu 2015, 52)§REF§ -- 85,000,000 million if six per household? \"The population of Song China in 1077 was over 80 million\"§REF§(Liu 2015, 61)§REF§<br>\"The aggregate households registered by the government increased from 6,418,500 in 980 to 16,402,631 in 1078 CE. -- 38,000,000: 980 CE* and 98,000,000: 1078 CE million if six per household? §REF§(Liu 2015, 62)§REF§<ul><li>In 980 CE there was a jump in territory held to 3.1 million km2 up from about 0.5m km2 a decade earlier.</li></ul><br>" }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 543, "name": "cn_peiligang", "long_name": "Peiligang", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -5001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Likely unknown." }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 100000000, "polity_population_to": 140000000, "comment": null, "description": " People<br>143,411,559: 1741 CE; 159,801,551: 1742 CE; 164,454,416: 1743 CE; 166,808,604: 1744 CE; 169,922,127: 1745 CE; 171,896,773: 1746 CE; 171,896,773: 1747CE; 177,495,039: 1748 CE; {177,495,039; 177,538,796}: 1749CE; 179,538,540: 1750 CE; 181,811,359: 1751 CE; 182,857,277: 1752 CE; 183,678,259: 1753 CE; 184,504,493: 1754 CE; 185,612,881: 1755 CE; 186,615,514: 1756 CE; 190,348,328: 1757 CE; 191,672,808: 1758 CE; 194,791,859: 1759 CE; 196,837,977: 1760 CE; {198,214,555; 198,214,553}: 1761 CE; {200,472,461; 201,013,344}: 1762 CE; 204,299,828: 1763 CE; 205,591,017: 1764 CE; 206,993,224: 1765 CE; 208,095,796: 1766 CE; {209,839,546; 209,749,547}: 1767 CE; 210,837,502: 1768 CE; 212,023,042: 1769 CE; 213,613,163: 1770 CE; {214,600,356; 214,647,251}: 1771 CE; 216,467,258: 1772 CE; 218,743,315: 1773 CE; 221,027,224: 1774 CE; 264,561,355: 1775 CE; {268,238,181; 268,238,182}: 1776 CE; 270,863,760: 1777 CE; 242,965,618: 1778 CE; 275,042,916: 1779 CE; 277,554,431: 1780 CE; 279,816,070: 1781 CE; 281,822,675: 1782 CE; {284,033,785; 284,033,805}: 1783 CE; 286,331,307: 1784 CE; 288,863,974: 1785 CE; 291,102,486: 1786 CE; 292,429,018: 1787 CE; {294,852,089; 294,852,189}: 1788 CE; 297,717,496: 1789 CE; {301,487,115; 301,487,114}: 1790 CE; {304,354,110; 304,354,160}: 1791 CE; 307,467,279: 1792 CE; 310,497,210: 1793 CE; {313,281,795; 313,281,295}: 1794 CE; 296,968,968: 1795 CE; 275,662,044: 1796 CE §REF§(姜涛, 1990)§REF§<br>\"300 million in 1795\"§REF§(Lorge 2015, 182)§REF§" }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 295000000, "polity_population_to": 295000000, "comment": null, "description": " People<br>Later Qing has population over 300 million according to The Cambridge History of China§REF§(Fairbank, 1978, 8)§REF§<br>1812 CE: 361,695,492 people: The census was interrupted due to nature disasters, scattered rebellions, and White Lotus Rebellion occurred in 1794-1804 among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces.<br>1833 CE: 398,942,036 people:§REF§(梁方仲, 1985, 10)§REF§<br>1852 CE: 334,403,035 people: (1)§REF§(姜公韜 & 傅樂成, 1988, 122)§REF§(2) The census was interrupted due to the outbreak of Nian Rebellion taking place in northern China from 1851 to 1868, and Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) in South China.<br>1912 CE: 347,902,562 people: The census was conducted since 1910 and completed in 1912.§REF§(梁方仲, 1985)§REF§<br>Other figures:§REF§(姜涛, 1990)§REF§<br>Po-Ju Tuan coded the following estimates--they have been moved to the description field in case this level of detail is useful in the future: 275,662,044: 1796 CE; 271,333,544: 1797 CE; 290,982,980: 1798 CE; 293,283,179: 1799 CE; 295,237,311: 1800 CE; 297,501,548: 1801 CE; 299,749,770: 1802 CE; 302,250,673: 1803 CE; 304,461,284: 1804 CE; 332,181,403: 1805 CE; 335,369,469: 1806 CE; 338,062,439: 1807 CE; 350,291,724: 1808 CE; 352,900,024: 1809 CE; 345,717,214: 1810 CE; 358,610,039: 1811 CE; {333,700,560; 361,695,492; 363,695,492}: 1812 CE; 336,451,672: 1813 CE; 316,574,895: 1814 CE; 326,574,895: 1815 CE; 328,814,957: 1816 CE; 331,330,433: 1817 CE; {301,260,545; 371,580,173}: 1819 CE; {353,377,694; 373,773,394; 383,100,000}: 1820 CE; 355,540,258: 1821 CE; 372,457,539: 1822 CE; {375,153,122; 380,619,569}: 1823 CE; {374,601,132; 382,439,631}: 1824 CE; {379,885,340; 387,026,888}: 1825 CE; {380,287,007; 386,081,958}: 1826 CE; {383,696,095; 388,608,215}: 1827 CE; {386,531,513; 390,755,718}: 1828 CE; 390,500,650: 1829 CE; 394,784,681: 1830 CE; 395,821,092: 1831 CE; 397,132,659: 1832 CE; 398,942,036: 1833 CE; 401,008,574: 1834 CE; {401,767,053; 403,052,086}: 1835 CE; 404,901,448: 1836 CE; {405 923 174; 406 984 114}: 1837 CE; 409,038,799: 1838 CE; 410,850,639: 1839 CE; 412,814,828: 1840 CE; 413,457,311: 1841 CE; {414,686,994; 416,118,189}: 1842 CE; 417,239,097: 1843 CE; 419,441,336: 1844 CE; 421,342,730: 1845 CE; 423,121,129: 1846 CE; {424,938,009; 425,106,201}: 1847 CE; {426,737,016; 426,928,854}: 1848 CE; {412,986,649; 428,420,667}: 1849 CE; {414,493,899; 429,931,034}: 1850 CE; {432,164,047; 431,894,047}: 1851 CE; 334,403,035: 1852 CE; 347,902,565: 1920 CE." }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": 1900, "year_to": 1900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 334000000, "polity_population_to": 348000000, "comment": null, "description": " People<br>Later Qing has population over 300 million according to The Cambridge History of China§REF§(Fairbank, 1978, 8)§REF§<br>1812 CE: 361,695,492 people: The census was interrupted due to nature disasters, scattered rebellions, and White Lotus Rebellion occurred in 1794-1804 among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces.<br>1833 CE: 398,942,036 people:§REF§(梁方仲, 1985, 10)§REF§<br>1852 CE: 334,403,035 people: (1)§REF§(姜公韜 & 傅樂成, 1988, 122)§REF§(2) The census was interrupted due to the outbreak of Nian Rebellion taking place in northern China from 1851 to 1868, and Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) in South China.<br>1912 CE: 347,902,562 people: The census was conducted since 1910 and completed in 1912.§REF§(梁方仲, 1985)§REF§<br>Other figures:§REF§(姜涛, 1990)§REF§<br>Po-Ju Tuan coded the following estimates--they have been moved to the description field in case this level of detail is useful in the future: 275,662,044: 1796 CE; 271,333,544: 1797 CE; 290,982,980: 1798 CE; 293,283,179: 1799 CE; 295,237,311: 1800 CE; 297,501,548: 1801 CE; 299,749,770: 1802 CE; 302,250,673: 1803 CE; 304,461,284: 1804 CE; 332,181,403: 1805 CE; 335,369,469: 1806 CE; 338,062,439: 1807 CE; 350,291,724: 1808 CE; 352,900,024: 1809 CE; 345,717,214: 1810 CE; 358,610,039: 1811 CE; {333,700,560; 361,695,492; 363,695,492}: 1812 CE; 336,451,672: 1813 CE; 316,574,895: 1814 CE; 326,574,895: 1815 CE; 328,814,957: 1816 CE; 331,330,433: 1817 CE; {301,260,545; 371,580,173}: 1819 CE; {353,377,694; 373,773,394; 383,100,000}: 1820 CE; 355,540,258: 1821 CE; 372,457,539: 1822 CE; {375,153,122; 380,619,569}: 1823 CE; {374,601,132; 382,439,631}: 1824 CE; {379,885,340; 387,026,888}: 1825 CE; {380,287,007; 386,081,958}: 1826 CE; {383,696,095; 388,608,215}: 1827 CE; {386,531,513; 390,755,718}: 1828 CE; 390,500,650: 1829 CE; 394,784,681: 1830 CE; 395,821,092: 1831 CE; 397,132,659: 1832 CE; 398,942,036: 1833 CE; 401,008,574: 1834 CE; {401,767,053; 403,052,086}: 1835 CE; 404,901,448: 1836 CE; {405 923 174; 406 984 114}: 1837 CE; 409,038,799: 1838 CE; 410,850,639: 1839 CE; 412,814,828: 1840 CE; 413,457,311: 1841 CE; {414,686,994; 416,118,189}: 1842 CE; 417,239,097: 1843 CE; 419,441,336: 1844 CE; 421,342,730: 1845 CE; 423,121,129: 1846 CE; {424,938,009; 425,106,201}: 1847 CE; {426,737,016; 426,928,854}: 1848 CE; {412,986,649; 428,420,667}: 1849 CE; {414,493,899; 429,931,034}: 1850 CE; {432,164,047; 431,894,047}: 1851 CE; 334,403,035: 1852 CE; 347,902,565: 1920 CE." }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. 5,000,000: 1045 BCE.§REF§(Liu 2005: 240) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Q77FKW2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Q77FKW2H</a>?.§REF§<br>3000 BCE about a million either side of lower Huang Ho (Longshan culture), plus 1 million food-gatherers elsewhere. In Shang period agricultural area extended 1 million KM, population had become 5 million people (6m total in China). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 170-172)§REF§" }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 46000000, "polity_population_to": 46000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>History of the Sui Dynasty reports 46,000,000 in 609 CE.§REF§(Graff 2002, 148) Graff, D A. 2002. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>\"The Sui empire reached the pinnacle of its power in 609 when its population peaked.\"§REF§(Xiong 2006, 54)§REF§<br>37,000,000: 705 CE under Tang. §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129) Rodzinski, W. 1979. A History of China. Volume I. Pergamon Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": 9, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 45000000, "polity_population_to": 60000000, "comment": null, "description": " \"Early on in the days of the Han Empire (206 BC - 220 AD) the population passed the 50m mark. But thereafter it was to stay in the band 45-60m for a thousand years.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1979)§REF§<br>Government census. 57,600,000 in 2 CE. 12 million family households. §REF§(Keay 2009, 144)§REF§<br>Agricultural intensification: population growth occurred in Former Han despite no increase in available arable land. Population migration to south throughout period.§REF§(Roberts 2003, 43-44)§REF§<br>60,000,000 at zenith.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 56) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 57600000, "polity_population_to": 57600000, "comment": null, "description": " \"Early on in the days of the Han Empire (206 BC - 220 AD) the population passed the 50m mark. But thereafter it was to stay in the band 45-60m for a thousand years.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1979)§REF§<br>Government census. 57,600,000 in 2 CE. 12 million family households. §REF§(Keay 2009, 144)§REF§<br>Agricultural intensification: population growth occurred in Former Han despite no increase in available arable land. Population migration to south throughout period.§REF§(Roberts 2003, 43-44)§REF§<br>60,000,000 at zenith.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 56) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 10000, "polity_population_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " People. §REF§(Feinman, Gary. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": 1300, "year_to": 1300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60491000, "polity_population_to": 85000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<ul><li>1290 CE : 58,834,711 §REF§《元史‧卷五八‧志第十‧地理一》，記載：「十三年，平宋，全有版圖。二十七年，又籍之，得戶一千一百八十四萬八百有奇。於是南北之戶總書於策者，一千三百一十九萬六千二百有六，口五千八百八十三萬四千七百一十有一，而山澤溪洞之民不與焉。」§REF§ ; 75,000,000 §REF§《中國人口史》（第三卷）遼宋金元時期.第390頁.吳松弟.復旦大學出版社.2000年12月出版.《中國人口史》共六卷，由葛劍雄教授主編。§REF§ ; 75,306,000 was an recent estimate</li><li>1291 CE : 60,491,230 §REF§《新元史‧卷六十八‧志第三十五‧食貨一‧戶口科差稅法§REF§; 76,496,000</li><li>1293 CE : 79,816,000</li><li>1330 CE : 84,873,000; 85,000,000 §REF§《中國人口史》（第三卷）遼宋金元時期.第390頁.吳松弟.復旦大學出版社.2000年12月出版.《中國人口史》共六卷，由葛劍雄教授主編.§REF§</li><li>1351 CE : 87,487,000</li></ul>" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People. §REF§(Giraldo 2015, personal communication)§REF§ After an examination of population estimates for the 16th century: \"In diachronic terms, the information is rather vague.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 27)§REF§\"Nevertheless, it seems clear that there is no evidence of high population density during the Neguanje occupation in the Sierra Nevada, making it likely that the absolute population in the Sierra Nevada and adjacent coastal plains was rather low. This is not to say that the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was not occupied during the Neguanje Period. For example, Castaño (1981: 178-9) reports Roja sobre superficie ceramics, from the Neguanje period, in Buritaca 200. This must mean that population density during Neguanje was very low in absolute terms, and much more so in relation to the Late Period. The same seems to be true for the Buritaca Period.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 95)§REF§<br>Study of the Santa Marta Bays, a survey area of 90.78 square km: \"The population dynamics may be compared in absolute terms, although this is always a risky exercise. If a density of 5 to 10 persons per occupied hectare (Sanders, Parsons and Santley 1979:34-40) were assumed, then there would be between 90 and 179 persons for the Neguanje Period; between 95 and 190 for the Buritaca Period; between 1087 and 2174 for the Late Period; and only between 30 and 59 for the period after the Spanish invasion.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 91)§REF§<br>Ciudad Perdida had 4 ha in the 9th and 10th centuries: \"Albeit the abrupt increase in construction, and the social and political transformations in Ciudad Perdida seemed to be even more profound than in Pueblito, since the small, 4 hectare Neguanje village of the 9th and 10th centuries had probably quadrupled in size by the end of the 12th century.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 252)§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": 1050, "year_to": 1349, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1087, "polity_population_to": 2174, "comment": null, "description": " People. Typical population for one of the Tairona polities, estimated from the Upper Buritaca region: \"CIUDAD PERDIDA region. Wilson estimated the population at 7200 but using an arbitrary number of inhabitants by ha. Castaño estimated it at 3000 inhabitants. Rodriguez: between 1400-3000. Rodriguez and Botero: Alto Buritaca and Nulicuandecue would have had 8000 people at 66 people per ha, and Ciudad Perdida 1716 inhabitants. Serje estimated 1500 people.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 25-7)§REF§<br>[360,000-500,000] is an estimate for the NGA in total.<br>\"Though there are no reliable population estimates for the area, Spanish documents dating from the 16th century constantly mention that it was very densely populated. Projections made on very rough population numbers calculated by the Spanish authorities around 1593 suggest that at the time of contact with Europeans, at least 250,000 people inhabited the northern and western portions of the Sierra Nevada. Dever's (2007: 207) more recent calculations estimate population densities to be around 120 people per km2, which give us a total of 360,000 persons for an area of approximately 3000 km2. Less conservative estimates place the number at around 500,000 (Restrepo 1953). Given the fact that new sites continue to be found on a yearly basis or become visible as large swaths of forest in the Sierra Nevada are cut down for ranching and cultivation, it is quite possible that even these less conservative figures may be a low estimate.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 57-58)§REF§<br>Information from Langebaek 2005 §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 25-7)§REF§ :<br>THREE LARGEST BAYS. Murdy estimated the population for the three largest bays: 165 in Concha, 150-200 in Neguanje and 150-200 in Cinto. Including Guachiquita, Palmarito ad Taganga, that's 650-800 inhabitants for the zone.<br>PUEBLITO. Reichel-Dolmatoff and Groot estimate the number of dwellings of Pueblito at about 1000. Murdy estimates the number of dwellings at 500-1000 and the population between 3000 and 5000 inhabitants. Engel had estimated the number of inhabitants at 1000. Wynn estimated a population ranging between 4500 and 5000.<br>CIUDAD PERDIDA. Wilson estimated the population at 7200 but using an arbitrary number of inhabitants by ha. Castaño estimated it at 3000 inhabitants. Rodriguez: between 1400-3000. Rodriguez and Botero: Alto Buritaca and Nulicuandecue would have had 8000 people at 66 people per ha, and Ciudad Perdida 1716 inhabitants. Serje estimated 1500 people.<br>BAY OF GAIRACA. Lleras estimates the population at 350-500 people using data from water wells.<br>Adding the lowest figures, the estimate in total comes to about 3500 inhabitants. Adding the highest figures, it comes to about 14,300.<br>Study of the Santa Marta Bays, a survey area of 90.78 square km: \"The population dynamics may be compared in absolute terms, although this is always a risky exercise. If a density of 5 to 10 persons per occupied hectare (Sanders, Parsons and Santley 1979:34-40) were assumed, then there would be between 90 and 179 persons for the Neguanje Period; between 95 and 190 for the Buritaca Period; between 1087 and 2174 for the Late Period; and only between 30 and 59 for the period after the Spanish invasion.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 91)§REF§<br>Study of the Santa Marta Bays, a survey area of 90.78 square km: \"The population dynamics may be compared in absolute terms, although this is always a risky exercise. If a density of 5 to 10 persons per occupied hectare (Sanders, Parsons and Santley 1979:34-40) were assumed, then there would be between 90 and 179 persons for the Neguanje Period; between 95 and 190 for the Buritaca Period; between 1087 and 2174 for the Late Period; and only between 30 and 59 for the period after the Spanish invasion.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 91)§REF§This is an estimate for one of the polities, supposedly centered on the Santa Marta Bays between the 10th and 16th centuries. Because there is better resolution for the later Tairona polities, the code here will be applied to the 10th-14th century only." }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": 1350, "year_to": 1524, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7200, "polity_population_to": 8000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Typical population for one of the Tairona polities, estimated from the Upper Buritaca region: \"CIUDAD PERDIDA region. Wilson estimated the population at 7200 but using an arbitrary number of inhabitants by ha. Castaño estimated it at 3000 inhabitants. Rodriguez: between 1400-3000. Rodriguez and Botero: Alto Buritaca and Nulicuandecue would have had 8000 people at 66 people per ha, and Ciudad Perdida 1716 inhabitants. Serje estimated 1500 people.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 25-7)§REF§<br>[360,000-500,000] is an estimate for the NGA in total.<br>\"Though there are no reliable population estimates for the area, Spanish documents dating from the 16th century constantly mention that it was very densely populated. Projections made on very rough population numbers calculated by the Spanish authorities around 1593 suggest that at the time of contact with Europeans, at least 250,000 people inhabited the northern and western portions of the Sierra Nevada. Dever's (2007: 207) more recent calculations estimate population densities to be around 120 people per km2, which give us a total of 360,000 persons for an area of approximately 3000 km2. Less conservative estimates place the number at around 500,000 (Restrepo 1953). Given the fact that new sites continue to be found on a yearly basis or become visible as large swaths of forest in the Sierra Nevada are cut down for ranching and cultivation, it is quite possible that even these less conservative figures may be a low estimate.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 57-58)§REF§<br>Information from Langebaek 2005 §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 25-7)§REF§ :<br>THREE LARGEST BAYS. Murdy estimated the population for the three largest bays: 165 in Concha, 150-200 in Neguanje and 150-200 in Cinto. Including Guachiquita, Palmarito ad Taganga, that's 650-800 inhabitants for the zone.<br>PUEBLITO. Reichel-Dolmatoff and Groot estimate the number of dwellings of Pueblito at about 1000. Murdy estimates the number of dwellings at 500-1000 and the population between 3000 and 5000 inhabitants. Engel had estimated the number of inhabitants at 1000. Wynn estimated a population ranging between 4500 and 5000.<br>CIUDAD PERDIDA. Wilson estimated the population at 7200 but using an arbitrary number of inhabitants by ha. Castaño estimated it at 3000 inhabitants. Rodriguez: between 1400-3000. Rodriguez and Botero: Alto Buritaca and Nulicuandecue would have had 8000 people at 66 people per ha, and Ciudad Perdida 1716 inhabitants. Serje estimated 1500 people.<br>BAY OF GAIRACA. Lleras estimates the population at 350-500 people using data from water wells.<br>Adding the lowest figures, the estimate in total comes to about 3500 inhabitants. Adding the highest figures, it comes to about 14,300.<br>Study of the Santa Marta Bays, a survey area of 90.78 square km: \"The population dynamics may be compared in absolute terms, although this is always a risky exercise. If a density of 5 to 10 persons per occupied hectare (Sanders, Parsons and Santley 1979:34-40) were assumed, then there would be between 90 and 179 persons for the Neguanje Period; between 95 and 190 for the Buritaca Period; between 1087 and 2174 for the Late Period; and only between 30 and 59 for the period after the Spanish invasion.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 91)§REF§<br>Study of the Santa Marta Bays, a survey area of 90.78 square km: \"The population dynamics may be compared in absolute terms, although this is always a risky exercise. If a density of 5 to 10 persons per occupied hectare (Sanders, Parsons and Santley 1979:34-40) were assumed, then there would be between 90 and 179 persons for the Neguanje Period; between 95 and 190 for the Buritaca Period; between 1087 and 2174 for the Late Period; and only between 30 and 59 for the period after the Spanish invasion.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 91)§REF§This is an estimate for one of the polities, supposedly centered on the Santa Marta Bays between the 10th and 16th centuries. Because there is better resolution for the later Tairona polities, the code here will be applied to the 10th-14th century only." }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300, "polity_population_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": " People. An estimate of up to 300 people, i.e. the same as the population of a village. §REF§Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Jivaro§REF§ The Spanish subjected parts of the Shuar population, but were unable to maintain control over Shuar territory as a whole: 'The first reported white penetration of Jivaro territory was made in 1549 by a Spanish expedition under Hernando de Benavente. Later expeditions of colonists and soldiers soon followed. These newcomers traded with the Jivaro, made peace pacts with them, and soon began to exploit the gold found in alluvial or glacial deposits in the region. Eventually the Spaniards were able to obtain the co-operation of some of the Indians in working the gold deposits, but others remained hostile, killing many of the colonists and soldiers at every opportunity. Under the subjection of the Spaniards, the Jivaro were required to pay tribute in gold dust; a demand that increased yearly. Finally, in 1599, the Jivaro rebelled en masse, killing many thousands of Spaniards in the process and driving them from the region. After 1599, until nearly the middle of the nineteenth century, Jivaro-European relations remained intermittent and mostly hostile. A few missionary and military expeditions entered the region from the Andean highlands, but these frequently ended in disaster and no permanent colonization ever resulted. One of the few \"friendly\" gestures reported for the tribe during this time occurred in 1767, when they gave a Spanish missionizing expedition \"gifts\", which included the skulls of Spaniards who had apparently been killed earlier by the Jivaro (Harner, 1953: 26). Thus it seems that the Jivaros are the only tribe known to have successfully revolted against the Spanish Empire and to have been able to thwart all subsequent attempts by the Spaniards to conquer them. They have withstood armies of gold seeking Inkas as well as Spaniards, and defied the bravado of the early conquistadors.' §REF§Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Jivaro§REF§ The gradual 'fraying out' of colonial control from 'frontier' to 'interior' communities makes the drawing of clear territorial and demographic boundaries more difficult: 'Much of the trade of the Jivaro is between the \"interior\", relatively isolated groups (particularly the Achuara) and those \"frontier\" groups living in close proximity to Ecuadorian settlements where they have easy access to Western industrialized products. Through a series of neighborhood-to-neighborhood relays by native trading partners (AMIGRI) these products were passed from the frontier Jivaro into the most remote parts of the tribal territory. Thus the interior Jivaro were supplied with steel cutting tools, firearms and ammunition without having to come into contact with the population of European ancestry. In exchange the frontier Jivaro, whose supply of local game was nearly exhausted, obtained hides, feathers and bird skins (used for ornaments), which were not readily available in their own territory.' §REF§Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Jivaro§REF§ As indicated above, the Shuar political system was decentralized and fragmented, given the persistence of autonomous communities and ad hoc alliances in warfare. We therefore cannot confidently provide proxy measures." }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 9500000, "comment": null, "description": " People. 1200 CE. Egypt: 2.5-3. Palestine and Jordan: 0.5. Syria and Lebanon: 1.5. Yemen: 1.5. Hijaz (my estimate from \"The Interior\"): 1. §REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978)§REF§ Population of Egypt 2.4 million under Saladin. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 120)§REF§<br>Egypt: 2.4 million at the time of Saladin. §REF§(Dols 1977, 149)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Research on Badarian sites yielded a total of about 600 graves and forty poorly documented settlements §REF§Shaw, I. 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg. 36.§REF§<br>Were these settlements all one polity? Possibly. Analysis of Badarian grave goods demonstrates an unequal distribution of wealth and the wealthier graves tend to be separated in one part of the cemetery. This clearly indicates social stratification. §REF§Shaw, I. 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg.37.§REF§<br>Evidence from Badarian settlements shows that the economy of the culture was primarily based on agriculture and husbandry. §REF§Shaw, I. 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg.39.§REF§ Extensive agriculture present." }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 900000, "polity_population_to": 1100000, "comment": null, "description": "1 million, 3000 BCE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§<br>From about 200,000 3500 BCE to over 1 million c3100 BCE.ref: Butzer<br>" }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>McEvedy and Jones have Egypt at just under 3 million in 400 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 227) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Egypt (5 m), Levant (0.5m) and Syria (1.5m) in 1300 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978)§REF§<br>Demographic decline from 1348 CE (plague). §REF§(Raymond 2000, 116)§REF§<br>Population of Egypt 4 million in 1348 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 120)§REF§<br>Suggested estimates: 5-6 million in 1300 CE, 3.5 million in 1400 CE; 3.2 million in 1500 CE§REF§(Korotayev Andrey. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. May 2020.)§REF§<br>Famines in Egypt§REF§(Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§<br>1284 CE, 1295 CE, 1296 CE, 1335 CE" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3200000, "polity_population_to": 3200000, "comment": null, "description": " People. <br>6,000,000: 1500 CE. Egypt (4m), Levant (0.5m) and Syria (1.5m). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978)§REF§<br>Suggested estimates: 5-6 million in 1300 CE, 3.5 million in 1400 CE; 3.2 million in 1500 CE§REF§(Korotayev Andrey. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. May 2020.)§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3500000, "polity_population_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": " People. <br>4,800,000: 1400 CE. Egypt (2.8m), Levant (0.5m) and Syria (1.5m). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 227)§REF§<br>Demographic decline from 1348 CE (plague).§REF§(Raymond 2000, 116)§REF§<br>Egypt: 4 million prior to the Black Death in the middle of the 14th Century.§REF§(Dols 1977, 149)§REF§<br>As a result of the Black Death \"an Egyptian population of between 4.2 and 8 million may have declined by about one-quarter to one-third.\"§REF§(Dols 1977, 218)§REF§<br>Suggested estimates: 5-6 million in 1300 CE, 3.5 million in 1400 CE; 3.2 million in 1500 CE§REF§(Korotayev Andrey. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. May 2020.)§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": "\"the population must still have been very small - an oft-cided estimate for the Middle Kingdom amounts to less than two million - ... \"§REF§(Willems 2013, 343 cite: Butzer)§REF§<br>Increased from 2 million to 2.5 million during Middle Kingdom. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§<br>“As Egypt's population began to exceed food production levels, Amenemhat III ordered the exploitation of the green fertile region 100 km south of modern-day Cairo known as the Fayyum” §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": -3500, "year_to": -3500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 13000, "polity_population_to": 13000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>EWA: standard ref is Michael Dee. Dee, Michael, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink, and Christopher Ramsey 2013. An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469 (2159, November, article no. 2013.0395), 1-10. This data need to be incorporated.<br>13,000: 3500-3400 BCE; 50,000: 3400-3200 BCE<br>Naqada IIA-IIB: over 13,000; Naqada IIC-D: 50,000 §REF§These are calculations made by G. p. Gilbert: 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. Oxford; BAR International Series 1208. pg: 108.§REF§<br>The ref here should be David Wengrow's book." }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": -3400, "year_to": -3300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>EWA: standard ref is Michael Dee. Dee, Michael, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink, and Christopher Ramsey 2013. An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469 (2159, November, article no. 2013.0395), 1-10. This data need to be incorporated.<br>13,000: 3500-3400 BCE; 50,000: 3400-3200 BCE<br>Naqada IIA-IIB: over 13,000; Naqada IIC-D: 50,000 §REF§These are calculations made by G. p. Gilbert: 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. Oxford; BAR International Series 1208. pg: 108.§REF§<br>The ref here should be David Wengrow's book." }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>13,000: 3500-3400 BCE; 50,000: 3400-3200 BCE<br>Naqada IIA-IIB: over 13,000; Naqada IIC-D: 50,000§REF§These are calculations made by G. p. Gilbert: 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. Oxford; BAR International Series 1208. pg: 108.§REF§<br>EWA: standard ref is Michael Dee. Dee, Michael, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink, and Christopher Ramsey 2013. An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469 (2159, November, article no. 2013.0395), 1-10. This data need to be incorporated.§REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/469/2159/20130395\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/469/2159/20130395</a>§REF§ -- <i>this reference does contains date identification not population data.</i><br>Naqadian Egypt is seen as a quasi-polity, or rather a collection of quasi polities. During Naqada II times there are a few chiefdoms with the town-centres, called nome pre-states or chiefdoms. And later, as the unification and polity development proceeds, proto-states (there is no agreement if the proto-states level appeared in the end of Naqada II or in the Naqada III period). The rapid changes in the polity population, which is seen above, is an effect of growing population but also or even first of all the result of development of the chiefdoms' size. The exact time and the spread of unification is not known, so scholars can only show the level of changes at some distinguishing point. And this is exactly what G. P. Gilbert did (based on the three Upper Egyptian polities with centres in Naqada, Abydos/This and Hierakonpolis).The ref here should be David Wengrow's book.<br>" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": "For Egypt 2,000,000 to 2,500,000; 2.1 to 2 million for New Kingdom according to Hassan and Butzer<br>Egypt: 4.5m by the end of the New Kingdom. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 30)§REF§<br>Province of Nubia, 100,000. Palestine: 250,000. Egypt: 3m. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§<br>Egypt: outlier estimate of about 10 million inhabitants (experts suggest deleting/suppressing this). §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/priests_of_amen.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">[4]</a>)§REF§<br>Graph shows increase 2.0 - 3.0 million during New Kingdom. §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/people/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[5]</a>)§REF§<br>2.9 - 4.5 million for late New Kingdom.§REF§(O'Connor 1983, 190) O'Connor, David. \"New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period 1552-664 BC\" in Trigger, B G. Kemp, B J. O'Connor, D. LLoyd, A B. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3350000, "polity_population_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": "Province of Nubia, 100,000. Palestine: 250,000. Egypt: 3m. Total = 3.35 mln §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§ However, McEvedy and Jones tend to underestimate.<br>A likely maximum population estimate is around 7 million. §REF§(Baines, John. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Egypt: 4.5m by the end of the New Kingdom. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 30)§REF§" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": " 1.5 million. §REF§(Manning 2012, 74)§REF§<br>[1,000,000-1,500,000]: 2500 BCEFrom about 200,000 3500 BCE to over 1 million c3100 BCE. Old Kingdom population between 1.5 -2.0m §REF§(Stearns 2001, 29)§REF§<br>1 million, 3000 BCE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": "1.5 million. §REF§(Manning 2012, 74)§REF§<br>From about 200,000 3500 BCE to over 1 million c3100 BCE. Old Kingdom population between 1.5 -2.0m §REF§(Stearns 2001, 29)§REF§<br>1 million, 3000 BCE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§" } ] }