Polity Population List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Populations.
GET /api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000, "polity_population_to": 9000, "comment": null, "description": " People. The number of Orokaiva at the time of first contact is unknown due to lack of demographic data: 'The indigenous population of the Popondetta district totals some 36,500, of whom 26,500 are Orokaiva in the central lowland area. The number of Orokaiva at the time of Western contact is not known. [Editors note: Ethnologue (SIL International), lists 33,400 as of 1989.]' §REF§Latham, Christopher S.: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Orokaiva§REF§ Williams claims around 9,000 residents for the early 20th century. [Ira Baschkow (pers. comm.): This is a realistic figure. If conflicting figures exist, these will be found in the Papua Annual Reports. Janice Newton (pers. comm.): Caveat: early colonists often underestimate the size of indigenous populations. Jonathan Ritchie (pers. comm.): Patrol reports could serve as a primary source to investigate this.] 'It is on the assumption of general uniformity among the tribes that the present report claims to refer to the people as a whole. The tribe with which I am best acquainted is that of the Aiga, who seemed to offer the best opportunities for research because they are fairly central and as yet less contaminated by European influence than most of the others. Out of a total Orokaiva population of some 9,000, this tribe numbers approximately 1,300, who are scattered in nearly fifty villages on or between the Opi and Kumusi rivers. To avoid confusion it will be the rule of this report to use the Aiga dialectal form for native words.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray 1930. “Orokaiva Society”, 7§REF§ 'Koropata is part of the Orokaivan linguistic division which according to Williams (1930:7) numbered about 9000 in the 1920s. The Orokaivans live mainly in the Saiho Census Division which is the most densely populated part of the Northern Province. In the 1980 census the population of this division was 8715 (National [Page 62] Statistics Office 1980:14). The Saiho Census area covers the rich volcanic plains around Mt Lamington, criss-crossed by numerous streams and rivers, notably the Kumusi River. The thick dark brown topsoil combined with a thin layer of volcanic ash produces extremely fertile soil. The warm humid climate and very high rainfall (2000-3500mm per annum) mean that the land is excellent for subsistence gardening and offers some of the best prospects for agricultural development in Northern Province (CSIRO 1954:4, 10-12).' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 61§REF§ The regional integration that allows us to treat the Orokaiva as a population rather than an assortment of individual tribes and villages was a result of colonial policies." }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " It is not possible to make an accurate estimate.§REF§Gregory L. Possehl. Indus Age: The Beginnings. New Delhi, 1999, p.472§REF§" }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " It is not possible to make an accurate estimate.§REF§Gregory L. Possehl. Indus Age: The Beginnings. New Delhi, 1999, p.472§REF§" }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 60000, "polity_population_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " people. Taxila. Estimate for 200 BCE.§REF§(Chase-Dunn: pers. comm. 2011)§REF§ Evidence of irrigation and the flourishing trade network seems to indicate a growth of population in the region controlled by the Indo-Greek Kingdom. However, this is largely speculative based on the current archaeological record." }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 450, "polity_population_to": 1800, "comment": null, "description": " Assuming 50-200 people per ha and 9 ha, we have an estimate of 450-1800. “The extent of the built up areas [of Pirak] remains practically constant, almost 9 hectares, and the apparent conservatism of the material culture are factors that bear witness to an undeniable stability of the settlement.” §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p390§REF§ but \"...it has proved impossible for the moment to define in a less summary fashion its probable area of geographical distribution. As far as the region is concerned, the mound of Pirak is the only one of its kind.\"§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.p388§REF§. Although, the material culture found at Pirak has also been uncovered in a much wider area in the north of the Kachi Plain §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p389§REF§, and as far as southern Central Asia and the Ganges valley.§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (2000) Continuity and Change in the North Kachi Plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the beginning of the Second Millennium BC. In, Lahiri, N. The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization. Permanent Black, Delhi., pp345-362. p355§REF§ The population of Pirak has not been estimated.§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1997) From Nausharo to Pirak: Continuity and Change in the Kachi/Bolan Region from the 3rd to the 2nd Millennium BC. In, Allchin, R. and Allchin, B. (eds) South Asian Archaeology, 1995, volume I. The Ancient India and Iran Trust, Cambridge., pp 11-32.§REF§ §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (2000) Continuity and Change in the North Kachi Plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the beginning of the Second Millennium BC. In, Lahiri, N. The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization. Permanent Black, Delhi., pp345-362.§REF§" }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " persons, equivalent to 10 Lakh, a South Asian unit of measure for 100,000. H.M Panhwar thinks estimates of more than this are unlikely. §REF§Panhwar, M. H. \"Chronological Dictionary of Sind, (Karachi, 1983) pp. 189§REF§" }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": 1335, "year_to": 1335, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " persons. 10 Lakh is a South Asian unit of measure for 100,000 and H.M Panhwar thinks that population estimates of more than this are unlikely for the period. §REF§Panhwar, M. H. \"Chronological Dictionary of Sind, (Karachi, 1983) pp. 189§REF§ I have used this earlier population estimate to factor in population loss from climate change, the outbreak of the black death, and the after effects of the Mongol conquests. An unsupported estimate of a population of 2,200,000 can be found in an article on irrigation in The Samma Kindom of the Sindh and seems to indicate the population in the later period. §REF§Lakho, Ghulam Muhammad, The Samma Kingdom of Sindh, (institute of Sindhology, 2006) pp.185-186§REF§" }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": 1520, "year_to": 1520, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2200000, "polity_population_to": 2200000, "comment": null, "description": " persons. 10 Lakh is a South Asian unit of measure for 100,000 and H.M Panhwar thinks that population estimates of more than this are unlikely for the period. §REF§Panhwar, M. H. \"Chronological Dictionary of Sind, (Karachi, 1983) pp. 189§REF§ I have used this earlier population estimate to factor in population loss from climate change, the outbreak of the black death, and the after effects of the Mongol conquests. An unsupported estimate of a population of 2,200,000 can be found in an article on irrigation in The Samma Kindom of the Sindh and seems to indicate the population in the later period. §REF§Lakho, Ghulam Muhammad, The Samma Kingdom of Sindh, (institute of Sindhology, 2006) pp.185-186§REF§" }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " 2.5 million for Egypt, 0.5 million for region of Sudan under control of Kingdom of Meroe (successor polity, dated sixth century BCE to fourth century CE). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226, 235)§REF§" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": 700, "year_to": 700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 23000000, "polity_population_to": 33000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. [23,000,000-33,000,000]: 720 CE §REF§(Blankinship 1994, 37-38)§REF§." }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. \"Evidence for the size and distribution of the population before the first census in 1911 is sparse and far from reliable. Estimates for the 1800-20 period vary from 1 to 3 million (Skinner, 1957:79; Sternstein, 1993:18). A detailed examination of the evidence by Sternstein (1965:1984) suggests very gradual growth from the 1780s to reach a population a little short of 5 million by the middle of the nineteenth century.\" §REF§(Dixon 2002, p. xxxii)§REF§ It is not clear whether this estimate covers tributary states." }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": 1850, "year_to": 1850, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4000000, "polity_population_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. \"Evidence for the size and distribution of the population before the first census in 1911 is sparse and far from reliable. Estimates for the 1800-20 period vary from 1 to 3 million (Skinner, 1957:79; Sternstein, 1993:18). A detailed examination of the evidence by Sternstein (1965:1984) suggests very gradual growth from the 1780s to reach a population a little short of 5 million by the middle of the nineteenth century.\" §REF§(Dixon 2002, p. xxxii)§REF§ It is not clear whether this estimate covers tributary states." }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 13000000, "polity_population_to": 14000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>1000 CE<br>Algeria 2m, Tunisia 1m, Libya 0.5m, Egypt 5m, Palestine and Jordan 0.5m, Hijaz 4m (est. from 4.5m for The Interior).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Egypt 4m and eastern Libya 0.2m (est. from 0.4m)§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>1056 CE low Nile flood severe famine which took \"a heavy toll in human life and disrupted collection of state revenues.\"§REF§(Lev 1987, 348-349)§REF§" }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3500000, "polity_population_to": 4500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>1000 CE<br>Algeria 2m, Tunisia 1m, Libya 0.5m, Egypt 5m, Palestine and Jordan 0.5m, Hijaz 4m (est. from 4.5m for The Interior).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Egypt 4m and eastern Libya 0.2m (est. from 0.4m)§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>1056 CE low Nile flood severe famine which took \"a heavy toll in human life and disrupted collection of state revenues.\"§REF§(Lev 1987, 348-349)§REF§" }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Turkey contained 1.5 million by the chalcolithic (2500 BC) and 3 million \"during the course of the full Bronze age\".§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>The polity territory isn't anywhere near 750,000 km2 of Anatolia. If we assume at this time the polity controlled 10% of the region that would be 300,000 people. This would be a lower limit if we further suppose that the Hittite region, being the most developed, would be the most densely populated.<br>" }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": "Turkey-in-Asia contained 1.5 million by the chalcolithic (2500 BC) and 3 million \"during the course of the full Bronze age\".§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ If we assume 2 million for this period that is about 2.67 persons per KM2 across the whole area of Anatolia. Multiplied by the territory we could have a polity population range of between 50,000-100,000." }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": 632, "year_to": 632, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 11000000, "polity_population_to": 11000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015 §REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>(since 541/542: Plague epidemic, returns all 10-15 years until ca. 750)<br>630: 11 Million<br>700: 4.5 Million<br>800: 5 Million (stabilisation of population after end of plague epidemics)<br>867: 5.5 Million<i>These estimates are connected to the estimates of the territorial extent. All of these numbers are of course guesstimates, but we have to take into consideration both the effects of dramatic loss of territory and the recurrent plague epidemics until the mid-8th cent.</i>§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication)§REF§<br>\"Furthermore, there is a significant drop in the number of subsistence crises in the seventh and eighth centuries throughout the empire compared to the period before that, indicating a population that did not put pressure on the available resources(Stathakopoulos 2004: 23-34). For that we may assume that large parts of the empire were less densely populated (at 9 inhabitants per km2) with an overall estimated population of 12 million (13 million in 800—Russell 1958:149; 7 million in the 780s—Treadgold 1997: 570).\" §REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 311) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"The outbreak of the so-called Justinianic Plague (541-750) represents a watershed for the demographic development of the Byzantine state. The pandemic ravaged the Mediterranean world in some eighteen waves, on average one every twelve years, causing large-scale mortality (Stathakopoulos 2004: 111-55; Conrad 1981; Little 2007).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>700 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.5m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>750 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.75m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia) ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>800 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 6m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia and Corsica) ?m and southern Italy ?m.<br>850 CE<br>Greece and part of Balkans 1.5m, Anatolia 6.25m, southern Crimea ?m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>19m in 500 CE; 17m in 600 CE; 7m in 700 CE; 8m in 800 CE.§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§" }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": 700, "year_to": 700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4500000, "polity_population_to": 7000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015 §REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>(since 541/542: Plague epidemic, returns all 10-15 years until ca. 750)<br>630: 11 Million<br>700: 4.5 Million<br>800: 5 Million (stabilisation of population after end of plague epidemics)<br>867: 5.5 Million<i>These estimates are connected to the estimates of the territorial extent. All of these numbers are of course guesstimates, but we have to take into consideration both the effects of dramatic loss of territory and the recurrent plague epidemics until the mid-8th cent.</i>§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication)§REF§<br>\"Furthermore, there is a significant drop in the number of subsistence crises in the seventh and eighth centuries throughout the empire compared to the period before that, indicating a population that did not put pressure on the available resources(Stathakopoulos 2004: 23-34). For that we may assume that large parts of the empire were less densely populated (at 9 inhabitants per km2) with an overall estimated population of 12 million (13 million in 800—Russell 1958:149; 7 million in the 780s—Treadgold 1997: 570).\" §REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 311) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"The outbreak of the so-called Justinianic Plague (541-750) represents a watershed for the demographic development of the Byzantine state. The pandemic ravaged the Mediterranean world in some eighteen waves, on average one every twelve years, causing large-scale mortality (Stathakopoulos 2004: 111-55; Conrad 1981; Little 2007).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>700 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.5m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>750 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.75m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia) ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>800 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 6m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia and Corsica) ?m and southern Italy ?m.<br>850 CE<br>Greece and part of Balkans 1.5m, Anatolia 6.25m, southern Crimea ?m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>19m in 500 CE; 17m in 600 CE; 7m in 700 CE; 8m in 800 CE.§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§" }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": 800, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 8000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015 §REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>(since 541/542: Plague epidemic, returns all 10-15 years until ca. 750)<br>630: 11 Million<br>700: 4.5 Million<br>800: 5 Million (stabilisation of population after end of plague epidemics)<br>867: 5.5 Million<i>These estimates are connected to the estimates of the territorial extent. All of these numbers are of course guesstimates, but we have to take into consideration both the effects of dramatic loss of territory and the recurrent plague epidemics until the mid-8th cent.</i>§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication)§REF§<br>\"Furthermore, there is a significant drop in the number of subsistence crises in the seventh and eighth centuries throughout the empire compared to the period before that, indicating a population that did not put pressure on the available resources(Stathakopoulos 2004: 23-34). For that we may assume that large parts of the empire were less densely populated (at 9 inhabitants per km2) with an overall estimated population of 12 million (13 million in 800—Russell 1958:149; 7 million in the 780s—Treadgold 1997: 570).\" §REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 311) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"The outbreak of the so-called Justinianic Plague (541-750) represents a watershed for the demographic development of the Byzantine state. The pandemic ravaged the Mediterranean world in some eighteen waves, on average one every twelve years, causing large-scale mortality (Stathakopoulos 2004: 111-55; Conrad 1981; Little 2007).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>700 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.5m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>750 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 5.75m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia) ?m and southern Italy ?m, Ravenna region north-east Italy ?m.<br>800 CE<br>Greece and Balkans extending to Italy (including Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 3m, Anatolia 6m, southern Crimea ?m, Mediterranean islands (except Sardinia and Corsica) ?m and southern Italy ?m.<br>850 CE<br>Greece and part of Balkans 1.5m, Anatolia 6.25m, southern Crimea ?m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>19m in 500 CE; 17m in 600 CE; 7m in 700 CE; 8m in 800 CE.§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§" }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7500000, "polity_population_to": 8500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ \"My estimates may be more conservative than others.\"§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication.§REF§<br>5,500,000: 867 CE<br>7,300,00: 900 CE<br>10,000,000: 1000 CE<br>13,000,000: 1050 CE<br>12,000,000: 1025 CE.§REF§(Treadgold 1997, 570) Treadgold, Warren. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§<br>\"Between 850 and 1000 there is evidence for the regression of woodland in favour of arable land, an indication of a growing population (Dunn 1992: 242-8; Lefort 2002: 269).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>900 CE<br>Greece 1m, Anatolia 6.5m, southern Crimea ?m, small part of southern Italy m?.<br>950 CE<br>Small part of Greece 0.5m and southern Italy ?m, Anatolia 6.75m, southern Crimea ?m.<br>1000 CE<br>Greece 1m, Anatolia 7m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>1050 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 7m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Comneni: 10-12m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 10000000, "polity_population_to": 14000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ \"My estimates may be more conservative than others.\"§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication.§REF§<br>5,500,000: 867 CE<br>7,300,00: 900 CE<br>10,000,000: 1000 CE<br>13,000,000: 1050 CE<br>12,000,000: 1025 CE.§REF§(Treadgold 1997, 570) Treadgold, Warren. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§<br>\"Between 850 and 1000 there is evidence for the regression of woodland in favour of arable land, an indication of a growing population (Dunn 1992: 242-8; Lefort 2002: 269).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>900 CE<br>Greece 1m, Anatolia 6.5m, southern Crimea ?m, small part of southern Italy m?.<br>950 CE<br>Small part of Greece 0.5m and southern Italy ?m, Anatolia 6.75m, southern Crimea ?m.<br>1000 CE<br>Greece 1m, Anatolia 7m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>1050 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, Anatolia 7m, small part of southern Italy ?m.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Comneni: 10-12m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1150, "year_to": 1150, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1150, "year_to": 1150, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 10000000, "polity_population_to": 10000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7300000, "polity_population_to": 7300000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 9000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>6,000,000: 1090 CE<br>10,000,000: 1150 CE<br>7,300,000: 1200 CE<br>\"... around 1025, although the empire occupied more or less the same amount of territory as in 750, it was more densely populated (at c.20 inhabitants per km2) and all in all more populous at roughly 18 million (between 10 and 18 million—Koder 1984/2001: 153; 19 million around 1025—Laiou 2002: 50-1; 18 million around 1050—Stein 1949-51:154).\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 312) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"5m in 1100 CE; 9m in 1200 CE; 2 m in 1300 CE.\"§REF§(Palmisano, Alessio. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, C. Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Allen Lane. London.§REF§<br>1100 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1150 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>1200 CE<br>Greece and Balkans 2m, coastal regions of Anatolia 3.5m?.<br>According to Stein, Byzantine Empire (1951) Mid-11th Century time of Michael VIII: 5m. §REF§(Russell 1958) Russell, J C (1958) Late and Medieval Population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol 48. No 3. pp. 1-152 citing Stein, E. 1949-1951. Introduction a l'histoire et aux institutions byzantines, Traditio 7: 154§REF§" }, { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": "Turkey-in-Asia had 5,500,000 in 100 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 134) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ Cappadocia had only about one sixth of the land area of this region (756,816/130,000). If we divided the estimate of 5.5 million by six get about 900,000. The state was landlocked and had no port. One might expect the most populous cities in Anatolia to be outside Cappadocia on the coast. A figure of 900,000 would certainly be an upper limit. Three hundred years later, under Emperor Valerian, the province of Cappadocia was reported to have had 400,000.§REF§(Smith ed. 1869, 469) Smith, William. ed. 1869. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Volume 1. James Walton.§REF§ This seems a more reasonable figure given Cappadocia's location. Anatolia at the time of Valerian had about 6.5 million more people§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 134) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ - 1 million more than in 100 BCE - which means Cappadocia may have had only a sixteenth of the Turkey-in-Asia population. If we apply the same ratio to 100 BCE we get 350,000.<br>" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500, "polity_population_to": 4000, "comment": null, "description": "Between 2564-3846 people.<br>Calculations are based on the level 2B of Canhasan I, and the assumption that in each of the buildings, a family with about 5 persons resided §REF§During Bleda S., Constructing Communities. Clustered Neigbourhood Settlements of the Cental Anatolia Neolithic CA. 8500-5500 Cal. BC. 2006, p. 278§REF§<br>Çatalhöyük West: 8 ha; Canhasan I: 9ha; Yümüktepe/ Mersin: 12ha; Tepecik - Çiftlik: 6 ha; Köşk Höyük:4 ha§REF§Düring Bleda S., 2010. The prehistory of Asia Minor. From complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies.,Cambridge University Press, p. 138-139§REF§§REF§Sharp Joukowsky Martha, 1996. Early Turkey Anatolian archaeology from prehistory through the Lydian Period., Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company USA, p. 108§REF§" }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1300000, "polity_population_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Turkey contained 3 million \"during the course of the full Bronze age\".§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>The polity territory isn't anywhere near 750,000 km2 of Anatolia. At greatest extent according to map§REF§geacron.com§REF§ possessed about one third, which if equally distributed would be 1 million people. We could suppose this is a lower limit if the developed Hittite region was the most densely populated part of Anatolia. Territory also contains part of Syria which may have had 250,000 by 3000 BCE and 600,000 by 1000 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ If we grant 300,000 for Syrian possessions the total baseline for our range estimate is about 1,300,000.<br>" }, { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 800000, "polity_population_to": 1600000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Turkey contained 1.5 million by the chalcolithic (2500 BC) and 3 million \"during the course of the full Bronze age\".§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>The polity territory isn't anywhere near 750,000 km2 of Anatolia. If we assume at height the polity controlled 25% of the region that would be 750,000 people. This would be a lower limit if we further suppose that the Hittite region, being the most developed, would be the most densely populated." }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": " Lysimachus' kingdom covered approximately 50% of modern Turkey and all of Bulgaria.<br>Turkey as a whole had an estimated 4.5 million in 300 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 135) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>Turkey-in-Europe had about 100,000 in 300 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 113) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>Bulgaria had approximately 200,000 in 300 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 113) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500, "polity_population_to": 4000, "comment": null, "description": " is a rough calculation based on combining settlement estimates" }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 80000, "polity_population_to": 160000, "comment": null, "description": "New Kingdom of Hatti coded 2 million for up to 45,000 km2, which is 44.4 per km2. Neo-Hittite state of 700 km2 * 44.4 density per km2 would provide an estimate of about 30,000. However, the Neo-Hittite states were no doubt based around the larger urban areas so this could be a bottom line figure. Considering that there would need to be 100 such states in the region of Turkey to reach the 3 million population figure (for Turkey - see McEvedy and Jones estimate) this \"bottom line\" figure may be too low. 3 million split among, say, 15 states in Turkey as a whole would give us 200,000 per polity. This seems closer to a reasonable range of perhaps 80,000-160,000.<br>Turkey contained 3 million \"during the course of the full Bronze age\".§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1325, "year_to": 1325, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 200000, "polity_population_to": 400000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CEToo high compared to territory; rule of thumb for this period ca. 10-20 people/km2 as good estimate for medieval/Byzantine/Mediterranean provinces - thus more around 200,000-400,000.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>2,500,000: 1350 CEMaybe 700,000-1,4 Million; starting from 1346 effects of Black Death also in Ottoman area have to be taken into consideration - cf. the excellent new book N. VARLIK, Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World. The Ottoman Experience, 1347-1600. Cambridge 2015.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>5,000,000: 1400 CEDue to plague effects maybe in this order of magnitude, otherwise maybe larger.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE<br>22,000,000: 1550 CE<br>28,000,000: 1600 CE<br>27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>24,000,000: 1700 CE<br>24,000,000: 1750 CE<br>24,000,000: 1800 CE<br>25,000,000: 1850 CE<br>25,000,000: 1900 CE" }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1350, "year_to": 1350, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 700000, "polity_population_to": 1400000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CEToo high compared to territory; rule of thumb for this period ca. 10-20 people/km2 as good estimate for medieval/Byzantine/Mediterranean provinces - thus more around 200,000-400,000.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>2,500,000: 1350 CEMaybe 700,000-1,4 Million; starting from 1346 effects of Black Death also in Ottoman area have to be taken into consideration - cf. the excellent new book N. VARLIK, Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World. The Ottoman Experience, 1347-1600. Cambridge 2015.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>5,000,000: 1400 CEDue to plague effects maybe in this order of magnitude, otherwise maybe larger.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE<br>22,000,000: 1550 CE<br>28,000,000: 1600 CE<br>27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>24,000,000: 1700 CE<br>24,000,000: 1750 CE<br>24,000,000: 1800 CE<br>25,000,000: 1850 CE<br>25,000,000: 1900 CE" }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": "Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CEToo high compared to territory; rule of thumb for this period ca. 10-20 people/km2 as good estimate for medieval/Byzantine/Mediterranean provinces - thus more around 200,000-400,000.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>2,500,000: 1350 CEMaybe 700,000-1,4 Million; starting from 1346 effects of Black Death also in Ottoman area have to be taken into consideration - cf. the excellent new book N. VARLIK, Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World. The Ottoman Experience, 1347-1600. Cambridge 2015.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>5,000,000: 1400 CEDue to plague effects maybe in this order of magnitude, otherwise maybe larger.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE<br>22,000,000: 1550 CE<br>28,000,000: 1600 CE<br>27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>24,000,000: 1700 CE<br>24,000,000: 1750 CE<br>24,000,000: 1800 CE<br>25,000,000: 1850 CE<br>25,000,000: 1900 CE" }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": 1450, "year_to": 1450, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7000000, "polity_population_to": 7000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CE<br>2,500,000: 1350 CE<br>5,000,000: 1400 CE<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE9,000,000: 1500 CE Seems possible, according to tax registers, there were 872,000 households in Ottoman Anatolia in 1520, cf. H. İNALCIK, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume I: 1300-1600. Cambridge 1997.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§" }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 9000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CE<br>2,500,000: 1350 CE<br>5,000,000: 1400 CE<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE9,000,000: 1500 CE Seems possible, according to tax registers, there were 872,000 households in Ottoman Anatolia in 1520, cf. H. İNALCIK, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume I: 1300-1600. Cambridge 1997.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§" }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 28000000, "polity_population_to": 28000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. 22,000,000: 1550 CE; 28,000,000: 1600 CE; 27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CE<br>2,500,000: 1350 CE<br>5,000,000: 1400 CE<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE<br>22,000,000: 1550 CE<br>28,000,000: 1600 CE<br>27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>24,000,000: 1700 CE<br>24,000,000: 1750 CE<br>24,000,000: 1800 CE<br>25,000,000: 1850 CE<br>25,000,000: 1900 CE<br>Population growth in Anatolia. 1520-1530 CE: 872,610. 1570-1580 CE: 1,360,474. §REF§(Inalcik and Quataert 1997, 28) Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert. 1997. 'General Introduction' in <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Volume One: 1300-1600</i> edited by Halil Inalcik with Donald Quataert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 24000000, "polity_population_to": 24000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Population of Ottoman Empire§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137)§REF§<br>1,000,000: 1325 CE<br>2,500,000: 1350 CE<br>5,000,000: 1400 CE<br>7,000,000: 1450 CE<br>9,000,000: 1500 CE<br>22,000,000: 1550 CE<br>28,000,000: 1600 CE<br>27,500,000: 1650 CE<br>24,000,000: 1700 CE<br>24,000,000: 1750 CE<br>24,000,000: 1800 CE<br>25,000,000: 1850 CE<br>25,000,000: 1900 CE" }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": "By 500 BC, Turkey contained 3 million Phyrgians and Neo-Hittites (Lydians, Carians).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 133) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": 300, "year_to": 300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 40000000, "polity_population_to": 70000000, "comment": null, "description": "The most common general estimate for the empire population is around 60 million, but a figure of 150 million is also conceivable, though highly unlikely §REF§(Scheidel 2004: 2-9)§REF§. Another estimate is 50 million people (i.e. 5000 administrative units at height. §REF§(Black 2008, 181)§REF§. According to a graph by McEvedy and Jones between 200 CE and 400 CE population of the Roman Empire decreased from about 45 million to 35 million §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 127)§REF§.<br>70 million c.300 CE?<br>\"The Late Roman Empire covered vast amounts of territory (estimated at 3.8 million km2; Issawi 1981: 377) and enjoyed a prolonged period of economic prosperity and demographic expansion between the death of Augustus (14 CE) and the second century. During this phase population density was situated in the upper possible margins of pre-modern times (at roughly 20 inhabitants per km2) with a total population in the magnitude of 74.9 million (Issawi 1981: 377). The anarchy and general economic disarray of the third century will have taken its toll on the population, but we can safely assume that at the beginning of the Byzantine period, in the early fourth century, the demographic state of the empire was similar to that in the second century.\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 568, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": "5-6 million in Turkey-in-Asia at this time. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 135) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ However, the polity covered only 40% of the land area and possibly not the most densely populated area because it was landlocked. 2,400,000 would be just above the upper limit for a range so perhaps 1.5-2 million." }, { "id": 569, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 40000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>40,000-50,000 is a widely agreed upon number<br>Milner estimates the American Bottom population (\"population figures for Cahokia were doubled to approximate the inhabitants of all mound centers and added to valley-wide estimates for small settlements\") in the Moorehead phase had fallen about 25% from the Stirling total. §REF§(Milner 2006, 124)§REF§ Which was:<br>\"It is likely that at least 50,000 people lived within the 2000 square kilometer “greater Cahokia” region at its height (ca. A.D. 1100).\" §REF§(Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>\"George Milner estimates that there were roughly 8000 people in the Cahokia central administrative complex and up to 50,000 in the greater Cahokia region after AD 1050. Before that the neither had large populations—perhaps less than 1000 people in the entire greater Cahokia region.\" However: \"With new excavations at East St. Louis the estimate for the central administrative complex needs to be increased to something like 15,000.\"§REF§(Peregrine/Pauketat 2014, 15)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 570, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 8000, "polity_population_to": 12000, "comment": null, "description": " People. AD: Estimates given at century marks. Real code is: 10,000: 1673 CE; 300: 1832 CE \"In 1673, the Illinois were a large, powerful group of tribes that numbered more than 10,000 people and occupied a vast territory. However, in 1832, when they ceded the last of their Illinois lands to the United States, they had been reduced, in the State of Illinois, to a single village of fewer than 300 people\" §REF§Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, History: The Illinois Decline (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/hi_decline.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/hi_decline.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 571, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 600, "polity_population_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": " People. AD: Estimates given at century marks. Real code is: 10,000: 1673 CE; 300: 1832 CE \"In 1673, the Illinois were a large, powerful group of tribes that numbered more than 10,000 people and occupied a vast territory. However, in 1832, when they ceded the last of their Illinois lands to the United States, they had been reduced, in the State of Illinois, to a single village of fewer than 300 people\" §REF§Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, History: The Illinois Decline (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/hi_decline.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/hi_decline.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 572, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5500, "polity_population_to": 5500, "comment": null, "description": " People. The Britannica gives a number of 12,000, but seems to refer to the period immediately preceding the American Revolution: 'For a century and a quarter before the American Revolution, the Iroquois stood athwart the path from Albany to the Great Lakes, keeping the route from permanent settlement by the French and containing the Dutch and the English. In the 18th century the Six Nations remained consistent and bitter enemies of the French, who were allied with their traditional foes. The Iroquois became dependent on the British in Albany for European goods (which were cheaper there than in Montreal), and thus Albany was never attacked. The Iroquois’ success in maintaining their autonomy vis-à-vis both the French and English was a remarkable achievement for an aboriginal people that could field only 2,200 men from a total population of scarcely 12,000. During the American Revolution, a schism developed among the Iroquois. The Oneida and Tuscarora espoused the American cause, while the rest of the league, led by Chief Joseph Brant’s Mohawk loyalists, fought for the British out of Niagara, decimating several isolated American settlements. The fields, orchards, and granaries, as well as the morale of the Iroquois, were destroyed in 1779 when U.S. Major General John Sullivan led a retaliatory expedition of 4,000 Americans against them, defeating them near present-day Elmira, New York. Having acknowledged defeat in the Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), the Iroquois Confederacy effectively came to an end. In a treaty that was made at Canandaigua, New York, 10 years later, the Iroquois and the United States each pledged not to disturb the other in lands that had been relinquished or reserved. Of the Six Nations, the Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora remained in New York, eventually settling on reservations; the Mohawk and Cayuga withdrew to Canada; and, a generation later, a large group of the Oneida departed for Wisconsin.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-Confederacy\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-Confederacy</a>§REF§ eHRAF gives the total number of Iroquois at 5,500 for the beginning of the 17th century: 'In 1600 the population of the Five Nations is estimated to have been about 5,500 and that of the Tuscarora about 5,000.' §REF§Reid, Gerald: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iroquois§REF§ We have chosen to follow the eHRAF estimate." }, { "id": 573, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 12000, "polity_population_to": 12000, "comment": null, "description": " People. The admission of the Tuscarora added additional people and territory to the League. The Britannica provides a number of around 12,000 for the 18th century: 'For a century and a quarter before the American Revolution, the Iroquois stood athwart the path from Albany to the Great Lakes, keeping the route from permanent settlement by the French and containing the Dutch and the English. In the 18th century the Six Nations remained consistent and bitter enemies of the French, who were allied with their traditional foes. The Iroquois became dependent on the British in Albany for European goods (which were cheaper there than in Montreal), and thus Albany was never attacked. The Iroquois’ success in maintaining their autonomy vis-à-vis both the French and English was a remarkable achievement for an aboriginal people that could field only 2,200 men from a total population of scarcely 12,000. During the American Revolution, a schism developed among the Iroquois. The Oneida and Tuscarora espoused the American cause, while the rest of the league, led by Chief Joseph Brant’s Mohawk loyalists, fought for the British out of Niagara, decimating several isolated American settlements. The fields, orchards, and granaries, as well as the morale of the Iroquois, were destroyed in 1779 when U.S. Major General John Sullivan led a retaliatory expedition of 4,000 Americans against them, defeating them near present-day Elmira, New York. Having acknowledged defeat in the Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), the Iroquois Confederacy effectively came to an end. In a treaty that was made at Canandaigua, New York, 10 years later, the Iroquois and the United States each pledged not to disturb the other in lands that had been relinquished or reserved. Of the Six Nations, the Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora remained in New York, eventually settling on reservations; the Mohawk and Cayuga withdrew to Canada; and, a generation later, a large group of the Oneida departed for Wisconsin.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-Confederacy\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Iroquois-Confederacy</a>§REF§ Population growth may have occurred during the reservation period." }, { "id": 574, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 40000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " people. \"The total population of all tribes in Ontario is estimated to have been 60,000 and that in New York 40,000 - 50,000.\"§REF§(Hasenstab 2001: 454) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R</a>.§REF§" } ] }