Polity Population List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Populations.
GET /api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 1262, "year_to": 1262, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 60000, "comment": null, "description": " 'Hard demographic data are extremely difficult to find. Most scholars estimate the population around 930 CE between 5.000 and 20.000, with 10.000 as the consensus figure. The population in 1262 CE is estimated to be between 50.000 and 60.000. Population estimates are usually based on data on tax paying farmers. These data allow us to establish a minimum population. Around 1100 CE there were approximately 4500 tax-paying farmers and this number is usually multiplied by seven (the number of persons per household) to arrive at the estimate for the overall population.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ Estimates given in the literature vary: 'Historical sources set the beginning of Norse settlement in Iceland at approximately 870 A.D., a date that is generally collaborated by the archaeological evidence. There was no prior inhabitation with the exception of a few Irish monks who may have periodically visited the island beginning in the eighth century. The relative proportion of Norse (primarily Norwegian) and Celtic (from the northern British Isles) contributions to the original Icelandic population has been debated. Recent DNA analyses of the modern population indicate that the relative contributions are dramatically skewed by gender with the majority of females deriving from Celtic origins whereas the males appear to have been predominately Norse. Estimates of total population based on a survey of independent farmers conducted around the year 1100 indicate roughly 60,000 - 70,000 individuals.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ 'According to the Statistical Abstract of Iceland (1984:64-69), in 1900, before land reclamation began, there were 98,398 hectares of pasture land (homefields, not common pasture lands) in Iceland. Tomasson (1980:60) cites evidence that the area of vegetation in Iceland has decreased by half since the period of settlement. The point is that there may have been as much as about a hundred thousand hectares of land suitable for homefield pastures, [Page 253] sufficient to support a hundred thousand individuals as members of independent households, according to Commonwealth criteria. Whatever their bases for calculation, only one population estimate exceeds 100,000 and most are much lower for the entire period (Tomasson 1980:58). There must have been sufficient land for the population. Any shortage of land was due to social, not ecological factors. In addition to animal husbandry, the rich resources of fish, marine mammals, and birds have been of economic importance from the time of settlement to the present.' §REF§Durrenberger, E. Paul 1988. “Stratification Without A State: The Collapse Of The Icelandic Commonwealth”, 252§REF§ But generally, low population densities and dispersed settlement patterns are assumed: 'Because agriculture was the chief economic activity, the population of Iceland was evenly distributed throughout the inhabitable parts of the country until the end of the 19th century.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland</a>§REF§ 'The requirements of livestock herding insured that Icelandic land-use was characterized by low population densities, a dispersed settlement pattern, and large farmsteads. Within such farmsteads land was divided into spatial units reflecting different levels of management associated with homefields, hay-producing areas, and outer pastures. Outbuildings associated with the seasonal components of Icelandic transhumant pastoralism were scattered throughout these various land-use areas and in the upland heaths surrounding zones of intensive occupation (Bredahl-Petersen 1967; Hastrup 1985).' §REF§Smith, Kevin P., and Jeffrey R. Parsons 1989. “Regional Archaeological Research In Iceland: Potentials And Possibilities”, 181§REF§" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5500000, "polity_population_to": 5500000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Estimated from McEvedy and Jones §REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978)§REF§, c500 CE from Italy (4) and Yugoslavia (1.5)<br>Ostrogothic Italy saw \"demographic decline\".§REF§(Arnold, Bjornlie and Sessa 2016, 1) Arnold, Jonathan J. Bjornlie, Shane M. Sessa, Kristina. eds. 2016. A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Ostrogoth people at time of the invasion of Italy 488 CE:<br>\"As in the Macedonian campaign, so now, he was accompanied by all the members of his nation, old men and children, mothers and maidens, and doubtless by a long train of waggons. We have no accurate information whatever as to the number of his army, but various indications, both in earlier and later history, seem to justify us in assuming that the soldiers must have numbered fully 40,000; and if this was the case, the whole nation cannot have been less than 200,000. The difficulty of finding food for so great a multitude in the often desolated plains of Pannonia and Noricum must have been enormous, and was no doubt the reason of the slowness of Theodoric's progress.\" §REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§<br>Unknown source says the kingdom has a population of 225,000 §REF§(Unknown)§REF§. This number must refer to the number of Ostrogoths rather than the total number of individuals within the territory of the Ostrogoth Kingdom in Italy.<br>\"Cities along the route either closed their gates or could not provide a market capable of sustaining perhaps 40,000 hungry people.\"§REF§(Burns 1991, 65)§REF§" }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 1250000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br><i>ET</i>: §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 5,000,000 in 1000 CE and 5,750,000 in 1100 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity would be 1,666,000: 1000 CE; 1,916,000: 1100 CE. The \"Latium: Medieval Era (500-1500 CE)\" coding page currently estimates the population of the Latium region only as: 335000: 904 CE; 110000: 1422 CE. These estimates for Latium conflict with the crude estimates based on the McEvedy and Jones figures for the whole of Italy since the latter do not drop from 850-1450 CE, they rise. Therefore I will assume the increase in population occurred outside of the region of this polity (Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa?) and within this polity the population dropped, the initial McEverdy and Jones totals divided by 4 and 5 respectively.The population of the modern administrative region of Lazio currently stands at around 5,557,2756. This follows the massive improvement of living conditions after World War II.§REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index.html</a>§REF§ I second the opinion expressed in the \"Population\" sub-section, however: there is virtually no information in the scholarship (English, French, even Italian) on the demographics of Lazio as a whole for the medieval period. Karl Julius Beloch's <i>Storia della Popolazione d'Italia</i> (1937-1961; Italian trans. 1994) remains the best account of Italian demographic patterns, but the section on the Papal States does not begin until around 1500." }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 1115000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br><i>ET</i>: §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 5,000,000 in 1000 CE and 5,750,000 in 1100 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity would be 1,666,000: 1000 CE; 1,916,000: 1100 CE. The \"Latium: Medieval Era (500-1500 CE)\" coding page currently estimates the population of the Latium region only as: 335000: 904 CE; 110000: 1422 CE. These estimates for Latium conflict with the crude estimates based on the McEvedy and Jones figures for the whole of Italy since the latter do not drop from 850-1450 CE, they rise. Therefore I will assume the increase in population occurred outside of the region of this polity (Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa?) and within this polity the population dropped, the initial McEverdy and Jones totals divided by 4 and 5 respectively.The population of the modern administrative region of Lazio currently stands at around 5,557,2756. This follows the massive improvement of living conditions after World War II.§REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index.html</a>§REF§ I second the opinion expressed in the \"Population\" sub-section, however: there is virtually no information in the scholarship (English, French, even Italian) on the demographics of Lazio as a whole for the medieval period. Karl Julius Beloch's <i>Storia della Popolazione d'Italia</i> (1937-1961; Italian trans. 1994) remains the best account of Italian demographic patterns, but the section on the Papal States does not begin until around 1500." }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 300000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": " Urban settlements were relatively small-scale (tens of thousands) whilst the land area also low. Land area held would not have supported highest population density for the Italy region (highest in Po valley), although part of the Po valley was held. The major cities Rome, Ravenna, Bologna, Ancona probably contained no more than 120,000. The \"Latium: Medieval Era (500-1500 CE)\" coding page currently estimates the population of the Latium region only as: 335000: 904 CE; 110000: 1422 CE. These estimates for Latium conflict with the crude estimates based on the McEvedy and Jones figures for the whole of Italy since the latter do not drop from 850-1450 CE, they rise." }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1600000, "polity_population_to": 1600000, "comment": null, "description": " This figure is from Black and predates the beginning date of the polity period.§REF§Black, 218§REF§<br><i>ET</i>: McEvedy and Jones estimate 12,000,000 for the whole of Italy in 1600 CE, an increase from the previous century. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ We don't know where this increase occurred although we do estimate that the population of Rome \"boomed\" in the 16th Century. However, this could be rebound after the depopulation that followed the sack of Rome 1527 CE, and may not represent a demographic trend as such. Even so, it was an impressive recovery despite the famines and plagues. We could use the figure again for this period as a rough guess." }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1900000, "polity_population_to": 1900000, "comment": null, "description": " These figure are from Gross.§REF§Gross, 60§REF§ Although Beloch provides figures for individual cities in the Papal State for the period 1500-1800, he does not tally up the figures for a composite total.§REF§Bairoch, 185-241§REF§ Precise information for population totals on Lazio for this period would only be obtainable by doing archival research in the various collections of the Vatican. Marino has estimated that there were about 13.3 Italians on the peninsula as a whole around 1600.§REF§Marino, 57§REF§" }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2300000, "polity_population_to": 2300000, "comment": null, "description": " These figure are from Gross.§REF§Gross, 60§REF§ Although Beloch provides figures for individual cities in the Papal State for the period 1500-1800, he does not tally up the figures for a composite total.§REF§Bairoch, 185-241§REF§ Precise information for population totals on Lazio for this period would only be obtainable by doing archival research in the various collections of the Vatican. Marino has estimated that there were about 13.3 Italians on the peninsula as a whole around 1600.§REF§Marino, 57§REF§" }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1000000, "polity_population_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 3,500,000 in 600 CE and 3,750,000 in 700 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity.<br>Population recovery/expansion in the seventh century leading to abandoned sites to be reinhabited, new sites to be created and the countryside to be repopulated.§REF§(Noble 1984, 8) Noble, Thomas F. X. 1984. The Republic of St. Peter. The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia.§REF§" }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": 700, "year_to": 700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1250000, "polity_population_to": 1250000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 3,500,000 in 600 CE and 3,750,000 in 700 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity.<br>Population recovery/expansion in the seventh century leading to abandoned sites to be reinhabited, new sites to be created and the countryside to be repopulated.§REF§(Noble 1984, 8) Noble, Thomas F. X. 1984. The Republic of St. Peter. The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia.§REF§" }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -500, "year_to": -500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 100000, "polity_population_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>500 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>400 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>300 BCE<br>polity territory of 25,000-30,000 at this time. Rome had a reported census population of perhaps 250,000.§REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§ The new territory conquered did not have a city as large as Rome and may not have been especially densely population - for example, no large river basin/delta etc. Would a reasonable estimate would be a range [500,000-1,000,000]? Population of 3,750,000 around 220 BCE§REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§ when Rome had most of Italy and some overseas possessions so it unlikely will be more than 1,000,000 based on these estimates.<br>Rome§REF§(Modelski 2003, 49)§REF§<br>100: 500 BCE<br>150: 400 BCE<br>250: 300 BCE<br>Rome (reported census tallies) §REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§<br>c250,000: 300 BCE<br>c210,000: 200 BCE<br>c400,000: 100 BCE" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": -400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 150000, "polity_population_to": 150000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>500 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>400 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>300 BCE<br>polity territory of 25,000-30,000 at this time. Rome had a reported census population of perhaps 250,000.§REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§ The new territory conquered did not have a city as large as Rome and may not have been especially densely population - for example, no large river basin/delta etc. Would a reasonable estimate would be a range [500,000-1,000,000]? Population of 3,750,000 around 220 BCE§REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§ when Rome had most of Italy and some overseas possessions so it unlikely will be more than 1,000,000 based on these estimates.<br>Rome§REF§(Modelski 2003, 49)§REF§<br>100: 500 BCE<br>150: 400 BCE<br>250: 300 BCE<br>Rome (reported census tallies) §REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§<br>c250,000: 300 BCE<br>c210,000: 200 BCE<br>c400,000: 100 BCE" }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": -300, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 500000, "polity_population_to": 1000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants.<br>500 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>400 BCE<br>same area as 600 BCE<br>300 BCE<br>polity territory of 25,000-30,000 at this time. Rome had a reported census population of perhaps 250,000.§REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§ The new territory conquered did not have a city as large as Rome and may not have been especially densely population - for example, no large river basin/delta etc. Would a reasonable estimate would be a range [500,000-1,000,000]? Population of 3,750,000 around 220 BCE§REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§ when Rome had most of Italy and some overseas possessions so it unlikely will be more than 1,000,000 based on these estimates.<br>Rome§REF§(Modelski 2003, 49)§REF§<br>100: 500 BCE<br>150: 400 BCE<br>250: 300 BCE<br>Rome (reported census tallies) §REF§(Scheidel <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf</a>§REF§<br>c250,000: 300 BCE<br>c210,000: 200 BCE<br>c400,000: 100 BCE" }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 25000000, "polity_population_to": 35000000, "comment": null, "description": " [25,000,000-35,000,000]: 31 BCE Using a population distribution map §REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978, 22)§REF§ from 200 CE, and the above map, from 31 BC, would give an approximate figure of about 32 million. 7 million within Italy by 1 CE §REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978, 21)§REF§." }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3500000, "polity_population_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": "3,750,000 around 220 BCE. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§<br>\"Roman and Italian pool of men on which Rome could draw was of the order of 1-2 million.\" §REF§(Crawford 2001, 37)§REF§ <i>Crawford's reference is to men only. Including women, old people and children the population may have been about the level suggested by Dupuy and Dupuy.</i>" }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000000, "polity_population_to": 50000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>The standard population is estimated at 50 to 60 million in 117 CE. The most common estimate for the empire population is around 60 million, but a figure of 150 million is also conceivable, though highly unlikely. §REF§(Scheidel 2004: 2-9)§REF§ Another estimate is 50 million people (i.e. 5000 administrative units) at height. §REF§(Black 2008, 181))§REF§ 14 CE and 164 CE estimate based on: Frier, Bruce W. \"Demography\", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 827-54.<br>Imperial censuses 28 BCE - 48 CE §REF§(Brunt 1971, 1987)§REF§ (These numbers (million) refer only to Roman citizens, who were a small proportion of the population):<br>4,063,000: 28 BCE<br>4,233,000: 8 BCE<br>4,937,000: 14 CE<br>5,894,000: 48 CE<br>Roman population, by region 14 CE §REF§(Beloch (1886) Die Bevolkerung de griechnisch-romischen welt)§REF§§REF§(Russell 1958)§REF§<br>Italy: 6,000,000<br>Sicily: 600,000<br>Sardinia-Corsica: 500,000<br>Iberia: 6,000,000<br>Narbonensis: 1,500,000<br>Gaul: 3,400,000<br>Danube: 2,000,000<br>Greece: 3,000,000<br>Asia (province): 6,000,000<br>Asia Minor: 7,000,000<br>Syria: 6,000,000<br>Cyprus: 500,000<br>Egypt: 5,000,000<br>Cyrenaica: 500,000<br>Africa: 6,000,000Total: 54,000,000<br>Late Roman Empire: 74.9 million c.200 CE. <i>coded as 55,000,000-70,000,000. DH says 75,000,000 too high.</i><br>\"The Late Roman Empire covered vast amounts of territory (estimated at 3.8 million km2; Issawi 1981: 377) and enjoyed a prolonged period of economic prosperity and demographic expansion between the death of Augustus (14 CE) and the second century. During this phase population density was situated in the upper possible margins of pre-modern times (at roughly 20 inhabitants per km2) with a total population in the magnitude of 74.9 million (Issawi 1981: 377). The anarchy and general economic disarray of the third century will have taken its toll on the population, but we can safely assume that at the beginning of the Byzantine period, in the early fourth century, the demographic state of the empire was similar to that in the second century.\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 100, "year_to": 100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000000, "polity_population_to": 60000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>The standard population is estimated at 50 to 60 million in 117 CE. The most common estimate for the empire population is around 60 million, but a figure of 150 million is also conceivable, though highly unlikely. §REF§(Scheidel 2004: 2-9)§REF§ Another estimate is 50 million people (i.e. 5000 administrative units) at height. §REF§(Black 2008, 181))§REF§ 14 CE and 164 CE estimate based on: Frier, Bruce W. \"Demography\", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 827-54.<br>Imperial censuses 28 BCE - 48 CE §REF§(Brunt 1971, 1987)§REF§ (These numbers (million) refer only to Roman citizens, who were a small proportion of the population):<br>4,063,000: 28 BCE<br>4,233,000: 8 BCE<br>4,937,000: 14 CE<br>5,894,000: 48 CE<br>Roman population, by region 14 CE §REF§(Beloch (1886) Die Bevolkerung de griechnisch-romischen welt)§REF§§REF§(Russell 1958)§REF§<br>Italy: 6,000,000<br>Sicily: 600,000<br>Sardinia-Corsica: 500,000<br>Iberia: 6,000,000<br>Narbonensis: 1,500,000<br>Gaul: 3,400,000<br>Danube: 2,000,000<br>Greece: 3,000,000<br>Asia (province): 6,000,000<br>Asia Minor: 7,000,000<br>Syria: 6,000,000<br>Cyprus: 500,000<br>Egypt: 5,000,000<br>Cyrenaica: 500,000<br>Africa: 6,000,000Total: 54,000,000<br>Late Roman Empire: 74.9 million c.200 CE. <i>coded as 55,000,000-70,000,000. DH says 75,000,000 too high.</i><br>\"The Late Roman Empire covered vast amounts of territory (estimated at 3.8 million km2; Issawi 1981: 377) and enjoyed a prolonged period of economic prosperity and demographic expansion between the death of Augustus (14 CE) and the second century. During this phase population density was situated in the upper possible margins of pre-modern times (at roughly 20 inhabitants per km2) with a total population in the magnitude of 74.9 million (Issawi 1981: 377). The anarchy and general economic disarray of the third century will have taken its toll on the population, but we can safely assume that at the beginning of the Byzantine period, in the early fourth century, the demographic state of the empire was similar to that in the second century.\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": 200, "year_to": 200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 55000000, "polity_population_to": 70000000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. Data coded to make it easier for scraper to read.<br>The standard population is estimated at 50 to 60 million in 117 CE. The most common estimate for the empire population is around 60 million, but a figure of 150 million is also conceivable, though highly unlikely. §REF§(Scheidel 2004: 2-9)§REF§ Another estimate is 50 million people (i.e. 5000 administrative units) at height. §REF§(Black 2008, 181))§REF§ 14 CE and 164 CE estimate based on: Frier, Bruce W. \"Demography\", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 827-54.<br>Imperial censuses 28 BCE - 48 CE §REF§(Brunt 1971, 1987)§REF§ (These numbers (million) refer only to Roman citizens, who were a small proportion of the population):<br>4,063,000: 28 BCE<br>4,233,000: 8 BCE<br>4,937,000: 14 CE<br>5,894,000: 48 CE<br>Roman population, by region 14 CE §REF§(Beloch (1886) Die Bevolkerung de griechnisch-romischen welt)§REF§§REF§(Russell 1958)§REF§<br>Italy: 6,000,000<br>Sicily: 600,000<br>Sardinia-Corsica: 500,000<br>Iberia: 6,000,000<br>Narbonensis: 1,500,000<br>Gaul: 3,400,000<br>Danube: 2,000,000<br>Greece: 3,000,000<br>Asia (province): 6,000,000<br>Asia Minor: 7,000,000<br>Syria: 6,000,000<br>Cyprus: 500,000<br>Egypt: 5,000,000<br>Cyrenaica: 500,000<br>Africa: 6,000,000Total: 54,000,000<br>Late Roman Empire: 74.9 million c.200 CE. <i>coded as 55,000,000-70,000,000. DH says 75,000,000 too high.</i><br>\"The Late Roman Empire covered vast amounts of territory (estimated at 3.8 million km2; Issawi 1981: 377) and enjoyed a prolonged period of economic prosperity and demographic expansion between the death of Augustus (14 CE) and the second century. During this phase population density was situated in the upper possible margins of pre-modern times (at roughly 20 inhabitants per km2) with a total population in the magnitude of 74.9 million (Issawi 1981: 377). The anarchy and general economic disarray of the third century will have taken its toll on the population, but we can safely assume that at the beginning of the Byzantine period, in the early fourth century, the demographic state of the empire was similar to that in the second century.\"§REF§(Stathakopoulos 2008, 310) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": "20,000-25,000 (Beloch). 40,000-50,000 (De Martino). 35,000 at most (Ampolo). 25,000-40,000 (Cornell). §REF§(Cornell 1995, 205)§REF§Previous estimate: {[20,000-30,000]; [40,000-50,000]}<br>\"as a consequence of Rome's urban development during the sixth century, which involved increased economic activity, a rise in population from growth and incorporation of foreigners as new citizens, and the increase in the territorial extent of the Roman state, a new military organization was introduced to take advantage of these economic, demographic, and geographical changes, and the result was a hoplite phalanx recruited from new territorial districts called tribes.\"§REF§(Forsythe 2006, 115) Forsythe, Gary. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": 800, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 440000, "polity_population_to": 1333000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 4,000,000 in 800 CE and 4,500,000 in 900 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity would be 1,333,000: 800 CE; 1,500,000: 900 CE. The \"Latium: Medieval Era (500-1500 CE)\" coding page currently estimates the population of the Latium region only as: 265000: 650 CE; 385000: 750 CE; 440000: 800 CE; 445000: 850 CE; 440000: 867 CE; 335000: 904 CE. These estimates support the magnitude of the crude estimate based on the McEvedy and Jones figures given that this polity covered only major two city regions, Ravenna and Rome, and what was in between." }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 335000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": " Inhabitants. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Estimated from McEvedy and Jones \"Italy\" which had 4,000,000 in 800 CE and 4,500,000 in 900 CE. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 107)§REF§ Figures divided by three to roughly approximate population ruled by this polity would be 1,333,000: 800 CE; 1,500,000: 900 CE. The \"Latium: Medieval Era (500-1500 CE)\" coding page currently estimates the population of the Latium region only as: 265000: 650 CE; 385000: 750 CE; 440000: 800 CE; 445000: 850 CE; 440000: 867 CE; 335000: 904 CE. These estimates support the magnitude of the crude estimate based on the McEvedy and Jones figures given that this polity covered only major two city regions, Ravenna and Rome, and what was in between." }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>\"At the height of its power in the sixteenth century, the city of Venice counted nearly 170,000 souls, with a population of more than two million in its subject territories.\"§REF§(Martin and Romano 2000, 1) John Martin. Dennis Romano. Reconsidering Venice. John Martin. Dennis Romano. eds. 2000. Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State 1297-1797. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.§REF§<br>\"Venice and its environs had a population of five-hundred thousand\".§REF§(Ching and Jarzombek 2017, 457) Francis D K Ching. Mark M Jarzombek. 2017. A Global History of Architecture. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§<br>\"The Black Plague (1350-1425) carried off 35 to 65 percent of the rural and urban population of of Italy.\"§REF§(Ching and Jarzombek 2017, 457) Francis D K Ching. Mark M Jarzombek. 2017. A Global History of Architecture. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons.§REF§" }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 545, "name": "it_venetian_rep_4", "long_name": "Republic of Venice IV", "start_year": 1564, "end_year": 1797 }, "year_from": 1565, "year_to": 1565, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>\"At the height of its power in the sixteenth century, the city of Venice counted nearly 170,000 souls, with a population of more than two million in its subject territories.\"§REF§(Martin and Romano 2000, 1) John Martin. Dennis Romano. Reconsidering Venice. John Martin. Dennis Romano. eds. 2000. Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State 1297-1797. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.§REF§" }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": 1400, "year_to": 1400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 12500000, "polity_population_to": 12500000, "comment": null, "description": " a number of different estimates exist for this time period. I have coded 9,750,000: 1300CE; 12,500,000: 1400CE;17,000,000: 1500CE; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones as it provides estimates throughout the period. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 9,600,000-10,500,000: 1450CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.94.§REF§" }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 150, "name": "jp_sengoku_jidai", "long_name": "Warring States Japan", "start_year": 1467, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 17000000, "polity_population_to": 17000000, "comment": null, "description": "a number of different estimates exist for this time period. I have coded 9,750,000: 1300CE; 12,500,000: 1400CE;17,000,000: 1500CE; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones as it provides estimates throughout the period. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 9,600,000-10,500,000: 1450CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.94.§REF§" }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": 1568, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 17000000, "polity_population_to": 17000000, "comment": null, "description": " 17,000,000: 1500CE; 22,000,000: 1600CE; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": 1600, "year_to": 1600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 22000000, "polity_population_to": 22000000, "comment": null, "description": " 17,000,000: 1500CE; 22,000,000: 1600CE; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": 800, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4000000, "polity_population_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": "[4,400,000-5,600,000]: 950 CE (using for 900 CE); [5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE (using for 1100 CE) population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9§REF§<br>4,000,000: 800CE; 4,500,000: 1000CE (using [4,500,000-5,000,000] on basis more recent Farris estimates are higher, but don't want to estimate too high i.e. linear in case there was cause for population drop/famine/warfare etc.); 5,750,000:1100CE. Population estimates from McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4400000, "polity_population_to": 5600000, "comment": null, "description": "[4,400,000-5,600,000]: 950 CE (using for 900 CE); [5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE (using for 1100 CE) population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9§REF§<br>4,000,000: 800CE; 4,500,000: 1000CE (using [4,500,000-5,000,000] on basis more recent Farris estimates are higher, but don't want to estimate too high i.e. linear in case there was cause for population drop/famine/warfare etc.); 5,750,000:1100CE. Population estimates from McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4500000, "polity_population_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": "[4,400,000-5,600,000]: 950 CE (using for 900 CE); [5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE (using for 1100 CE) population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9§REF§<br>4,000,000: 800CE; 4,500,000: 1000CE (using [4,500,000-5,000,000] on basis more recent Farris estimates are higher, but don't want to estimate too high i.e. linear in case there was cause for population drop/famine/warfare etc.); 5,750,000:1100CE. Population estimates from McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5500000, "polity_population_to": 6300000, "comment": null, "description": "[4,400,000-5,600,000]: 950 CE (using for 900 CE); [5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE (using for 1100 CE) population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9§REF§<br>4,000,000: 800CE; 4,500,000: 1000CE (using [4,500,000-5,000,000] on basis more recent Farris estimates are higher, but don't want to estimate too high i.e. linear in case there was cause for population drop/famine/warfare etc.); 5,750,000:1100CE. Population estimates from McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 400, "polity_population_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Minimum is the population of a large village; maximum assuming that half of the polity population was in the central village.<br>105,500 §REF§(Habu 2004, 46-50)§REF§ estimate for entire region" }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 400, "polity_population_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Minimum is the population of a large village; maximum assuming that half of the polity population was in the central village.<br>160,300§REF§(Habu 2004, 46-50)§REF§ estimate for entire region" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 143, "name": "jp_jomon_6", "long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 400, "polity_population_to": 1000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Minimum is the population of a large village; maximum assuming that half of the polity population was in the central village.<br>75,800§REF§(Habu 2004, 46-50)§REF§ estimate for entire region<br>" }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5500000, "polity_population_to": 6300000, "comment": null, "description": "[5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE; [5,700,000-6,200,000]: 1280 CE<br>There are a number of different population estimates for this period I have coded 5,500,000-6,300,000: 1150CE; 5,700,000-6,200,000: 1280CE population estimate by Farris as it is the most recent §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9,100.§REF§ 5,750,000: 1100CE; 7,500,000: 1200CE; 9,750,00: 1300CE Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": 1300, "year_to": 1300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5700000, "polity_population_to": 6200000, "comment": null, "description": "[5,500,000-6,300,000]: 1150 CE; [5,700,000-6,200,000]: 1280 CE<br>There are a number of different population estimates for this period I have coded 5,500,000-6,300,000: 1150CE; 5,700,000-6,200,000: 1280CE population estimate by Farris as it is the most recent §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.9,100.§REF§ 5,750,000: 1100CE; 7,500,000: 1200CE; 9,750,00: 1300CE Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": 730, "year_to": 730, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5800000, "polity_population_to": 6400000, "comment": null, "description": "[5,800,000-6,400,000]: 730 CE. Population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.8§REF§" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 150, "name": "jp_sengoku_jidai", "long_name": "Warring States Japan", "start_year": 1467, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": 1467, "year_to": 1467, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 15000000, "polity_population_to": 15000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Approximation for Japan based on McEvedy and Jones (1978). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978)§REF§" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 150, "name": "jp_sengoku_jidai", "long_name": "Warring States Japan", "start_year": 1467, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": 1568, "year_to": 1568, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000000, "polity_population_to": 20000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Approximation for Japan based on McEvedy and Jones (1978). §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978)§REF§" }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1603, "year_to": 1603, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 22000000, "polity_population_to": 22000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1650, "year_to": 1650, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 25000000, "polity_population_to": 25000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 29000000, "polity_population_to": 29000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1750, "year_to": 1750, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 29000000, "polity_population_to": 29000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 28000000, "polity_population_to": 28000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": 1850, "year_to": 1850, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 32000000, "polity_population_to": 32000000, "comment": null, "description": " During this period population census were carried out ‘However, the accuracy of such statistics varies greatly, as the surveys often neglected different demographics like members of the samurai household, children, and others’.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.63.§REF§ A number of scholars have used various methods based on the census and other data to provide estimates that more accurately reflect the actual population. 22,000,000: 1600CE; 25,000,000: 1650CE; 29,000,000: 1700CE; 29,000,000: 1750CE; 28,000,000: 1800CE; 32,000,000: 1850; Population estimate by McEvedy and Jones based on census data chosen to code as it provides figures for the duration of the polity. §REF§McEvedy, C and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books. London.p.181§REF§ 26,065,425: 1721CE; 26,921,816: 1732CE; 26,153,450: 1744CE; 26,061,830: 1756CE; 26,010,600: 1780CE; 24,891,441: 1792CE; 25,517,729: 1804CE; 27,201,400: 1828CE; 27,063,907: 1834; 26,907,625: 1846; Based on census data summarized by (Totman 1993).§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.251.§REF§ 15,000,000-17,000,000: 1600CE population estimate by Farris §REF§Farris, William Wayne. 2006. Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawaii Press.p.212.§REF§." }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500, "polity_population_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " Estiamte based on size of regional center + a few satellite villages<br>50 person per hectare, 30ha regional centre would have 1500 people. Could use a person-per-hectare estimate much higher than this but Mizoguchi says many regional centres exceeded the number of 200 inhabitants, which suggests lower densities.§REF§K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 126.§REF§<i></i><br>The largest regional centres in this period are Karako and Ikegami-Sone that respectively have an extent of 30 and 25 hectares.<br>450,000: 250 CE an estimation of the population size in Japan between 300 BCE-700 CE was provided by Koyama§REF§Koyama, S., 1978. Jomon Subsistence and Population. Senri Ethnological Studies 2. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology§REF§ on the basis of his demographic study on the forty-seven-volume \"National Site Maps\" published by the Japanese government in 1965.During the Yayoi and Kofun periods around 16.8 % of Japan's population lived in the Kansai region§REF§Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 60.§REF§<br>The population size increased strongly from the Early Yayoi (ca. 300 BCE-100 BCE) period to the Late Yayoi period (ca. 100CE-300 CE). Different rates of annual growth's local population and migrants have been estimated by scholars in order to assess how endogenous and exogenous factors shaped population size across time§REF§Hanihara, K., 1987. Estimation of the Number of Early Migrants to Japan: A Simulative Study. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 95, no. 3, 391-403.§REF§" }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": 1000, "year_to": 1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2500000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>\"Russian Turkestan\" is a reasonable approximation of the territory held by the Kara-Khanids in 1000 CE, particularly with respect to the urban areas. Estimate 2.5 million for 1000 CE. The Kara-Khanids held slightly less territory in 1200 CE, however since McEvedy and Jones considered the overall population of the region was rising have kept the estimate almost the same for 1200 CE (perhaps minus population for lost territory in Khwarazm region).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1987. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000000, "polity_population_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>\"Russian Turkestan\" is a reasonable approximation of the territory held by the Kara-Khanids in 1000 CE, particularly with respect to the urban areas. Estimate 2.5 million for 1000 CE. The Kara-Khanids held slightly less territory in 1200 CE, however since McEvedy and Jones considered the overall population of the region was rising have kept the estimate almost the same for 1200 CE (perhaps minus population for lost territory in Khwarazm region).§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1987. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 282, "name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate", "long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 582, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": 600, "year_to": 600, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 2000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>According to map above area very similar to Russian Turkestan in McEvedy and Jones, who estimate 2m for 600 CE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 1500000, "polity_population_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": " People. ‘The “Great Lake” supplied the water for irrigated rice cultivation and the fish protein to sustain the Khmer Empire’s population of more than 1 million.’ §REF§(Engelhardt 2005, p.20)§REF§ 'Finally, during the late 1200s and 1300s Upper Burma, Angkor, and Dai Viet all suffered internal disorders and external attacks that eventually culminated in the sack of each capital and the collapse of central administration.40 These disorders derived from locally specific combinations of: a) eco- logical constraints, including shortages of quality land, which in turn reflected the combined effects of regional desiccation and a shift to more marginal lands after 200-300 years of sustained population growth; b) increased maritime trade that strengthened coastal principalities at the expense of the imperial heartlands in Upper Burma, Angkor, and Dong Kinh; c) Mongol incursions and more especially, large-scale Tai migrations; d) institutional features that conferred an excessive auton- omy on local power-holders. So severe was the ensuing fragmentation that by 1340, as noted, at least 23 mainland kingdoms were independent in the sense that they paid no regular tribute to other Southeast Asian rulers (see Figure 1.4).41 Most would survive into the 16th century.'§REF§(Lieberman 2003, p. 25)§REF§" } ] }