Polity Population List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Populations.
GET /api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 577, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/polity-populations/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7500000, "polity_population_to": 8500000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br><i>ET: By 200 BC 30 million on the Indian Subcontinent, 20 million (40%) in Ganges basin. \"The next fifteen hundred years consolidated without significantly altering this pattern.\"§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 182-185) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ McEvedy and Jones estimated for Pakistan, India and Bangladesh 77m for 1000 CE, 80m for 1100 CE. If the proportion within the Ganges basin remained the same (40%) that leaves for the rest of the Indian Subcontinent: 46.2m for 1000 CE, 48 for 1100 CE. Pakistan contains the Indus valley which presumably also was densely populated. If we assume the fertile Indus valley contained the majority (50% population?) of the remaining population, whilst respecting the claim that \"the demographic centre of the country\" was the Gangetic provinces (so Indus probably does not hold much more than 50% of the non-Gangetic population) that leaves for the remaining areas: 23.1m for 1000 CE, 24m for 1100 CE. The remaining area left covers 2,000,000 km2 and the polity of about 650,000 KM2 covered about 33% of this area. So, assuming an even distribution of population across the remaining landmass, a population magnitude estimate would be: 7.6m for 1000 CE, 7.9m for 1100 CE. According to maps of 800-900 CE§REF§geacron.com§REF§ there were about 6-7 other polities in the remaining region during the same time period.</i><br>" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 415, "name": "in_ganga_ca", "long_name": "Chalcolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -601 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 2000, "polity_population_to": 3000, "comment": null, "description": " People. ‘The Garo Hills were sparsely populated at the time the British came. According to Hunter, population of the Garo Hills was 80,000 in 1872; there was hardly any immigration and the hills were mostly populated by the Garos. Population went on increasing rapidly after that. In 1901 Garos were 74% of total population. It became 78% in 1951 and 85% in 1961 and 78.81% in 1971. High rate of growth of population is mainly due to population influx. What is of interest is, considerable influx of Garo population which is evident from the increasing proportion of the Garos in the total population.’ §REF§Kar, Biman 1995. “Changing A’Chik-Mande: Need For Further Research”, 54§REF§ Numbers for the late 18th century are apparently unavailable, as we have assumed that no systematic censuses were taken prior to colonial rule. The population of a A’chik quasi-polity would accordingly have encompassed some villages or village-clusters rather than the whole hills area. The following information seems to refer to the present rather than the past: 'The population in a village ranges from 20 to 1,000 persons. The population density tends to decrease as one moves towards the interior areas from the urban areas of the districts. Villages are scattered and distant from one another in the interior areas. These villages are generally situated on the top of hillocks.' §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ The material provided in the 'settlement hierarchy' section (see below) claims up to 300 houses for pre-colonial villages and a decrease in the mean size of village after colonial 'pacification'. Domestic units were large: 'The household is the primary production and consumption unit. A Garo household comprises parents, unmarried sons and daughters, a married daughter (heiress) with her husband and their children. In principle a married granddaughter and her children should be included, but in reality grandparents hardly exist to see their grandchildren married. Some households may--for short periods only--include distant relatives or non-related persons for various reasons.' EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo; We have hypothetically assumed 6 to 10 residents for a pre-colonial household. The code is accordingly provisional and open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": 1900, "year_to": 1900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 138000, "polity_population_to": 138000, "comment": null, "description": " People. 1872 CE: 80,000; 1901 CE: 138,274; 1951 CE: 242,075 Regional integration was an artefact of colonial rule and the superimposition of a colonial administration upon a native system: ‘The Garo Hills were sparsely populated at the time the British came. According to Hunter, population of the Garo Hills was 80,000 in 1872; there was hardly any immigration and the hills were mostly populated by the Garos. Population went on increasing rapidly after that. In 1901 Garos were 74% of total population. It became 78% in 1951 and 85% in 1961 and 78.81% in 1971. High rate of growth of population is mainly due to population influx. What is of interest is, considerable influx of Garo population which is evident from the increasing proportion of the Garos in the total population.’ §REF§Kar, Biman 1995. “Changing A’Chik-Mande: Need For Further Research”, 54§REF§ ‘We find an increase of the population of the Garo between 1901 and 1951, 84% and between 1951 and 1961, 39%; while the percentages of general population increase for the periods were 61 and 26 respectively. Thus it is clear that the Garo population of the district is increasing at a faster rate as compared to the general population. This is due probably to the reason that many Garo families have migrated to the district from the adjoining Garo areas in the plains, while there was no such influx of non-Garo families, rather a number of their families have moved out of the district for various reasons. We can expect a greater percentage of increase during the period 1961-1971, because there was an influx of a large number of Garo families from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the first half of this decade.’ §REF§Majumdar, Dhirendra Narayan 1978. “Culture Change In Two Garo Villages”, 17§REF§ ‘The population of the district according to the 1951 census was 242,075, of which 190,901 gave Garo as their mother tongue. Most of the non-Garo-speaking population of the district is concentrated around the edges, leaving most of the interior almost ethnically pure. In fact, the only people other than Garos who are at all dispersed throughout the district are a few Nepalis living in widely scattered settlements. They are recent immigrants who maintain large herds of cattle and sell milk or manufacture ghee. Another 50,000 Garos were listed by the census in other parts of Assam, mostly in the districts immediately bordering the Garo Hills, and about 40,000 live in the adjacent districts of East Pakistan. Except for a few recent emigrants, then, the Garos form a geographically compact population. If they are distributed through a number of districts, this is largely because the borders of the district do not coincide perfectly with the area occupied by the tribe, though the borders were intended to do this as well as possible. The census reports of the district have shown an increase in every ten-year period since 1901, when the population was returned as only 138,274, just over half that shown by the most recent census. Part of the increase is probably due to immigration from other districts, but most is surely the result of natural expansion which-in spite of an appalling death rate, especially among children-seems to be keeping pace with the rest of India.’ §REF§Burling, Robbins 1963. “Rengsanggri: Family And Kinship In A Garo Village”, 20§REF§ We can therefore speak of a shared polity population in this case." }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People." }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": 400, "year_to": 400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 650000, "polity_population_to": 750000, "comment": null, "description": " People. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 182-185) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": 500, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 700000, "polity_population_to": 800000, "comment": null, "description": " People. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 182-185) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 15500000, "polity_population_to": 181000000, "comment": null, "description": "Expert dispute. Order of magnitude difference between high and low estimates. The high figure is partly supported by ancient accounts of large army sizes. If the ancient accounts of army sizes are all wild exaggerations then the lower figure could be realistic.<br>\"The population of India during this period was somewhere between 120,000,000 to 180,000,000 people.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 218) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ - note this figure is for the whole of India. Ganges basin perhaps 60% of total.<br>In Ganges basin 15 million in 500 BC, 20 million in 200 BCE.§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 182) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§<br>[15.5-181] Million. §REF§Estimate for the whole period 342-187 BCE. Clark, Peter, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford University Press, 2013. p. 159§REF§ the vast difference in estimates is based on the lack of evidence outside of archaeological evidence in excavated urban territories.<br>" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 110000000, "polity_population_to": 150000000, "comment": null, "description": " [110,000,000-150,000,000]§REF§Richards, (1993) The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 190.§REF§ The reference refers to the year range 1650-1750 CE, which is turned into 1700 CE, so that it can be matched up with the population range." }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 6000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.By 200 BC 30 million on the Indian Subcontinent, 20 million (40%) in Ganges basin. \"The next fifteen hundred years consolidated without significantly altering this pattern.\"§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 182-185) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.§REF§ McEvedy and Jones estimated for Pakistan, India and Bangladesh 62m for 800 CE, 69.5m for 900 CE. Estimate made using territory estimate, assuming roughly even distribution of people " }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 18000000, "polity_population_to": 100000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Data from Mauryan Empire. The Sunga Dynasty was in effect the continuation of the Mauryan Empire as it was established in a coup by the Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sunga (Roy 2015, 19).§REF§(Roy 2015: 19) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6000000, "polity_population_to": 7000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.\"In India the climate was quite congenial from 5th century BCE to 4th century CE, when Europe enjoyed a warmer phase. There was again as intensely cold phase in Europe from the 4th century - 10th century CE therefore it is inferred that India had an arid phase at that time (for details see Dhavalikar 2002).\"§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§ \"The visible impact is - change in the pattern of settlements; change from urban (monetary) to more village-based economy; increase in land grants (minimizing cash transaction); probably the hardships and adverse conditions in life gave rise to propensity towards godly faith visibly resulted in large number of religious structures.\"§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 25000000, "polity_population_to": 25000000, "comment": null, "description": " People. The population of the peninsula south of the river Krishna may have been around 25 million, if the population of all of India was about the 150 million that has been estimated §REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1990), p. 44§REF§." }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": 800, "year_to": 800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 23000000, "polity_population_to": 33000000, "comment": null, "description": " persons.<br>[23,000,000-33,000,000]: 750-799 CE <i>ET: is this expert disagreement or a range? I've changed curly brackets to square brackets on the assumption it's a range (only one source cited).</i> [720 CE] {23,000,000-33,000,000} §REF§Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, The End of the Jihad State pp.37-8§REF§ The population of the Abbasid Caliphate would have been comparable to the preceding Umayyad Caliphate. The loss of Iberia and the Western half of North Africa in part accounted for by the ensuring population growth of the remaining territory.<br>900 CE - no Egypt, Afghanistan or Central Asia.<br>Western Iran 2m (estimating half of total 4.25m), Iraq 2.5m, The Interior (Saudi Arabia) 2m, Palestine and Jordan 0.5m, Syria 1.5m. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§ Also a bit of Turkey and the Caucasus which is too tough to estimate. Will use 9 million as base of a range.<br>" }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": 900, "year_to": 900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 9000000, "polity_population_to": 11000000, "comment": null, "description": " persons.<br>[23,000,000-33,000,000]: 750-799 CE <i>ET: is this expert disagreement or a range? I've changed curly brackets to square brackets on the assumption it's a range (only one source cited).</i> [720 CE] {23,000,000-33,000,000} §REF§Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, The End of the Jihad State pp.37-8§REF§ The population of the Abbasid Caliphate would have been comparable to the preceding Umayyad Caliphate. The loss of Iberia and the Western half of North Africa in part accounted for by the ensuring population growth of the remaining territory.<br>900 CE - no Egypt, Afghanistan or Central Asia.<br>Western Iran 2m (estimating half of total 4.25m), Iraq 2.5m, The Interior (Saudi Arabia) 2m, Palestine and Jordan 0.5m, Syria 1.5m. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§ Also a bit of Turkey and the Caucasus which is too tough to estimate. Will use 9 million as base of a range.<br>" }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 3900000, "polity_population_to": 3900000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>In 1200 CE the Abbasids held Iraq and part of western Iran south of the Caspian.<br>McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 151-153) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>Iraq 1.5m in 1200 CE. Northernmost part of Iraq. Not controlled by Abbasids. However, likely most populated regions were under their control so will estimate 1.4m.<br>Iran 5m in 1200 CE. However, significant population centers e.g. Shiraz and Gulf coast region, Khurasan not controlled by Abbasids. Will estimate half of total for region: 2.5m" }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People. Unknown but, despite immigration into Babylon, population numbers suffered substantial decline and many settlements and much infrastructure was abandoned. §REF§Liverani, M. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.366§REF§" }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20200, "polity_population_to": 86300, "comment": null, "description": "Adams mentions two settlement enclaves: southern and northern. The southern enclave was inhabited by 86300 people on area of 2398 in squared km and the northern enclave had 20240 people living on area of 1184 in squared km§REF§(Adams 1981, 90) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K</a>.§REF§ 100,000-200,000§REF§Peregrine 2002, 113§REF§ Most of the population lived in the cites. According to Adams, 10% of the settlement was nonurban (occupying villages smaller than 10ha) and almost 78,4% settlement was large urban area (and had more than 40 ha) in the Early Dynastic Period II/III§REF§Adams 1981, 138§REF§" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": 670, "year_to": 670, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 7000000, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Modelski 2003, 179 )§REF§<br>In the 7th Century population of Mesopotamia reached its height of about 2 million. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 28)§REF§<br>Egypt possessed from 671 CE. About 2.5m inhabitants §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§<br>South-eastern Anatolia, Levant, western Iran may have contributed another 2.5 million. §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 226)§REF§" }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Unknown, but the Neo-Babylonian period was one of population growth after a long period of decline. §REF§Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.545§REF§" }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 472, "name": "iq_so_mesopotamia_nl", "long_name": "Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic", "start_year": -9000, "end_year": -5501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People." }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": null, "polity_population_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " People. The researchers deeply believed that the north Ubaid was more populated than southern regions of Ubaid.§REF§Wilkinson 2000, 244.§REF§§REF§Carter & Philip 2010, 8.§REF§ There are known some calculation regarding the size of populations inhabited some particular sites such as Tell al-Hawa (1500-4000 people, area of the site - 15-20 ha), Site 118 (500-1200 people; area of the site- 5-6 ha) and Khanijdal East (100-200 people, area of the site- 1ha). There are based on a range of on-site population densities of 100 to 200 people per ha. §REF§Wilkinson et al. 1996, 21§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 175000, "polity_population_to": 225000, "comment": null, "description": "\"In the Neo-Sumerian period, the population of Ur was ca. 200,000 people. Both this population increase and the urban improvements were largely supported by agricultural activities.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 161) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": -4000, "year_to": -3501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000, "polity_population_to": 38540, "comment": null, "description": " People. Adams proposed estimations for northern and southern enclaves. The southern enclaves had 20,110 inhabitants and the northern enclave had 38,540 people in Early-Middle Uruk Period. The northern enclave had 21,300 people and southern enclave had 41,020 people in the Late Uruk period§REF§Adams 1981, 90§REF§ The available data concerns also the Susiana Plain. The population of whole Uruk polities is unknown. Early Uruk Period: 6,290-12,580 people; Middle Uruk: 8,860-17,520; Late Uruk Period: 4,560-9,120 people.§REF§Wright 2001, 129-131§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": -3500, "year_to": -3000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 21300, "polity_population_to": 41000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Adams proposed estimations for northern and southern enclaves. The southern enclaves had 20,110 inhabitants and the northern enclave had 38,540 people in Early-Middle Uruk Period. The northern enclave had 21,300 people and southern enclave had 41,020 people in the Late Uruk period§REF§Adams 1981, 90§REF§ The available data concerns also the Susiana Plain. The population of whole Uruk polities is unknown. Early Uruk Period: 6,290-12,580 people; Middle Uruk: 8,860-17,520; Late Uruk Period: 4,560-9,120 people.§REF§Wright 2001, 129-131§REF§" }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": -500, "year_to": -500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 20000000, "polity_population_to": 26000000, "comment": null, "description": "20-26 million at peak 6.2m km2. §REF§(Broodbank 2015, 583) Broodbank, Cyprian. 2015. The Making of the Middle Sea. Thames & Hudson. London.§REF§<br>15.5 million. 4 million \"in Persia proper.\" §REF§(Stearns 2001, 40)§REF§<br>Table of modern estimates of the population of the Achaemenid Empire from Wiesehofer (2009).<br>Low EstimatesEgypt 3.5mNear East (without Arabia) 12.0mCentral Asia and India 1.5mTotal 17.0m<br>High EstimatesTotal 30-35m§REF§(Wiesehofer 2009, 77)§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": -400, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 17000000, "polity_population_to": 35000000, "comment": null, "description": "20-26 million at peak 6.2m km2. §REF§(Broodbank 2015, 583) Broodbank, Cyprian. 2015. The Making of the Middle Sea. Thames & Hudson. London.§REF§<br>15.5 million. 4 million \"in Persia proper.\" §REF§(Stearns 2001, 40)§REF§<br>Table of modern estimates of the population of the Achaemenid Empire from Wiesehofer (2009).<br>Low EstimatesEgypt 3.5mNear East (without Arabia) 12.0mCentral Asia and India 1.5mTotal 17.0m<br>High EstimatesTotal 30-35m§REF§(Wiesehofer 2009, 77)§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 4500000, "polity_population_to": 5500000, "comment": null, "description": "McEvedy and Jones<br>Amirate of Baghdad: 2,300,000 for modern Iraqi borders. Perhaps 1,500,000? for mid-region to south in 1000 CE.<br>Amirate of Shiraz and Amirate of Rayy: 4,500,000 for modern Iranian borders. Minus the north and east, perhaps 3,500,000? §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978, 151-153)§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": -200, "year_to": -200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 50000, "polity_population_to": 100000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": -100, "year_to": -100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5450000, "polity_population_to": 5450000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 7500000, "polity_population_to": 7500000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 15000000, "polity_population_to": 15000000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 25000000, "polity_population_to": 25000000, "comment": null, "description": " Priesler-Keller writes that due to a lack of empire-wide census, a population estimate of 5-7.5million is plausible for the Parthian Empire. §REF§(Priesler-Keller, Johannes. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email.§REF§<br>[50,000-100,000]: 200 BCE; 5,450,000: 100 BCE; {7,500,000; 15,000,000; 25,000,000}: 1 CE; 4,750,000: 100 CE; 5,000,000: 200 CE<br>Estimates derived from McEvedy and Jones§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>200 BCE - occupied the very south-west corner of Central Asia. McEvedy and Jones have 1,000,000 for the whole region at this time. Considering lack of major population center in this region, at most 10% of this total.<br>100 BCE - 200,000 in Central Asia, 1,250,000 in Iraq, 4,000,000 in Iran<br>1 CE - 500,000 in Central Asia, 2,000,000 in Afghanistan, 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq, ? in Pakistan (mountains region).<br>100 CE - 3,750,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>200 CE - 4,000,000 in Iran, 1,000,000 in Iraq<br>Maximum extent estimates<br>10-20 million - Durand (1977)§REF§(Korotaev 2006, 12) Korotaev, A. V. 2012. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa. Editorial URSS.§REF§<br>25 million - Truxillo (2008)§REF§(Truxillo 2008, 71) Truxillo, Charles A. 2008. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective. Jain Publishing Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": 1800, "year_to": 1900, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6000000, "polity_population_to": 10000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>The population of Iran was between six and ten million during the nineteenth century. It was composed mainly of peasants, but between a quarter and a third of the people were tribal, and roughly 10-20 per cent lived in cities.\"§REF§(Martin 2005, 15) Vanessa Martin. 2005. The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia. I. B. Tauris. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000000, "polity_population_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>McEvedy and Jones (1978) Iran: 4 million; Iraq: 1 million.§REF§(McEverdy and Jones 1978)§REF§<br>300 CE Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Transoxania, Pakistan<br>400 CE Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Transoxania, Pakistan" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 499, "year_to": 550, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 8900000, "polity_population_to": 8900000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978) §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>500 CE: Iraq 1.1m, Iran 4.5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Transoxania (southern part) 0.5m?, Caucasia 0.3m.<br>600 CE: Iran 5m, Iraq 1m, Transoxania (southern part) 1m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Caucasia 0.4m <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i><br>620 CE: Iran 5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Iraq 1m, Caucasia 0.4m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Anatolia 5m, Egypt 3.0m, Palestine and Jordan 0.4m, Transoxania (part) 1m. <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i>" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 551, "year_to": 619, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 12700000, "polity_population_to": 12700000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978) §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>500 CE: Iraq 1.1m, Iran 4.5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Transoxania (southern part) 0.5m?, Caucasia 0.3m.<br>600 CE: Iran 5m, Iraq 1m, Transoxania (southern part) 1m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Caucasia 0.4m <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i><br>620 CE: Iran 5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Iraq 1m, Caucasia 0.4m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Anatolia 5m, Egypt 3.0m, Palestine and Jordan 0.4m, Transoxania (part) 1m. <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i>" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 620, "year_to": 642, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 22100000, "polity_population_to": 22100000, "comment": null, "description": " People.<br>Estimates based on McEvedy and Jones (1978) §REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>500 CE: Iraq 1.1m, Iran 4.5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Transoxania (southern part) 0.5m?, Caucasia 0.3m.<br>600 CE: Iran 5m, Iraq 1m, Transoxania (southern part) 1m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Caucasia 0.4m <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i><br>620 CE: Iran 5m, Afghanistan 2.5m, Iraq 1m, Caucasia 0.4m, Yemen, Oman and Gulf Coast 2.8m, Anatolia 5m, Egypt 3.0m, Palestine and Jordan 0.4m, Transoxania (part) 1m. <i>need to add Pakistan ?m</i>" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 12100000, "polity_population_to": 12100000, "comment": null, "description": "West + East: 1100 CE in McEvedy and Jones (1978)§REF§(McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.§REF§<br>Iraq 1.75m<br>Caucasus 0.6m<br>Iran 5m<br>Afghanistan 2.25m<br>Russian Turkestan 2.5m" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": -4300, "year_to": -4000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 8000, "polity_population_to": 12000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Coded as a range to allow for flexibility around the value 10,000. <i>Population collapse coded as 10% residual population of the previous levels coded.</i><br>Late Village Period (marked at c4200 BCE in periodization table)§REF§(Hole 1987, 17) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>\"Now we see a dramatic shift. The number of sites drops quickly in the lowlands, first being apparent in Deh Luran and at a slower rate, but no less drastically, ultimately in Susiana. For practical purposes these regions both appear to have been essentially emptied of people by the end of this period. By now, the mordern climatic regime was established, giving, if anything, enhanced opportunity for the spread of villages into newly favorable areas. But what we see is not expansion, but a general contraction as it is expressed in the numbers of sites.\"§REF§(Hole 1987, 85) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>“By various estimates, the size of the settled population in the Late Village Period is between 8,500 and 25,000. (The figure of 200 persons per hectare of settlement is often used in these calculations [Dollfus 1983].)\"§REF§(Hole 1987, 91) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>\"The shifting nature of settlement in the Susiana Period is important for two reasons. First, it implies that estimates of population based on total numbers of sites on the plain are inherently suspect and probably too high, because sites are founded and abandoned through time and not all sites of a phase are occupied simultaneously. […] Even at peak density during the Susiana Period, there were probably fewer than ten inhabitants per square kilometre, an area that might support several times that many by agriculture (Adams and Nissen 1972: 29)\" §REF§(Hole 1987, 92)§REF§<br>\"Since Susa stood alone, perforce it must have possessed sole responsibility for all of Susiana, a region in which 10,000 or more people may have resided in a multitude of separate communities.\" §REF§(Hole 1987, 94)§REF§ Administrative control of Susa over 10,000 people?<br>\"The collapse of the Susa A polity or polities during the Terminal Susa A (Terminal Ubaid) period of the early fourth millennium B.C. on the Susiana Plain was discussed in the previous chapter. It is sufficient to say that this collapse involved a marked decrease in the population of the area.\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 107) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": -3999, "year_to": -3800, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 800, "polity_population_to": 1200, "comment": null, "description": " People. Coded as a range to allow for flexibility around the value 10,000. <i>Population collapse coded as 10% residual population of the previous levels coded.</i><br>Late Village Period (marked at c4200 BCE in periodization table)§REF§(Hole 1987, 17) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>\"Now we see a dramatic shift. The number of sites drops quickly in the lowlands, first being apparent in Deh Luran and at a slower rate, but no less drastically, ultimately in Susiana. For practical purposes these regions both appear to have been essentially emptied of people by the end of this period. By now, the mordern climatic regime was established, giving, if anything, enhanced opportunity for the spread of villages into newly favorable areas. But what we see is not expansion, but a general contraction as it is expressed in the numbers of sites.\"§REF§(Hole 1987, 85) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>“By various estimates, the size of the settled population in the Late Village Period is between 8,500 and 25,000. (The figure of 200 persons per hectare of settlement is often used in these calculations [Dollfus 1983].)\"§REF§(Hole 1987, 91) Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>\"The shifting nature of settlement in the Susiana Period is important for two reasons. First, it implies that estimates of population based on total numbers of sites on the plain are inherently suspect and probably too high, because sites are founded and abandoned through time and not all sites of a phase are occupied simultaneously. […] Even at peak density during the Susiana Period, there were probably fewer than ten inhabitants per square kilometre, an area that might support several times that many by agriculture (Adams and Nissen 1972: 29)\" §REF§(Hole 1987, 92)§REF§<br>\"Since Susa stood alone, perforce it must have possessed sole responsibility for all of Susiana, a region in which 10,000 or more people may have resided in a multitude of separate communities.\" §REF§(Hole 1987, 94)§REF§ Administrative control of Susa over 10,000 people?<br>\"The collapse of the Susa A polity or polities during the Terminal Susa A (Terminal Ubaid) period of the early fourth millennium B.C. on the Susiana Plain was discussed in the previous chapter. It is sufficient to say that this collapse involved a marked decrease in the population of the area.\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 107) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3800, "year_to": -3501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 10000, "polity_population_to": 19000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Population estimate for Late Uruk period (c3200-3100 BCE) based on 4.6 persons per km2 estimate and estimated polity area of 1500 km of Renfrew's (1975) Early State Module, which provides some support for 20km estimated communication distance in Middle Uruk from central place to administrative boundary.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 115) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Population of the Susiana§REF§(Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>not sure why the figures are so specific, probably modelled data. using \"administered population\" for lowest figure of the range.</i><br>Early Uruk: 19,036. The \"administered population\" was 9,806.<br>Middle Uruk: 25,338. The \"administered population\" was 21,382.<br>\"Total (center and rural) population densities, in persons per square kilometer, for the Susiana between Terminal A ad Late Uruk are as follows:\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 122) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>I've converted the terminology into dates using the table on page 17 of the book.</i><br>2.6 persons per km2 3800 BCE<br>8.4 3700-3600 BCE<br>11.2 3500-3300 BCE<br>4.6 3200-3100 BCE<br>Early-Middle Uruk population increase occurred over about 300 years.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 120) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>so transition would be c3500 BCE</i><br>\"A period of depopulation, characterized by political competition between Susa in the west and Chogha Mish in the east led to the rather enigmatic Late Uruk polity in which Chogha Mish was independent of Susa.\"§REF§(Sumner 1988) Sumner, William. 1988. Frank Hole, (ed.) - 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran, Settlement and Society From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Paleorient. Volume 14. Number 1. pp.177-179.§REF§ <i>- note more recent reference possibly contradicts this \"depopulation\".</i>" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3500, "year_to": -3401, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 10000, "polity_population_to": 25000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Population estimate for Late Uruk period (c3200-3100 BCE) based on 4.6 persons per km2 estimate and estimated polity area of 1500 km of Renfrew's (1975) Early State Module, which provides some support for 20km estimated communication distance in Middle Uruk from central place to administrative boundary.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 115) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Population of the Susiana§REF§(Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>not sure why the figures are so specific, probably modelled data. using \"administered population\" for lowest figure of the range.</i><br>Early Uruk: 19,036. The \"administered population\" was 9,806.<br>Middle Uruk: 25,338. The \"administered population\" was 21,382.<br>\"Total (center and rural) population densities, in persons per square kilometer, for the Susiana between Terminal A ad Late Uruk are as follows:\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 122) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>I've converted the terminology into dates using the table on page 17 of the book.</i><br>2.6 persons per km2 3800 BCE<br>8.4 3700-3600 BCE<br>11.2 3500-3300 BCE<br>4.6 3200-3100 BCE<br>Early-Middle Uruk population increase occurred over about 300 years.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 120) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>so transition would be c3500 BCE</i><br>\"A period of depopulation, characterized by political competition between Susa in the west and Chogha Mish in the east led to the rather enigmatic Late Uruk polity in which Chogha Mish was independent of Susa.\"§REF§(Sumner 1988) Sumner, William. 1988. Frank Hole, (ed.) - 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran, Settlement and Society From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Paleorient. Volume 14. Number 1. pp.177-179.§REF§ <i>- note more recent reference possibly contradicts this \"depopulation\".</i>" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3400, "year_to": -3201, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 21000, "polity_population_to": 25000, "comment": null, "description": " People. Population estimate for Late Uruk period (c3200-3100 BCE) based on 4.6 persons per km2 estimate and estimated polity area of 1500 km of Renfrew's (1975) Early State Module, which provides some support for 20km estimated communication distance in Middle Uruk from central place to administrative boundary.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 115) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Population of the Susiana§REF§(Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>not sure why the figures are so specific, probably modelled data. using \"administered population\" for lowest figure of the range.</i><br>Early Uruk: 19,036. The \"administered population\" was 9,806.<br>Middle Uruk: 25,338. The \"administered population\" was 21,382.<br>\"Total (center and rural) population densities, in persons per square kilometer, for the Susiana between Terminal A ad Late Uruk are as follows:\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 122) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>I've converted the terminology into dates using the table on page 17 of the book.</i><br>2.6 persons per km2 3800 BCE<br>8.4 3700-3600 BCE<br>11.2 3500-3300 BCE<br>4.6 3200-3100 BCE<br>Early-Middle Uruk population increase occurred over about 300 years.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 120) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>so transition would be c3500 BCE</i><br>\"A period of depopulation, characterized by political competition between Susa in the west and Chogha Mish in the east led to the rather enigmatic Late Uruk polity in which Chogha Mish was independent of Susa.\"§REF§(Sumner 1988) Sumner, William. 1988. Frank Hole, (ed.) - 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran, Settlement and Society From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Paleorient. Volume 14. Number 1. pp.177-179.§REF§ <i>- note more recent reference possibly contradicts this \"depopulation\".</i>" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3200, "year_to": -3101, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6900, "polity_population_to": 6900, "comment": null, "description": " People. Population estimate for Late Uruk period (c3200-3100 BCE) based on 4.6 persons per km2 estimate and estimated polity area of 1500 km of Renfrew's (1975) Early State Module, which provides some support for 20km estimated communication distance in Middle Uruk from central place to administrative boundary.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 115) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Population of the Susiana§REF§(Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>not sure why the figures are so specific, probably modelled data. using \"administered population\" for lowest figure of the range.</i><br>Early Uruk: 19,036. The \"administered population\" was 9,806.<br>Middle Uruk: 25,338. The \"administered population\" was 21,382.<br>\"Total (center and rural) population densities, in persons per square kilometer, for the Susiana between Terminal A ad Late Uruk are as follows:\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 122) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>I've converted the terminology into dates using the table on page 17 of the book.</i><br>2.6 persons per km2 3800 BCE<br>8.4 3700-3600 BCE<br>11.2 3500-3300 BCE<br>4.6 3200-3100 BCE<br>Early-Middle Uruk population increase occurred over about 300 years.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 120) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>so transition would be c3500 BCE</i><br>\"A period of depopulation, characterized by political competition between Susa in the west and Chogha Mish in the east led to the rather enigmatic Late Uruk polity in which Chogha Mish was independent of Susa.\"§REF§(Sumner 1988) Sumner, William. 1988. Frank Hole, (ed.) - 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran, Settlement and Society From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Paleorient. Volume 14. Number 1. pp.177-179.§REF§ <i>- note more recent reference possibly contradicts this \"depopulation\".</i>" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3100, "year_to": -3100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 6900, "polity_population_to": 6900, "comment": null, "description": " People. Population estimate for Late Uruk period (c3200-3100 BCE) based on 4.6 persons per km2 estimate and estimated polity area of 1500 km of Renfrew's (1975) Early State Module, which provides some support for 20km estimated communication distance in Middle Uruk from central place to administrative boundary.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 115) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Population of the Susiana§REF§(Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>not sure why the figures are so specific, probably modelled data. using \"administered population\" for lowest figure of the range.</i><br>Early Uruk: 19,036. The \"administered population\" was 9,806.<br>Middle Uruk: 25,338. The \"administered population\" was 21,382.<br>\"Total (center and rural) population densities, in persons per square kilometer, for the Susiana between Terminal A ad Late Uruk are as follows:\"§REF§(Johnson 1987, 122) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>I've converted the terminology into dates using the table on page 17 of the book.</i><br>2.6 persons per km2 3800 BCE<br>8.4 3700-3600 BCE<br>11.2 3500-3300 BCE<br>4.6 3200-3100 BCE<br>Early-Middle Uruk population increase occurred over about 300 years.§REF§(Johnson 1987, 120) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§ <i>so transition would be c3500 BCE</i><br>\"A period of depopulation, characterized by political competition between Susa in the west and Chogha Mish in the east led to the rather enigmatic Late Uruk polity in which Chogha Mish was independent of Susa.\"§REF§(Sumner 1988) Sumner, William. 1988. Frank Hole, (ed.) - 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran, Settlement and Society From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Paleorient. Volume 14. Number 1. pp.177-179.§REF§ <i>- note more recent reference possibly contradicts this \"depopulation\".</i>" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 930, "year_to": 930, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 5000, "polity_population_to": 20000, "comment": null, "description": " 'Hard demographic data are extremely difficult to find. Most scholars estimate the population around 930 CE between 5.000 and 20.000, with 10.000 as the consensus figure. The population in 1262 CE is estimated to be between 50.000 and 60.000. Population estimates are usually based on data on tax paying farmers. These data allow us to establish a minimum population. Around 1100 CE there were approximately 4500 tax-paying farmers and this number is usually multiplied by seven (the number of persons per household) to arrive at the estimate for the overall population.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ Estimates given in the literature vary: 'Historical sources set the beginning of Norse settlement in Iceland at approximately 870 A.D., a date that is generally collaborated by the archaeological evidence. There was no prior inhabitation with the exception of a few Irish monks who may have periodically visited the island beginning in the eighth century. The relative proportion of Norse (primarily Norwegian) and Celtic (from the northern British Isles) contributions to the original Icelandic population has been debated. Recent DNA analyses of the modern population indicate that the relative contributions are dramatically skewed by gender with the majority of females deriving from Celtic origins whereas the males appear to have been predominately Norse. Estimates of total population based on a survey of independent farmers conducted around the year 1100 indicate roughly 60,000 - 70,000 individuals.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ 'According to the Statistical Abstract of Iceland (1984:64-69), in 1900, before land reclamation began, there were 98,398 hectares of pasture land (homefields, not common pasture lands) in Iceland. Tomasson (1980:60) cites evidence that the area of vegetation in Iceland has decreased by half since the period of settlement. The point is that there may have been as much as about a hundred thousand hectares of land suitable for homefield pastures, [Page 253] sufficient to support a hundred thousand individuals as members of independent households, according to Commonwealth criteria. Whatever their bases for calculation, only one population estimate exceeds 100,000 and most are much lower for the entire period (Tomasson 1980:58). There must have been sufficient land for the population. Any shortage of land was due to social, not ecological factors. In addition to animal husbandry, the rich resources of fish, marine mammals, and birds have been of economic importance from the time of settlement to the present.' §REF§Durrenberger, E. Paul 1988. “Stratification Without A State: The Collapse Of The Icelandic Commonwealth”, 252§REF§ But generally, low population densities and dispersed settlement patterns are assumed: 'Because agriculture was the chief economic activity, the population of Iceland was evenly distributed throughout the inhabitable parts of the country until the end of the 19th century.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland</a>§REF§ 'The requirements of livestock herding insured that Icelandic land-use was characterized by low population densities, a dispersed settlement pattern, and large farmsteads. Within such farmsteads land was divided into spatial units reflecting different levels of management associated with homefields, hay-producing areas, and outer pastures. Outbuildings associated with the seasonal components of Icelandic transhumant pastoralism were scattered throughout these various land-use areas and in the upland heaths surrounding zones of intensive occupation (Bredahl-Petersen 1967; Hastrup 1985).' §REF§Smith, Kevin P., and Jeffrey R. Parsons 1989. “Regional Archaeological Research In Iceland: Potentials And Possibilities”, 181§REF§" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1100, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 30000, "polity_population_to": 30000, "comment": null, "description": " 'Hard demographic data are extremely difficult to find. Most scholars estimate the population around 930 CE between 5.000 and 20.000, with 10.000 as the consensus figure. The population in 1262 CE is estimated to be between 50.000 and 60.000. Population estimates are usually based on data on tax paying farmers. These data allow us to establish a minimum population. Around 1100 CE there were approximately 4500 tax-paying farmers and this number is usually multiplied by seven (the number of persons per household) to arrive at the estimate for the overall population.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ Estimates given in the literature vary: 'Historical sources set the beginning of Norse settlement in Iceland at approximately 870 A.D., a date that is generally collaborated by the archaeological evidence. There was no prior inhabitation with the exception of a few Irish monks who may have periodically visited the island beginning in the eighth century. The relative proportion of Norse (primarily Norwegian) and Celtic (from the northern British Isles) contributions to the original Icelandic population has been debated. Recent DNA analyses of the modern population indicate that the relative contributions are dramatically skewed by gender with the majority of females deriving from Celtic origins whereas the males appear to have been predominately Norse. Estimates of total population based on a survey of independent farmers conducted around the year 1100 indicate roughly 60,000 - 70,000 individuals.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ 'According to the Statistical Abstract of Iceland (1984:64-69), in 1900, before land reclamation began, there were 98,398 hectares of pasture land (homefields, not common pasture lands) in Iceland. Tomasson (1980:60) cites evidence that the area of vegetation in Iceland has decreased by half since the period of settlement. The point is that there may have been as much as about a hundred thousand hectares of land suitable for homefield pastures, [Page 253] sufficient to support a hundred thousand individuals as members of independent households, according to Commonwealth criteria. Whatever their bases for calculation, only one population estimate exceeds 100,000 and most are much lower for the entire period (Tomasson 1980:58). There must have been sufficient land for the population. Any shortage of land was due to social, not ecological factors. In addition to animal husbandry, the rich resources of fish, marine mammals, and birds have been of economic importance from the time of settlement to the present.' §REF§Durrenberger, E. Paul 1988. “Stratification Without A State: The Collapse Of The Icelandic Commonwealth”, 252§REF§ But generally, low population densities and dispersed settlement patterns are assumed: 'Because agriculture was the chief economic activity, the population of Iceland was evenly distributed throughout the inhabitable parts of the country until the end of the 19th century.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland</a>§REF§ 'The requirements of livestock herding insured that Icelandic land-use was characterized by low population densities, a dispersed settlement pattern, and large farmsteads. Within such farmsteads land was divided into spatial units reflecting different levels of management associated with homefields, hay-producing areas, and outer pastures. Outbuildings associated with the seasonal components of Icelandic transhumant pastoralism were scattered throughout these various land-use areas and in the upland heaths surrounding zones of intensive occupation (Bredahl-Petersen 1967; Hastrup 1985).' §REF§Smith, Kevin P., and Jeffrey R. Parsons 1989. “Regional Archaeological Research In Iceland: Potentials And Possibilities”, 181§REF§" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_population", "polity_population_from": 30000, "polity_population_to": 50000, "comment": null, "description": " 'Hard demographic data are extremely difficult to find. Most scholars estimate the population around 930 CE between 5.000 and 20.000, with 10.000 as the consensus figure. The population in 1262 CE is estimated to be between 50.000 and 60.000. Population estimates are usually based on data on tax paying farmers. These data allow us to establish a minimum population. Around 1100 CE there were approximately 4500 tax-paying farmers and this number is usually multiplied by seven (the number of persons per household) to arrive at the estimate for the overall population.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ Estimates given in the literature vary: 'Historical sources set the beginning of Norse settlement in Iceland at approximately 870 A.D., a date that is generally collaborated by the archaeological evidence. There was no prior inhabitation with the exception of a few Irish monks who may have periodically visited the island beginning in the eighth century. The relative proportion of Norse (primarily Norwegian) and Celtic (from the northern British Isles) contributions to the original Icelandic population has been debated. Recent DNA analyses of the modern population indicate that the relative contributions are dramatically skewed by gender with the majority of females deriving from Celtic origins whereas the males appear to have been predominately Norse. Estimates of total population based on a survey of independent farmers conducted around the year 1100 indicate roughly 60,000 - 70,000 individuals.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ 'According to the Statistical Abstract of Iceland (1984:64-69), in 1900, before land reclamation began, there were 98,398 hectares of pasture land (homefields, not common pasture lands) in Iceland. Tomasson (1980:60) cites evidence that the area of vegetation in Iceland has decreased by half since the period of settlement. The point is that there may have been as much as about a hundred thousand hectares of land suitable for homefield pastures, [Page 253] sufficient to support a hundred thousand individuals as members of independent households, according to Commonwealth criteria. Whatever their bases for calculation, only one population estimate exceeds 100,000 and most are much lower for the entire period (Tomasson 1980:58). There must have been sufficient land for the population. Any shortage of land was due to social, not ecological factors. In addition to animal husbandry, the rich resources of fish, marine mammals, and birds have been of economic importance from the time of settlement to the present.' §REF§Durrenberger, E. Paul 1988. “Stratification Without A State: The Collapse Of The Icelandic Commonwealth”, 252§REF§ But generally, low population densities and dispersed settlement patterns are assumed: 'Because agriculture was the chief economic activity, the population of Iceland was evenly distributed throughout the inhabitable parts of the country until the end of the 19th century.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland</a>§REF§ 'The requirements of livestock herding insured that Icelandic land-use was characterized by low population densities, a dispersed settlement pattern, and large farmsteads. Within such farmsteads land was divided into spatial units reflecting different levels of management associated with homefields, hay-producing areas, and outer pastures. Outbuildings associated with the seasonal components of Icelandic transhumant pastoralism were scattered throughout these various land-use areas and in the upland heaths surrounding zones of intensive occupation (Bredahl-Petersen 1967; Hastrup 1985).' §REF§Smith, Kevin P., and Jeffrey R. Parsons 1989. “Regional Archaeological Research In Iceland: Potentials And Possibilities”, 181§REF§" } ] }