Occupational Complexity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Occupational Complexities.
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{ "count": 75, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/occupational-complexities/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Craft center/Market: Mehrgarh settlement has been hypothesised as a marketplace or craft center \"where people from the uplands gathered on a seasonal basis\" §REF§(Ahmed 2014, 323 citing: ?)§REF§ (probably Period II, more confidently Period III). Potter: Earliest occupation at Mehrgarh was identified in the so-called area MR 3 (7 m of stratified deposits). These levels seem to not yield ceramic materials; however, fired ceramic figurines and asphalt-covered baskets are found. §REF§Jarrige et al. (eds.), Mehrgarh: Field Reports, 57; Jarrige et al., ‘Mehrgarh Neolithic: the updated sequence’, 131, fig. 2; Jarrige et al., Mehrgarh: Neolithic Period; Jarrige, ‘Mehrgarh Neolithic: new excavations’; Jarrige, ‘Human figurines’; also Shaffer, ‘Indus valley’, vol. I, 454; G.L. Possehl, Indus Age: The Beginnings (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 464.§REF§ Jeweller: \"The remains of several workshops of beadmakers with beads in calcite or steatite in various stages of processing have been found in different levels. The gravegoods have also provided us with a rich corpus of information about the craft activities in the course of the aceramic Neolithic period of Mehrgarh. They include a wide range of ornaments made predominantly of seashells, but also of lapis lazuli, turquoise, black steatite and several other stones. The quality of such ornaments implies a level of specialisation that was not expected in such an early context and also the use of resources from often far away regions.\" §REF§Jarrige, J. F. (2008). Mehrgarh neolithic. Pragdhara, 18, 135-154. p145§REF§ Period II \"elephant tusk, grooved by artisans. Undoubtedly this is the earliest evidence of ivory work in this part of the world.\"§REF§(Ahmed 2014, 321)§REF§ Period II lapis lazuli beads evidence of long-distance trade as raw material not locally available §REF§(Ahmed 2014, 321)§REF§ Copper-molder: Two beads and one copper ring have been found from the earliest Mehrgarh phases (I-II) which suggest the presence of specialized craftsmanship. §REF§Sant, U. (1991) Neolithic Settlement Pattern of North-Eastern and Northern India. Sarita Book House: Delhi. p208§REF§ Dentistry: “The Neolithic graveyards provide us also with the earliest evidence of dentistry in the archaeological records. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine individuals (four females, two males and three unidentified) have been recorded” §REF§(Jarrige 2006; Coppa, et al. 2006)§REF§." }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Craft center/Market: Mehrgarh settlement has been hypothesised as a marketplace or craft center \"where people from the uplands gathered on a seasonal basis\" §REF§(Ahmed 2014, 323 citing: ?)§REF§ (probably Period II, more confidently Period III). Period III increased craft specialization. §REF§(Ahmed 2014, 322)§REF§ Potter. Jeweller. Copper-molder: Two beads and one copper ring have been found from the earliest Mehrgarh phases (I-II) which suggest the presence of specialized craftsmanship. §REF§Sant, U. (1991) Neolithic Settlement Pattern of North-Eastern and Northern India. Sarita Book House: Delhi. p208§REF§ Dentistry: “The Neolithic graveyards provide us also with the earliest evidence of dentistry in the archaeological records. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine individuals (four females, two males and three unidentified) have been recorded” (Jarrige 2006; Coppa, et al. 2006)." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Production at Ooppida fortified urban settlements§REF§(Wells 1999, 49-54§REF§<br> Glass jewellery<br> Leather-working<br> Bronze-casting<br> Coin minting<br> Imports§REF§(Wells 1999, 49-54)§REF§ Ceramic amphorae<br> Fine pottery<br> Bronze vessels<br> Coins<br> Writing implements<br> Medical tools" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Iron-working technology developed in West Africa 500-400 BCE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 23]</a> Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 8]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Metal-working was the only specialised craft until the eighth century, when specialised pottery also developed, thanks to the introduction of the potter's wheel <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JV5RHV9P\">[Forsythe 2006, pp. 53-58]</a> . Mortuary research suggests that certain women were specialised weavers, and the presence of bronze items in graves also suggests the existence of bronze-workers <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/23DHPZIG\">[Cornell 1995, pp. 51-53]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Iron-working technology developed in West Africa 500-400 BCE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 23]</a> Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 8]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 297, "name": "kz_oirat", "long_name": "Oirats", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Practiced a nomadic subsistence economy, lived under \"yurt (gher) and kept their herds of cattle, flock of sheep, horses, donkeys and camels.\"§REF§Tsem Rinpoche. September 21, 2010. Kalmyk People’s Origin - VERY INTERESTING. Accessed: January 26, 2018. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/me/kalmyk-peoples-origin-very-interesting.html\">http://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/me/kalmyk-peoples-origin-very-interesting.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Occupations<br> ironworking, woodworking, pottery, weaving, dying cloth, masonry. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 113]</a> \"The gesere who played music and narrated traditional legends were among the occupational specialists. In the days of the Askias of Songhay, the chief gesere had the title gesere-dunka.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 113]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "At the time, most Yemenis were subsistence agriculturalists: 'Various tasks in the cultivation of crops are divided according to sex. Men, women, and children share responsibility for the care of livestock. Women gather firewood and water; in some regions, they now receive assistance from the men, who have acquired Japanese trucks. The family's livelihood may also depend on women selling homemade goods and produce in the marketplace.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6KEQJQHU\">[Walters 2003]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Comparing the land allotments to those of Umma and Adab, one finds that the land parcels distributed to priviledged people at Girsu were significantly larger than elsewhere in Sumer.\" 25 percent larger than 35ha. \"Numerous officials held land at Girsu, among them couriers, equerries, the chief cupbearer, cultivators, military officers, scribes, and judges. The texts also mention members of temple staff, including a high priestess, a chief temple administrator, a chief singer of laments, a dream interpreter, and a purifier.\" Cultic personnel held largest areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 71]</a> Administrative center known from documents discovered in original context: \"The establishment, presumably directed by the governor of the city, managed more than 1100 skilled artisans and able-bodied men, among them carpenters, smiths, weavers, workers in textile, reed, and leather, stone carvers and other craftsmen, plowmen, surveyors, and a land registrar, shepherds and fatteners; musicians, singers, barbers, messengers, cooks, and food servers, as well as staff for 'The Chariot,' 'The Chair,' and 'The Chariot House,' evidently equerries and attendants for the governor, as also attested at Susa.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 54]</a> Accounts from administrative center: \"A few professional people appear in this list, including a joiner, server of food, textile worker, brewer, donkey herder, and the majordomo.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 56]</a> From documents found at Awal/Suleimeh: \"Besides the governor, scribe, plowmen, and cultivators, there is mention of producers, such as the poultry man or bird catcher, fisherman, and gardener or orchardist; craftsman, such as the launderer; specific social statuses, such as the elder and priest; military personnel, including the officer and foot soldier; and merchants. On the other hand, there are no officials suggestive of a court, for instance the courier, chair-bearer, or hairdresser. ... Awal/Suleimeh was therefore a low-level center dedicated to revenue-gathering from the local population, rather than a seat for extensive local direct exploitation, as seen on the lower Diyala, in Babylonia, and in Sumer.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 62]</a> At Susa documents \"give a picture of a self-sustaining Akkadian enclave, under the direction of an Akkadian governor, which may have been called Dur-Agade, 'Fort Akkad.'\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 73]</a> \"The administrators and courtiers included scribes, a diviner or physician (azu), attendants for the residential part of the palace, attendants in charge of crockery, a cupbearer, and a majordomo. Listed with them as recipients of food were supervisors of laborers, slaughterers, craftsmen, the officer in charge of the palace gate, a messenger and runner, a herald, soldiers, elders, and various foreigners (Marhashians, Lullubis, and Amorites). A special subgroup is called 'those of the wagonry.'\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, p. 73]</a> Of the skilled laborers: artisans; cooks; barbers; seal cutter; carpenters; smiths; leather workers; fullers; reed workers; arrow makers. Skilled workers involved in agriculture: cultivators; shepherd; donkey herders; laborers; boys (unskilled listed separately). Total agricultural workforce in Akkadian enclave over 1000 people. \"more or less self-sufficient on expatriate Mesopotamian labor.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L2D5SHNN\">[Foster 2016, pp. 73-74]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "\"The industries of antiquity concentrated on the production of textiles, papyrus, glass, ceramics, lamps, iron utensils, arms, drugs, perfumes, leather wares and various kinds of ornaments. Such food industries as there were at this time were primarily concerned with the conservation of provisions such as fish, meat and fruit. Fish for export was partly dried, partly treated with fishflour, and was placed in linen sacks for sale. Other businesses in the same line prepared for export delicatessen items such as highly prized fish sauces. Meat was salted or made up into sausages. Fruit was either dried, such as dates, apples and plums, or was bottled with honey as a conserve. The most important branch of the late antique economy was the textile industry. It managed to keep its pre-eminence in economic life up to the eighteenth century ... it was necessary to import, particularly for luxury products. This was especially true of the silk industry which up to the beginning of the seventh century had to import raw silk from China. The Chinese silk had to be spun in Syrian and Egyptian workshops before it could be woven and made up. Side by side with Chinese silk there was Indian cotton which was another essential raw material used by the late antique textile industry. Then there was indigo, an important dye used in the textile industry, which had to be imported from India. ... factories (ergasteria) on the west coast of Asia Minor and in Cilicea whose raw material was the sheeps' wool supplied from the uplands of Anatolia. Workshops using dyes to tint their materials and garments only relied in part on foreign imported dyes. At this time there was indeed a chemical industry which produced successful imitations of the Indian indigo and the still more costly Phoenician purple. The genuine purple came from the murex, a shellfish yielding purple dye, which was found off the coast of Tyre, where there were special works producing this dye. Its manufacture was an imperial monopoly and its sale was severely restricted. A chemical substitute for this purple, called 'scarlet', was manufactured on the west coast of Asia Minor. ... Cyprus produced only napkins and sheets. Syria had a monopoly of fine spun materials. The products of the factories of Byblus, Scythopolis near Damascus, Laodicea, Tyre, and Beirut enjoyed an international reputation; they were largely exported and commanded a very high price on the foreign market. ... Chinese silk imported from Persia via Palmyra was woven to western taste by silkweavers (serikopoioi) in Syria; it was then dyed purple in the famous dye factories of Tyre in Phoenicia, and finally embroidered in gold in Alexandria in Egypt. ... it was possible to get cheaper imitations, such as the scarlet wool manufactured with chemical dyes in Nicaea in Bithynia.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4JHY9IIM\">[Haussig 1971, pp. 57-58]</a> \"In the sixth century ... apart from provision businesses there were only a few other industrial activities important to the state which were obliged to be organized on the compulsory gild system. Among these were businesses concerned with the sale or manufacture of silk. Doctors, bankers (argyropratai), notaries, jewellers, ointment and spice merchants, were probably already organized in corporations. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4JHY9IIM\">[Haussig 1971, p. 61]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Seasame, sugarcane, pepper, ginger, indigo and cotton were other crops that constituted raw materials for many village industries, such as oil pressing, making of jiggery, weaving etc.\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XAKHH2QJ\">[Farooqui 2011, p. 100]</a> Silk weaving.. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XAKHH2QJ\">[Farooqui 2011, p. 101]</a> Manufacturing goods from the regions controlled by the Sultanate were widely traded within the Indian Ocean. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/27Q7KAFX\">[Asher_Talbot 2006, pp. 39-40]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Specialized slave merchants. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 112]</a> Biscuit merchants. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 155]</a> Sugar factories. Mills. Bread ovens. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 164]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Specialized slave merchants. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 112]</a> caravan outfitters. waxmakers. jugglers, acrobats. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 147]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Specialized slave merchants. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 112]</a> Tanneries. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 151]</a> Leather works <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 184]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "During this period rice cultivation increased dramatically and was supplied for trade by village commoners. These new commercial opportunities lead to a flourishing cloth trade. Cloth specialists were inspired by Indian and Chinese imports and developed songkeft weft-ikat cotton cloth and the earliest free hand batiks. Epigraphic records distinguish specific textile artisans as bleachers, dyers and textile manufacturers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5F72DK2S\">[Hall 2000, p. 54]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Bas-reliefs suggest that there is a high level of occupational complexity even though the majority of people were farmers.§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Copyists, calligraphers, booksellers. Donkey drivers, porters, water carriers, peddlers, day laborers. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 206, 208)§REF§ Grain milling, vinegarmaking. Spinning, weaving, dyeing, leatherworking, woodworking, metalworking. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 263)§REF§<br>Professions§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 457)§REF§<br> Coptic professions in Egypt Goldsmiths, jewelers, shoemakers, masons, engravers, carpenters, weavers, tailors, furriers, construction workers, laborers, candlemakers, puveyors of wines and distilled alcoholic drinks (especilly araq), bureaucrats, financial and tax administrators, secretaries, stewards to the political class, priest." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Copyists, calligraphers, booksellers. Donkey drivers, porters, water carriers, peddlers, day laborers. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 206, 208)§REF§ Grain milling, vinegarmaking. Spinning, weaving, dyeing, leatherworking, woodworking, metalworking. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 263)§REF§<br>Professions§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 457)§REF§<br> Coptic professions in Egypt Goldsmiths, jewelers, shoemakers, masons, engravers, carpenters, weavers, tailors, furriers, construction workers, laborers, candlemakers, puveyors of wines and distilled alcoholic drinks (especilly araq), bureaucrats, financial and tax administrators, secretaries, stewards to the political class, priest." }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Professions mentioned by sources include washermen, shoemakers, weavers, jugglers, basket makers, shield makers, sailors, fishers, hunters, servants, farmers, cattle herders, soldiers, teachers, traders, builders, artists <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSNK3PKD\">[Mishra 1992, pp. 35-37]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Interestingly the manshur the various classes of people and professions allegedly encouraged by Khan Ahmed. An informal taxonomy emerges of regulations and statutes against the personae non gratae in a Shi'ite Savafid society: balladeer (sarf-guyanda), innovators (sazanda), street performers (marakah-gir), wrestlers (kushti-gir), athletes (zur-gar), dancers (raqqas), antinomian Sufis (qalandar), fencers (shamshir-baz), cockfighters (khurus-baz), ram-baiters (quch-baz), ox-baiters (gav-baz), wolf-baiters (gurg-baz), illusionists (huqqah-baz), conjurors (shubadda-baz), gypsies (shatiran), minstrels (mutriban), professional storytellers (qissah-khvanan), as well as catamites (hizan), clowns (maskhari-gan), and infidels (mulihidan).\" Khan Ahmed rebelled in the c1567 CE. This manshur was \"an admonition and warning\" sent in a letter to him \"in the hope of avoiding a formal Safavid invasion.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJP9P7U3\">[Mitchell 2009, p. 118]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Merchant commerce in the bazaar, a profession list: Blacksmith; Iron-molder; silversmith; silver-molder; roof maker; string maker; mortar workers (possibly spices); ironsmith; tailor; dressmaker; porclain; potmaker; carpenter; washerman; shoemaker; shoemaker of shoes with strings; potter; baker; book painter; general painter; cup-maker; tanner; dyer; builders; barber; tent-maker; sweetmakers; tablecloth makers; goldsmith; sadler. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MUKJ4G5K\">[Daryaee 2009, p. 142]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Silk, paper, porcelain \"some of which was on quite a large scale.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Silk, paper, porcelain \"some of which was on quite a large scale.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Apiaries. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJB5BFMR\">[Marozzi 2012, p. 258]</a>", "description": null } ] }