Occupational Complexity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Occupational Complexities.
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{ "count": 75, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/occupational-complexities/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "************************************", "description": null }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "There are indications that urban craftsmen were organized in guild-like corporations, although no direct documentary traces are available. The matter was obviously left to customary law.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 433) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Taxes and duties on trade included (just a list, not necessarily reflecting same time/place): on warehousing, residence, river vessels, furs, packaging and sealing goods, transit points on number of people with goods, on foreign merchants, at customs office, transit tax often for the Church, bridge toll, other transit taxes, tax on goods sent to other Russian towns, selling cattle, length of river vessels, on weighing bulk goods, punitive taxes for avoiding tax or dues, taxes on being with a caravan, on transit travellers, on wholesale goods, on ships, on sacks, tax based on price of goods sold.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 459-460) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Blacksmiths, metal-workers, potters, builders, stone-masons, carvers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> \"In Aksumite times, as well as rulers, government officials, and peasant farmers, there were expert builders, including masons, brickmakers, carpenters, and joiners. In addition, there must have been miners, quarrymen, iron-smelters, makers of stone artefacts, and transporters of goods. One would expect merchants; artists, scribes, coiners, some professional soldiers, and temple or church officials. Many of these specialists must have been urban dwellers, living in towns and cities that apparently did not need protection by surrounding walls ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 141]</a> Agriculture, stock-breeding. Wheat, other cereals, viticulture. Ploughs drawn by oxen. Cattle, sheep, goats. Asses, mules. Domesticated elephants used exclusively by the royal court. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Blacksmiths, metal-workers, potters, builders, stone-masons, carvers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> \"In Aksumite times, as well as rulers, government officials, and peasant farmers, there were expert builders, including masons, brickmakers, carpenters, and joiners. In addition, there must have been miners, quarrymen, iron-smelters, makers of stone artefacts, and transporters of goods. One would expect merchants; artists, scribes, coiners, some professional soldiers, and temple or church officials. Many of these specialists must have been urban dwellers, living in towns and cities that apparently did not need protection by surrounding walls ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 141]</a> Agriculture, stock-breeding. Wheat, other cereals, viticulture. Ploughs drawn by oxen. Cattle, sheep, goats. Asses, mules. Domesticated elephants used exclusively by the royal court. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Wagaru Dhammathat \"a thirteenth-century civil code commissioned by the ruler of Martaban based upon that of Pagan\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 125-126) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ mentions occupations, including \"washer-men, boatmen, soldiers, and herdsmen, all of whom could be hired for wages. People with similar occupations tended to reside in the same village. Pagan inscriptions mention villages of masons, silversmiths, goatherds, construction workers, potters, musicians, painters, woodcarvers, blacksmiths, hunters, salt-producers, boat and raft makers. Merchants are mentioned only incidentally in Pagan inscriptions. One possible reason for this omission is that profit-making acitivies were generally frowned upon or, more likely, that merchants did not have a privileged position within Pagan society.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 134) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "(DH): See section 3 for more complete list of institutional codes (bureaucracy, law, professions, infrastructure, etc)", "description": null }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Crimean provided Istanbul, Rumelia, and northern Anatolia with slaves, grain, salt, fish, meat, and lumber.\"§REF§(Davies 2007, 7) Brian L Davies. 2007. Warfare, State And Society On The Black Sea Steppe. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "Metallurgical evidence indicates that professional goldsmiths were likely present. Gold ornaments found in graves at Cerro Juan Díaz were associated with human remains dated to 130-370 cal CE and charcoal dated to 120-530 cal CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B9AAEPQA\">[Cooke_et_al 2003, p. 95]</a> Cooke et al. are persuaded by the hypothesis 'that the manufacture of gold ornaments was in the hands of skilled artisans when metallurgy was introduced into Lower Central America ... Available archaeological data cannot determine whether local people traveled to Colombia or Ecuador to learn the trade ... or if itinerant artisans brought it to Central America'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B9AAEPQA\">[Cooke_et_al 2003, p. 95]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 8]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Not unlike the Wusun, the Kangju were nomadic pastoralists and sedentary agriculturalists. Their most important economic activity was cattle breeding; they also raised sheep, horses, and goats. Moreover, they were farmers and gardeners on the Yaxartes river banks.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"When the Golden Horde itself fell apart in the 15th century, these people would found a new state called the Tatar Khanate of Kazan. By then the old cities of Volga Bulgaria had been rebuilt, to become significant trade and craft centres within the Golden Horde.\"§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 14) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"The elite of the Kongo, in addition to their involvement in the slave trade, imported and exported metals, textiles, and luxury goods, working with merchants from a range of European nations.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 8) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": 1, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": 1, "year_to": 200, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "'After 2000 B.P., there is evidence for more highly structured communities, with large dwellings that represent significant investments of labor. Specialized settlements include coastal shellfishing communities,locations for the production of salt, and possibly villages located near areas of gold procurement. In Panama and Colombia, metallurgy and shell working (particularly Spondylus spp.) were probably conducted in the context of workshops.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 101]</a> Hoopes' reference to 'workshops' in particular implies that some people were specialized artisans in Central Panama at the beginning of the common era. He also writes: 'We have no evidence for specialists in the production of basic subsistence items. However, it is likely that there was specialization in the production of medicinal herbs and sources of fiber, such as cotton.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 102]</a> However, this is in the context of a general discussion of the Early Chibcha tradition (from Honduras to Venezuela) and he does not give an indication of when exactly this specialization might have developed in Panama: I have coded for uncertainty about the date range.", "description": null }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "The high quality and stylistic uniformity of Greater Coclé material culture has been interpreted as pointing to the presence of (full-time?) craft specialists. 'Craft specialization is seen in gold working and in the fabrication of standardized and well-executed polychrome ceramics, which circulated throughout Panama and were important as grave furniture'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 745]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "The high quality and stylistic uniformity of Greater Coclé material culture has been interpreted as pointing to the presence of (full-time?) craft specialists. 'Craft specialization is seen in gold working and in the fabrication of standardized and well-executed polychrome ceramics, which circulated throughout Panama and were important as grave furniture'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 745]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "At the time, most Yemenis were subsistence agriculturalists: 'Various tasks in the cultivation of crops are divided according to sex. Men, women, and children share responsibility for the care of livestock. Women gather firewood and water; in some regions, they now receive assistance from the men, who have acquired Japanese trucks. The family's livelihood may also depend on women selling homemade goods and produce in the marketplace.' §REF§Walters, Delores M.: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yemenis§REF§ 'Yemen’s difficult terrain, limited soil, inconsistent water supply, and large number of microclimates have fostered some of the most highly sophisticated methods of water conservation and seed adaptation found anywhere in the world, making possible the cultivation of surprisingly diverse crops. The most common crops are cereals such as millet, corn (maize), wheat, barley, and sorghum; myriad vegetables from a burgeoning truck farm industry have appeared on the market in recent years. There has also been extensive cultivation of fruits-both tropical (mangoes, plantains, bananas, melons, papayas, and citrus) and temperate (pears, peaches, apples, and grapes). The two main cash crops in the northern highlands are coffee (Coffea arabica) and khat (qāt; Catha edulis). The coffee trade, which began in the 16th century, was originally based on Yemeni coffee, and, for centuries, coffee was the most important and renowned export of Yemen. The port city of Mocha-from which a distinctive style of coffee takes its name-was the point from which most of Yemen’s coffee was exported between the 16th and 18th centuries, before more-economical plantation cultivation was introduced in other parts of the world. In Yemen the coffee tree grows best in the middle highlands, at elevations of 4,500 to 6,500 feet (1,400 to 2,000 metres), where khat also flourishes.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen#toc45258\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen#toc45258</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "There are indications that urban craftsmen were organized in guild-like corporations, although no direct documentary traces are available. The matter was obviously left to customary law.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 433) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Taxes and duties on trade included (just a list, not necessarily reflecting same time/place): on warehousing, residence, river vessels, furs, packaging and sealing goods, transit points on number of people with goods, on foreign merchants, at customs office, transit tax often for the Church, bridge toll, other transit taxes, tax on goods sent to other Russian towns, selling cattle, length of river vessels, on weighing bulk goods, punitive taxes for avoiding tax or dues, taxes on being with a caravan, on transit travellers, on wholesale goods, on ships, on sacks, tax based on price of goods sold.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 459-460) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Occupations<br> ironworking, woodworking, pottery, weaving, dying cloth, masonry. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 113]</a> \"The gesere who played music and narrated traditional legends were among the occupational specialists. In the days of the Askias of Songhay, the chief gesere had the title gesere-dunka.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 113]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "South Yue kingdom (203-111 BC): South Yue Kingdom \"already grew mulberry trees, bred silkworms and was equipped with mass production facilities for high quality silk.\" These could have been exported west by sea. §REF§(Qingxin 2015, 22) Li Qingxin. William W. Wang trans. 2006. Maritime Silk Road. China International Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Xixia traded with China wool, camel-hair, 'materia medica', minerals.§REF§(? 2010, 91) ?. The Imperial Age. Tim Cooke. ed. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas Of China. Marshall Cavendish. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "present", "comment": "Occupational specialization was certainly present in this period. E.g. scribes, government officials, artists, surveyors, construction managers and architects, various artisans. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HL3AD8TU\">[Scarre_Connah 2013, p. 374]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Blacksmiths, metal-workers, potters, builders, stone-masons, carvers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> Eritrean coast: \"The Icthyaphagoi of the Dhalak Archipelago appear to have conducted a fairly substantial trade in tortoise shell through the market, whilst large quantities of cloth, fabric, brass, glass, copper and coinage and smller quantities of wine, olive oil and jewellery were imported ... It is generally accepted that Adulis exported tortoise shell, ivory, horn and obsidian ... whilst human trafficking in the form of slaves was substantial enough to be highlighted by Pliny ... Wild animals for the Roman area may also have attracted merchants to the region ... It is interesting to note that no manufactured goods seem to have been exported ... whilst the imports consist mostly of luxury items for which there is unlikely to have been a mass market in the interior\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a> \"In Aksumite times, as well as rulers, government officials, and peasant farmers, there were expert builders, including masons, brickmakers, carpenters, and joiners. In addition, there must have been miners, quarrymen, iron-smelters, makers of stone artefacts, and transporters of goods. One would expect merchants; artists, scribes, coiners, some professional soldiers, and temple or church officials. Many of these specialists must have been urban dwellers, living in towns and cities that apparently did not need protection by surrounding walls ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 141]</a> Agriculture, stock-breeding. Wheat, other cereals, viticulture. Ploughs drawn by oxen. Cattle, sheep, goats. Asses, mules. Domesticated elephants used exclusively by the royal court. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Sugar refining and soap making in Fustat. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GTPV5M8\">[Raymond 2000, p. 101]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Later Patrick phase saw the first appearance of pottery in the American Bottom region. §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 24)§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"One small group of late Emergent Mississippian buildings and associated pits has been called a \"potter's hamlet,\" with all that such a label implies about specialization in pottery production\" however this can be viewed with skepticism. §REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§ Traders.§REF§(Iseminger 2014, 26)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Cahokia does not appear to have achieved the organizational complexity expected through the scaling processes described by Ortman ... There is little evidence for occupational specialization and virtually no evidence for diversification of occupations.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2014, 31)§REF§<br>\"One small group of late Emergent Mississippian buildings and associated pits has been called a \"potter's hamlet,\" with all that such a label implies about specialization in pottery production\" however this can be viewed with skepticism. §REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§<br>Traders.§REF§(Iseminger 2014, 26)§REF§<br>\"The case for Mississippian period craft specialization rests on the existence of well-made objects, the great numbers of some particularly attractive items, and the contexts of the tools and debris related to making them.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§<br> arrowheads represents the \"strongest case for specilization based on artifact appearance ... The people who made the Mound 72 points were pushing the limits of what can be accomplished by chipping stone. ... \"the length-to-width ratios of the American Bottom points were more uniform than those of the points from distant places.\" However \"High-quality local chert ... is much easier to knap than the coarse-grained Hixton silicified sandstone. In fact, the uniformity of points made with the latter stone indicates that these knappers were able to work a difficult material with great precision.\" On this and other evidence Milner concludes \"there was little, if any, difference among the most skilled knappers in the midcontinent in terms of their ability to produce uniformly shaped arrowheads for special events.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139-140)§REF§<br> figurines and figure-pipes<br> certain pottery vessels e.g. Ramey Incised jars<br> marine shell beads (which have identified tools: \"small chert microdrills and sandstone saws\"). It is argued that these beads \"were among the artifacts that fueled Cahokia-dominated exchange systems that spanned the midcontinent.§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§ However \"The great majority of beads possessed by even the highest ranked people were of indifferent quality. These beads were identical to those held in far smaller numbers by common people. Only the individuals who held the most exalted positions ... had substantial numbers of especially attractive beads ... at least some of which were part of matched sets of uniformly shaped beads.\" Milner concludes \"there is no compelling reason to believe that bead making was conducted in anything other than domestic settings.\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 141)§REF§<br>Milner notes that \"Similarly impressive objects were made in many small-scale societies throughout the world that lacked specialists in the sense of the term used by those who see a highly elaborated economy in the American Bottom.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Middle Woodland phase saw the first appearance of pottery in the American Bottom region.", "description": null }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Middle Woodland phase saw the first appearance of pottery in the American Bottom region.", "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Middle Woodland phase saw the first appearance of pottery in the American Bottom region.", "description": null }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Cahokia does not appear to have achieved the organizational complexity expected through the scaling processes described by Ortman ... There is little evidence for occupational specialization and virtually no evidence for diversification of occupations.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2014, 31)§REF§<br>Traders.§REF§(Iseminger 2014, 26)§REF§<br>\"The case for Mississippian period craft specialization rests on the existence of well-made objects, the great numbers of some particularly attractive items, and the contexts of the tools and debris related to making them.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§<br> arrowheads represents the \"strongest case for specilization based on artifact appearance ... The people who made the Mound 72 points were pushing the limits of what can be accomplished by chipping stone. ... \"the length-to-width ratios of the American Bottom points were more uniform than those of the points from distant places.\" However \"High-quality local chert ... is much easier to knap than the coarse-grained Hixton silicified sandstone. In fact, the uniformity of points made with the latter stone indicates that these knappers were able to work a difficult material with great precision.\" On this and other evidence Milner concludes \"there was little, if any, difference among the most skilled knappers in the midcontinent in terms of their ability to produce uniformly shaped arrowheads for special events.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139-140)§REF§<br> figurines and figure-pipes<br> certain pottery vessels e.g. Ramey Incised jars<br> marine shell beads (which have identified tools: \"small chert microdrills and sandstone saws\"). It is argued that these beads \"were among the artifacts that fueled Cahokia-dominated exchange systems that spanned the midcontinent.§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§ However \"The great majority of beads possessed by even the highest ranked people were of indifferent quality. These beads were identical to those held in far smaller numbers by common people. Only the individuals who held the most exalted positions ... had substantial numbers of especially attractive beads ... at least some of which were part of matched sets of uniformly shaped beads.\" Milner concludes \"there is no compelling reason to believe that bead making was conducted in anything other than domestic settings.\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 141)§REF§<br>Milner notes that \"Similarly impressive objects were made in many small-scale societies throughout the world that lacked specialists in the sense of the term used by those who see a highly elaborated economy in the American Bottom.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Middle Woodland phase saw the first appearance of pottery in the American Bottom region.", "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Cahokia does not appear to have achieved the organizational complexity expected through the scaling processes described by Ortman ... There is little evidence for occupational specialization and virtually no evidence for diversification of occupations.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2014, 31)§REF§<br>Traders.§REF§(Iseminger 2014, 26)§REF§<br>\"The case for Mississippian period craft specialization rests on the existence of well-made objects, the great numbers of some particularly attractive items, and the contexts of the tools and debris related to making them.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§<br> arrowheads represents the \"strongest case for specilization based on artifact appearance ... The people who made the Mound 72 points were pushing the limits of what can be accomplished by chipping stone. ... \"the length-to-width ratios of the American Bottom points were more uniform than those of the points from distant places.\" However \"High-quality local chert ... is much easier to knap than the coarse-grained Hixton silicified sandstone. In fact, the uniformity of points made with the latter stone indicates that these knappers were able to work a difficult material with great precision.\" On this and other evidence Milner concludes \"there was little, if any, difference among the most skilled knappers in the midcontinent in terms of their ability to produce uniformly shaped arrowheads for special events.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139-140)§REF§<br> figurines and figure-pipes<br> certain pottery vessels e.g. Ramey Incised jars<br> marine shell beads (which have identified tools: \"small chert microdrills and sandstone saws\"). It is argued that these beads \"were among the artifacts that fueled Cahokia-dominated exchange systems that spanned the midcontinent.§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§ However \"The great majority of beads possessed by even the highest ranked people were of indifferent quality. These beads were identical to those held in far smaller numbers by common people. Only the individuals who held the most exalted positions ... had substantial numbers of especially attractive beads ... at least some of which were part of matched sets of uniformly shaped beads.\" Milner concludes \"there is no compelling reason to believe that bead making was conducted in anything other than domestic settings.\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 141)§REF§<br>Milner notes that \"Similarly impressive objects were made in many small-scale societies throughout the world that lacked specialists in the sense of the term used by those who see a highly elaborated economy in the American Bottom.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139)§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Cahokia does not appear to have achieved the organizational complexity expected through the scaling processes described by Ortman ... There is little evidence for occupational specialization and virtually no evidence for diversification of occupations.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2014, 31)§REF§<br>Traders.§REF§(Iseminger 2014, 26)§REF§<br>\"The case for Mississippian period craft specialization rests on the existence of well-made objects, the great numbers of some particularly attractive items, and the contexts of the tools and debris related to making them.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§<br> arrowheads represents the \"strongest case for specilization based on artifact appearance ... The people who made the Mound 72 points were pushing the limits of what can be accomplished by chipping stone. ... \"the length-to-width ratios of the American Bottom points were more uniform than those of the points from distant places.\" However \"High-quality local chert ... is much easier to knap than the coarse-grained Hixton silicified sandstone. In fact, the uniformity of points made with the latter stone indicates that these knappers were able to work a difficult material with great precision.\" On this and other evidence Milner concludes \"there was little, if any, difference among the most skilled knappers in the midcontinent in terms of their ability to produce uniformly shaped arrowheads for special events.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139-140)§REF§<br> figurines and figure-pipes<br> certain pottery vessels e.g. Ramey Incised jars<br> marine shell beads (which have identified tools: \"small chert microdrills and sandstone saws\"). It is argued that these beads \"were among the artifacts that fueled Cahokia-dominated exchange systems that spanned the midcontinent.§REF§(Milner 2006, 138)§REF§ However \"The great majority of beads possessed by even the highest ranked people were of indifferent quality. These beads were identical to those held in far smaller numbers by common people. Only the individuals who held the most exalted positions ... had substantial numbers of especially attractive beads ... at least some of which were part of matched sets of uniformly shaped beads.\" Milner concludes \"there is no compelling reason to believe that bead making was conducted in anything other than domestic settings.\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 141)§REF§<br>Milner notes that \"Similarly impressive objects were made in many small-scale societies throughout the world that lacked specialists in the sense of the term used by those who see a highly elaborated economy in the American Bottom.\"§REF§(Milner 2006, 139)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Most islanders were swidden cultivators: 'In the past, swidden gardens with dry taro, turmeric, and sugar cane were few and small. Breadfruit, supplemented by wet taro, was the staple. Being seasonal, breadfruit was preserved by fermenting in pits. Copra has become the only export. Fishing was important.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> 'Traditionally, men gardened, cooked and processed food in bulk (in the earth oven), did deep-water fishing, engaged in war and public affairs, and practiced the arts of canoe and house building and of wood, shell, and stone working. Women wove, plaited mats, prepared meals (as distinct from food in bulk), did inshore fishing, and took main responsibility for child care. Men and women have both entered into school teaching, clerical work, and administration.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> 'Traditional crafts included: making outrigger paddle canoes; building houses; woodworking (to make bowls, storage chests, spears); gardening; cordage (to make rope, string, slings); working stone (for sling stones), shell (for adz blades), and coral (for breadfruit pounders); preparing medicines; loom weaving with hibiscus and banana fibers (to make loin clothes, wraparound skirts, shirts, mosquito canopies); plaiting (of baskets, mats); and other leaf working (for thatch, sun hats). Sewing arts and dressmaking have replaced weaving. New arts include motor maintenance (of cars and outboards); boat building; bookkeeping; school teaching; government administration; and nursing and medical practice.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Most islanders were swidden cultivators: 'In the past, swidden gardens with dry taro, turmeric, and sugar cane were few and small. Breadfruit, supplemented by wet taro, was the staple. Being seasonal, breadfruit was preserved by fermenting in pits. Copra has become the only export. Fishing was important.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> 'Traditionally, men gardened, cooked and processed food in bulk (in the earth oven), did deep-water fishing, engaged in war and public affairs, and practiced the arts of canoe and house building and of wood, shell, and stone working. Women wove, plaited mats, prepared meals (as distinct from food in bulk), did inshore fishing, and took main responsibility for child care. Men and women have both entered into school teaching, clerical work, and administration.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> 'Traditional crafts included: making outrigger paddle canoes; building houses; woodworking (to make bowls, storage chests, spears); gardening; cordage (to make rope, string, slings); working stone (for sling stones), shell (for adz blades), and coral (for breadfruit pounders); preparing medicines; loom weaving with hibiscus and banana fibers (to make loin clothes, wraparound skirts, shirts, mosquito canopies); plaiting (of baskets, mats); and other leaf working (for thatch, sun hats). Sewing arts and dressmaking have replaced weaving. New arts include motor maintenance (of cars and outboards); boat building; bookkeeping; school teaching; government administration; and nursing and medical practice.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Evidence for \"agriculture, herding, metallurgy, bead-making, carpentry and textile production\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KTD23CBA\">[Brubaker 2001, pp. 253-302]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "In Ai Khanoum: \"every occupation and trade one would find in a prosperous town in Greece itself.\"§REF§(www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"The European Bronze Age lasted from approximately 2500-800 BC. It was the period in which the production and use of metal tools and weapons first became widespread.\"§REF§(Allen 2007, 18)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) \"At Choisy-au-Bac in the Paris basin, the proportion of pigs in the faunal assemblage reached 60 percent with females predominating - an indication of particularly intensive specialized breeding (Meniel 1984).\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) ... occupations: bronze workshop, iron working, carpenter-wheelwright (ceremonial chariots), sophisticated looms first appear, sophisticated \"twilled\" weaving to produce luxury cloth and tapestries. \"We must wait until the sixth century BC to see iron play a significant role in tool kits; up until then, it was used primarily for the production of weapons.\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"The European Bronze Age lasted from approximately 2500-800 BC. It was the period in which the production and use of metal tools and weapons first became widespread.\"§REF§(Allen 2007, 18)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) \"At Choisy-au-Bac in the Paris basin, the proportion of pigs in the faunal assemblage reached 60 percent with females predominating - an indication of particularly intensive specialized breeding (Meniel 1984).\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) ... occupations: bronze workshop, iron working, carpenter-wheelwright (ceremonial chariots), sophisticated looms first appear, sophisticated \"twilled\" weaving to produce luxury cloth and tapestries. \"We must wait until the sixth century BC to see iron play a significant role in tool kits; up until then, it was used primarily for the production of weapons.\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"The European Bronze Age lasted from approximately 2500-800 BC. It was the period in which the production and use of metal tools and weapons first became widespread.\"§REF§(Allen 2007, 18)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) \"At Choisy-au-Bac in the Paris basin, the proportion of pigs in the faunal assemblage reached 60 percent with females predominating - an indication of particularly intensive specialized breeding (Meniel 1984).\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§<br> During the Hallstatt B2/3-C periods (900-600 BC) ... occupations: bronze workshop, iron working, carpenter-wheelwright (ceremonial chariots), sophisticated looms first appear, sophisticated \"twilled\" weaving to produce luxury cloth and tapestries. \"We must wait until the sixth century BC to see iron play a significant role in tool kits; up until then, it was used primarily for the production of weapons.\"§REF§(Brun 1995, 15)§REF§" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Professions<br> Coppersmith §REF§Bachluber Ch. 2012. ‘’Bronze Age Cities On Plain and the Plains and the Highlands’’. pg. 585§REF§<br> Blacksmith§REF§Siegelova I. and H. Tsumoto 2011 Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia, Pg. 281[In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, Pp. 275-300§REF§<br> Pottery §REF§Schoop U.F. 2011 Hittite Pottery: A Summary, Pg. 241-245 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, Pg. 241-274§REF§<br> Cloth-making §REF§Bachluber Ch. 2012. ‘’Bronze Age Cities On Plain and the Plains and the Highlands’’. pg. 585§REF§<br> Armorer §REF§Bachluber Ch. 2012. ‘’Bronze Age Cities On Plain and the Plains and the Highlands’’. pg. 585§REF§<br> Goldsmith/Silversmith §REF§Collins B.J.(2007) The Hittites and Their World, (Society of Biblical literature archaeology and Biblical studies; no. 7), Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, pp. 159§REF§<br> Doctor Medical expertise frequently crossed national boundaries, and foreign doctors found ready acceptance in the lands of their neighbors, particularly if they came from Egypt or Babylon. On more than one occasion the kings of these countries lent doctors to Hattusa for service in the Hittite court. And judging from their names, doctors of Luwian and Hurrian origin, probably from Kizzuwadna, also practiced their profession in Hattusa§REF§Bryce T. (2002) Life and Society in the Hittite World. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg. 163§REF§.<br> Scribe§REF§Bryce T. (2002) Life and Society in the Hittite World. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg. 66-67§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Arabian inscriptions at Hatra mention professions of stonemasons, sculptors, metalworkers, carpenters, scribes, tutors, priests, physicians, accountants, doorkeepers, merchants and winesellers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EVJ5HMM7\">[Hoyland 2001, p. 120]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Arabian inscriptions at Hatra mention professions of stonemasons, sculptors, metalworkers, carpenters, scribes, tutors, priests, physicians, accountants, doorkeepers, merchants and winesellers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EVJ5HMM7\">[Hoyland 2001, p. 120]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": "Main imports<br> \"When I was in Bactria\", Zhang Qian reported, \"I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu. When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied: \"Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/54T67REC\">[Sima 1982, p. 236]</a> Main exports<br> gemstomes, perfumes <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AH4IM7GU\">[Strabo_Jones 1924]</a> Coppersmith present <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2Z263M2B\">[Marshall 1960, p. 22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"the original inhabitants of Jenne-jeno worked iron from the earliest days of the site's occupation. This iron industry is among the earliest known in sub-Saharan Africa, antedated only by that of the Nok culture.\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Jenne-jeno was the region's first known significant trading crossroads\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Specialized craft skills from the very earliest times are evident at Jenne-jeno.\" \"highly skilled potters\", iron mining and smithing. §REF§(Reader 1998, 22)§REF§<br>Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"the original inhabitants of Jenne-jeno worked iron from the earliest days of the site's occupation. This iron industry is among the earliest known in sub-Saharan Africa, antedated only by that of the Nok culture.\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Jenne-jeno was the region's first known significant trading crossroads\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Specialized craft skills from the very earliest times are evident at Jenne-jeno.\" \"highly skilled potters\", iron mining and smithing. §REF§(Reader 1998, 22)§REF§<br>Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"the original inhabitants of Jenne-jeno worked iron from the earliest days of the site's occupation. This iron industry is among the earliest known in sub-Saharan Africa, antedated only by that of the Nok culture.\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Jenne-jeno was the region's first known significant trading crossroads\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Specialized craft skills from the very earliest times are evident at Jenne-jeno.\" \"highly skilled potters\", iron mining and smithing. §REF§(Reader 1998, 22)§REF§ \"A smithy was installed near one of our central excavation units around 800 C.E. to mold copper and bronze into ornaments, and to forge iron. Smithing continued in this locale for the next 600 years, suggesting that craftsmen had become organized in castes and operated in specific locales, much as we see in Jenne today.\" §REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§<br>Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Occupational_complexity", "occupational_complexity": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"the original inhabitants of Jenne-jeno worked iron from the earliest days of the site's occupation. This iron industry is among the earliest known in sub-Saharan Africa, antedated only by that of the Nok culture.\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Jenne-jeno was the region's first known significant trading crossroads\"§REF§(<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm\">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ind_1/hd_ind_1.htm</a>)§REF§ \"Specialized craft skills from the very earliest times are evident at Jenne-jeno.\" \"highly skilled potters\", iron mining and smithing.§REF§(Reader 1998, 22)§REF§ \"A smithy was installed near one of our central excavation units around 800 C.E. to mold copper and bronze into ornaments, and to forge iron. Smithing continued in this locale for the next 600 years, suggesting that craftsmen had become organized in castes and operated in specific locales, much as we see in Jenne today.\" §REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§<br>Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" } ] }