Military Level List
A viewset for viewing and editing Military Levels.
GET /api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 448, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. King.<br> 2. Leader of division Al-Nu'man 'the one-eyed' and 'the wanderer' created two divisions in the Lakhmid army called al-Shahba and al-Dawsar.§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 633) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br> \"the sources speak of five units in their army - al Shahba, al-Dawsar, al-Wada'i, al-Sana'i, and al-Raha'in, the first of which are said to have consisted of Persian troops\".§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 634) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br> 3. 4. 5." }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Despite the conventional English label 'Sixteen Kingdoms,' moreover, these dynasties were also usually really still empires in the sense of being relatively large, multiethnic, military-conquest regimes ruled by men claiming the Chinese title 'emperor' (huangdi). Unlike previous Chinese dynasties, however, these were now typically organized around identifiably non-Chinese-ruled armies.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 58) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Early Jin is coded [6-7], despite a smaller army the Later Qin probably had as many levels. They certainly had an 'officer class.'<br>1. Emperor<br> 2. Colonel Yao Chang appointed his brother to the position of colonel.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§ - Same or higher level of command than the generals - presumably he could give them orders?<br> 3. Generals.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§ Pacifying the Distant Regions official could command troops.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§<br> Guarding the Distant Regions official could command troops.§REF§Rachel Meakin. Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§<br> Stabilising the West general.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§<br> 4. 5. 6. Individual soldier Garrison in Chang'an.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Tuobea Gui of the Northern Wei routed a Later Yan army of about 40,000 at Canhepi.§REF§(Xiong 2009, 14) Xiong, V C. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Scarecrow Press, Inc., Plymouth.§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 391, "name": "in_maitraka_dyn", "long_name": "Maitraka Dynasty", "start_year": 470, "end_year": 790 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. King", "description": null }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>\"One such official exercising local control was Tantani, who is described on a letter in Coptic from the Roman Viventius, perhaps commander of the frontier troops, as 'phylarch of the people of the Anouba'. He was of sufficient status to conclude an international treaty.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Nauarchos is the early Byzantine title of an admiral, an inscription dating to 1322 can be reasonably securely translated as 'the admiral supreme on the water'. On the Debeira inscription, dated 1069, the title may be meizonauarchos 'admiral supreme'.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 96) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§<br>Nubian military was sent on expeditions.§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 334) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Nauarchos is the early Byzantine title of an admiral, an inscription dating to 1322 can be reasonably securely translated as 'the admiral supreme on the water'. On the Debeira inscription, dated 1069, the title may be meizonauarchos 'admiral supreme'.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 96) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§<br>Nubian military was sent on expeditions.§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 334) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Sultan<br> 2. Chief Minister 3. Malay rajah 4. Malay chiefs 5. Retainers 6.<br>\"He conceded that since the days of the Melaka Sultanate 'no native ruler or chief in Malaya appeared to have maintained a force of trained Malay regulars' (except the Sultan of Johor who raised his own small regular army, Timbalan Setia Negeri [the country's loyal deputies], in 1885, based on a system of European organisation). Traditionally, however, when war occurred, 'the Sultan gave orders through the Bendahara (Chief Minister) to the various Malay rajah and chiefs to rally and lead their men - fuedal retainers - who assembled their own arms and equipment.'\"§REF§(Blackburn 2006, 289) Kevin Blackburn. Colonial forces as postcolonial memories: the commemoration and memory of the Malay Regiment in modern Malaysia and Singapore. Tobias Rettig. Karl Hack. ed. 2006. Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Ruler?<br> 2. Nobles? \"Muslim sultanates were formed, and were dominated by a hereditary aristocracy which purported to be of Arab origin, while the mass of the population was Ethiopian\".§REF§(Cerulli 1992, 281) E. Cerulli. Ethiopia's relations with the Muslim world. I Hrbek ed. 1992. General History of Africa. Abridged Edition. III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. James Currey. California.§REF§<br> \"The third war was the result of the preaching of the QadiSalih, a violent propagator of Islam, who gathered a large army of Moslem chieftains and their troops.\"§REF§?. 1967. The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, Part 2. Greystone press.§REF§ Qadis - Islamic judges.<br> 3. Officer \"The third war was the result of the preaching of the QadiSalih, a violent propagator of Islam, who gathered a large army of Moslem chieftains and their troops.\"§REF§?. 1967. The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, Part 2. Greystone press.§REF§<br> 4. ? \"Ifat had an infantry of about 20,000 and cavalry of some 15,000.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§<br> 5. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 393, "name": "in_maukhari_dyn", "long_name": "Maukhari Dynasty", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": "levels. \"The king added to his office of supreme administrator that of commander-in-chief. It was expected of him that he should set an example of valour and courage to his followers. Hence the king as a general marched the armies personally to battle. A well-graded staff of officers must have assisted him, but nothing definite is known to us from the Maukhari records about the various divisions and officers of the Maukhari forces. Nevertheless, there could not have been much of a departure from the usual organisation of an army.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EVTVIVQ\">[Pires 1934, p. 172]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"A chieftain, Baga - the First Mauretanian known by name - was wealthy enough during the Second Punic War to give Massinissa [king of Numidia] an escort of 4,000 men across Mauretania to the Numidian border, when Massinissa was in the process of successfully seizing the throne of Numidia.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 46) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Spanish written records describe the presence of military officers and soldiers (civilian conscripts) during this period.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§<br>1. Military officers<br>2. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Prince in Kiev<br> 2. Prince in Novgorod 3. tysiatskii (Commander of the urban militia and judicial responsibilities) \"in later times, and especially in Novgorod, the tysiatskii became one of the highest urban officials. Orignally, the tysiatskie were appointed by the prince and were primarily the commanders of the urban militia. In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage, while in other places it only tended to be elective. ... it often ran ... in particular families (from which either the prince or the veche had to select their candidate). In the principality of Moscow the office disappeared after the death of the last tysiatski ... in 1374.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br> 4. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Numidia was beyond question, next to Egypt, the most considerable of all the Roman client-states. After the death of Massinissa ..., Scipio had divided the sovereign functions of that prince among his three sons, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Mastanabal in such a way that the firstborn obtained the residency and the state chest, the second the charge of war, and the third the administration of justice\".§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 145) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>King Micipsa \"could raise a powerful army of infantry and cavalry, and a considerable force of war-elephants. There was even a small Numidian fleet, originally created by Masinissa.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>(3) Tribal Shaykhs; (2) Local Headmen; (1) Tribal Forces<br>The Imamate relied on the support of tribal shaykhs able to raise local troops from the peasant population: 'The Zaidi Imamate could not build its power solely upon a union of non-agricultural specialists: it required the support of the militarily powerful northern landowning shaikhs and the groups of fighting men that they could muster, usually from the poorer village families. The development of shaikhly constellations of power, in the manner described by Montagne for the Moroccan Berbers, was curtailed by exporting shaikhly leaders to tax prebends in richer areas. In this way the tribe was sanctioned as a status group within the state. The Imamic state rested on an alliance of the farmer (the fighter) with the preacher (the judge) and on the symbolic and political suppression of mercantile and craft interests more generally. The union of religious leaders and martial farmers from agriculturally marginal areas formed a loose prebendal dominion over the more productive, largely Shafi'i, peasant areas of the west and south. Whether collected by regular employees of the government or by irregulars from the north, taxes were paid by those who produced most, by the peasants of the richer areas. For example, Goitein reports that the Jewish villagers of al-Gades in lower Yemen called the local landlord 'askari, \"soldier\", noting, however, that he and his like came from the eastern pastoral region and should be distinguished from the regular 'askari who accompanied the local government officer on his tax levies.' §REF§Mundy, Martha 1995. \"Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen\", 14§REF§ The Imams later trained an armed corps of regulars based on the Ottoman system: 'In 1919, two thousand men were levied from tribes near Sanaa and trained \"according to the rules of the Turkish army\". (A good many Turks individually had elected to stay on.) A Yemeni historian does justice to the novelty: \"The army was divided inti numbered taburs, or \"detachments\", so the first was called the first tabur, the second called the second tabur, and so one. Three taburs togethere were called a liwa', and three liwa's were called a firqah, and the whole together was called the Victorious Regular Army. Every tabur was made up of four blocs...and each of them had its number, the first and the second and so forth.\" Unlike tribal levies, this army had a fixed pay scale. The officers were mainly Turkish -indeed, instruction remained in Turkish until the 1930s; some, though, were Yemenis who had been to Turkish schools and command was given to 'Abdullah Dumayn, a sayyid from the Jawf who had served with the Turks in the rank of bekbashi. \"The Imam expended the utmost effort on this and showed enormous interest\", and in the next year four taburs more were raised around Ta'izz. The number of regulars rose to 15-20,000. A school for telegraphists was opened, allowing the Imam's care for detail to reach everywhere.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 2002. \"A History of Modern Yemen\", 30§REF§ The Ottomans and the British stationed troops in Yemen during the colonial period: 'Developments in the 19th century were fateful for Yemen. The determination of various European powers to establish a presence in the Middle East elicited an equally firm determination in other powers to thwart such efforts. For Yemen, the most important participants in the drama were the British, who took over Aden in 1839, and the Ottoman Empire, which at mid-century moved back into North Yemen, from which it had been driven by the Yemenis two centuries earlier. The interests and activities of these two powers in the Red Sea basin and Yemen were substantially intensified by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the reemergence of the Red Sea route as the preferred passage between Europe and East Asia. As the Ottomans expanded inland and established themselves in Sanaa and Taʿizz, the British expanded north and east from Aden, eventually establishing protectorates over more than a dozen of the many local statelets; this was done more in the interest of protecting Aden’s hinterland from the Ottomans and their Yemeni adversaries than out of any desire to add the territory and people there to the British Empire. By the early 20th century the growing clashes between the British and the Ottomans along the undemarcated border posed a serious problem; in 1904 a joint commission surveyed the border, and a treaty was concluded, establishing the frontier between Ottoman North Yemen and the British possessions in South Yemen. Later, of course, both Yemens considered the treaty an egregious instance of non-Yemeni interference in domestic affairs. The north became independent at the end of World War I in 1918, with the departure of the Ottoman forces; the imam of the Zaydīs, Yaḥyā Maḥmūd al-Mutawwakil, became the de facto ruler in the north by virtue of his lengthy campaign against the Ottoman presence in Yemen. In the 1920s Imam Yaḥyā sought to consolidate his hold on the country by working to bring the Shāfiʿī areas under his administrative jurisdiction and by suppressing much of the intertribal feuding and tribal opposition to the imamate. In an effort to enhance the effectiveness of his campaigns against the tribes and other fractious elements, the imam sent a group of Yemeni youth to Iraq in the mid-1930s to learn modern military techniques and weaponry. These students would eventually become the kernel of domestic opposition to Yaḥyā and his policies.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273</a>§REF§ 'With the Turkish occupation (1872-1918), the dramatic events that historians record shift in part from the west and south into the tribes‘ own territory. The political reality was complex, and at most points up to 1918 the Turks found support from Yemenis, not least from certain northern shaykhs whose fortunes were bound up with the Turkish presence. The clerk of the San’a’ court learned Turkish. Many if the ‘ulama’ supported the Turks even when the Imam’s fight against them was at its height, and he ambiguities of resisting the Turkish Sultan, who himself was seen to be beset by Christendom, were usually marked. None the less there was sustained resistance in the north. Tribes and Imams fought the Turks repeatedly, and the dynasty of Imams emerged that was to rule Yemen until the 1960s.’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 219§REF§ ‘Al-Mansur suffered a stroke, and in September 1904 he died (ibid. 393-403). His son Yahya took the Imamate, which he was to hold until his death in 1948. As a number of authors have noted […], the success of his claim was very probably due to the support of Nasir Mabkhut al-Ahmar, who had (at least most of the time) supported al-Mansur. With al-Ahmar’s backing, Yahya took binding agreements (qawa’id wa-dawabit) from the shaykhs about the conduct of the jihad, stipulating that the weak be protected, looting be controlled, and any artillery captured be surrendered to the public treasury (Zabahrah 1956: ii. 8). Almost immediately after his accession he dispatched forces to the west and south, the outlying Turkish garrisons fell, and San’a’ was again besieged […]. In the midst of an atrocious famine the Turkish garrison withdrew under safe conduct in April 1905. ‘San’a’ after the surrender was a ruin. Its markets were destroyed, its houses empty, and only a few of its inhabitants were left’, but when the tribes saw the victory that had been won ‘every tribe wanted to control some province or another of Yemen as a fief…’ (al-Wasi’I 928: 203).’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 221p§REF§" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 402, "name": "in_paramara_dyn", "long_name": "Paramara Dynasty", "start_year": 974, "end_year": 1235 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Mahadandanyaka<br>2. Mahadandanyaka <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZT5677P4\">[Pratipal 1970, p. 211]</a> 3. Regional Dandanyakas <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZT5677P4\">[Pratipal 1970, p. 211]</a> 4. Senapati <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZT5677P4\">[Pratipal 1970, p. 230]</a> 5. Baladhirka (officer in charge of an army, but lower in rank than a Senapati)<br>6. Sandhanika (in charge of cavalry unit) and Mahamatra (in charge of elephants)<br>7. Soldiers", "description": null }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Originally, the prince was a military leader with his own band of warriors, his druzhina. Later on, towns usually needed a prince to lead their armed forces.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 426-427) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"in later times, and especially in Novgorod, the tysiatskii became one of the highest urban officials. Orignally, the tysiatskie were appointed by the prince and were primarily the commanders of the urban militia. In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage, while in other places it only tended to be elective. ... it often ran ... in particular families (from which either the prince or the veche had to select their candidate). In the principality of Moscow the office disappeared after the death of the last tysiatski ... in 1374.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>\"Askia was a rank in the Songhai army with origins dating from at least the first half of the 13th century.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 65]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Army general.§REF§(Bauer 2010, 166) Susan Wise Bauer. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W W Norton & Company. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. King<br> 2. Feudal lords \"From the viewpoint of administrative theory, the early Thai administration at Sukhothai was far from centralized. The administrative system gives us a clear picture of strong and powerful provincial governors who ruled their provinces more or less like feudal lords, raising their armies, controlling their own finances, and managing their own internal affairs.\"§REF§(Meksawan 1962, 63) Arsa Meksawan. 1962. The Role of the Provincial Governor in Thailand. Institute of Public Administration. Thammasat University.§REF§<br> 3. Leader of 10,000 or Thai equivalent inferred \"The impact of the Mongols could be discerned in military units beginning from 10 onward to 20, 30, and so on.\"§REF§(Mishra 2010, 37) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"Chinggis adopted the decimal system of organization … creating military units whose notional size ranged from ten to 10,000\".§REF§Carter V Findley. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. New York. pp.81-83.§REF§ Note: '10 onward to 20, 30' isn't decimal but perhaps this refers to the various sizes of the smallest grouping.<br> 4. Leader of 1000 or Thai equivalent inferred 5. Leader of 100 or Thai equivalent inferred 6. Leader of 10, 20, 30 inferred 7. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Possibly more levels than four.<br>1. Ruler?<br> 2. Governor \"Al-Abbas put the town of Labda to sack after routing the army of the Aghlabid governor Muhamad ibn Qurhub. He besieged Tripoli, but the Ibadite Ilyas ibn Mansur al-Nafusi governor of Jabal Nafusa and Tripoli on behalf of the Rustamid of Tahert, led a force of 12,000 men and defeated him\" c879-881§REF§(Bianquis 1998, 96-97) Thierry Bianquis. Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur, 868-969. Carl F Petry. ed. 1998. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume I. Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> 2. \"Cultivated minds, attracted by Kharijite radicalism, were not afraid of controversy. They even showed tolerance towards unbelievers. Did not certain men in the east go so far as to limit as strictly as possible the differences separating them from Jews and Christians? According [to?] Ibn Saghir there were in the Rustumid capital Christians among the notables surrounding the imam Abu Hatim. One of these, a noted horseman, was counted among [illegible] defenders.\"§REF§(Julien and Tourneau 1970, 30) Charles André Julien. Roger Le Tourneau. 1970. Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger.§REF§<br> \"A governor (amil) was elected locally and confirmed by the Imam. As representative of the Imam, the amil sent taxes and troops.\" §REF§Savage E., 1997, A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest, Darwin Press. pp.56§REF§ 3. Officer or tribal chief? 4. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"their sociopolitical infrastructure ... was built around the person of the ruler and his comitatus, or oath-sworn guard corps, whose members numbered in the thousands.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 59) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§" }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Weak military.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§<br>\"A Catalan militia was created in the 1250s at Tlemcen, paralleling that at Tunis. Its commander was named by Jaume I and enjoyed authority over all the Catalans in the kingdom. In 1271-2, if not before, Jaume received a tribute in exchange for Tlemcen's right to recruit this militia and to trade with Jaume's subjects. This tribute consisted largely in returning part of the custom dues paid by Catalan merchants to the ruler of Catalonia.\"§REF§(Hillgarth 2003, 43) J N Hillgarth. 2003. Spain and the Mediterranean in the Later Middle Ages: Studies in Political and Intellectual History. Ashgate Variorum.§REF§<br>Inferred basic hierarchy - the complexity could have been higher than this<br>1. Ruler<br> 2. Militia commander<br> 3. Militia officer 4. Militia soldier" }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. King<br> \"In the battle, the Tang soldiers killed a king of Tuyuhun and five hundred Tuyuhun soldiers.\"§REF§(Hung 2013, 158) Hing Ming Hung. 2013. Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies that Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia. Algora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Generic Baiyue reference: The Baiyue cultures subsisted on wet rice agriculture. This \"allowed for the raising of an army, class differentiation, and occupational specialization.\"§REF§(West 2009, 81) Barbara A. West. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Facts On File. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"The battle of Ma'mura in which a large Portuguese land and naval force was destroyed by Moroccan artillery and cavalry indicated to all that Morocco was modernizing its military as well.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 489) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§<br>For the last three centuries of Berber rule in Morocco \"the main development was a centralized administrative system - the Makhzen - maintained without tribal support by standing armies of Arab and Christian mercenaries.\"§REF§(Ellingham et al 2010, 570) Mark Ellingham. Daniel Jacobs. Hamish Brown. Shaun McVeigh. 2010. The Rough Guide to Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Xixia was prosperous, a powerful military force\".§REF§(? 2006, 178) ? 2006. China Tibetology. Issues 6-11. Office for the Journal China Tibetology.§REF§" }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels. The sources are silent regarding Seuna military hierarchy, but the Emperor was the commander in chief <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 149]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>The first ruler, according to tradition, was the army general for the court of Aksum.§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 8) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"The dynastic founder, Buluggin, relied heavily on black soldiers from sub-Saharan Africa; after his death, in 984, these troops supported first one then another contender to the throne.\"§REF§(O'Connell and Dursteler 2016, 50) Monique O'Connell. Eric R Dursteler. 2016. The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.§REF§" }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1640, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 11, "military_level_to": 11, "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": "" }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1701, "year_to": 1806, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 10, "military_level_to": 10, "comment": "levels.<br>___1640 CE-1700 CE___<br>Da Silva <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QIKN6MDF\">[Da_Silva 2002]</a> notes that different historians provide somewhat different descriptions of the Portuguese military hierarchy at the time. He summarises their descriptions as follows (with our own addition of individual soldier):<br>___according to António Cabreira__<br>1. Governador e Capitão General das Armas<br>2. General Governador das Armas<br>3. Mestre de Campo General<br>4. Sargento-Mor de Batalha<br>5. Tenente Mestre de Campo General<br>6. General de Cavalaria<br>7. Tenente General de Cavalaria<br>8. General de Artilharia<br>9. Capitão<br>10. Tenente de Artilharia (Comando de Bateria)<br>11. Individual soldier<br>___according to Vaza Pinheiro__<br>1. Capitão General<br>2. Mestre de Campo<br>3. Sargento-Mor<br>4. Tenente Mestre de Campo General<br>5. Capitães<br>6. Sargentos<br>7. Alferes<br>8. Ajudante<br>9. Individual soldier<br>___according to Carlos Selvagem__<br>1. Governador das Armas<br>2. Mestre de Campo (Coronel)<br>3. Sargento-Mor<br>4. Capitão<br>5. Alferes<br>6. Sargentos<br>7. Cabo de Esquadra<br>8. Individual soldier<br>___1701 CE-1806 CE___<br>Da Silva <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QIKN6MDF\">[Da_Silva 2002]</a> summarises historian António Cabreira's description of Portuguese military hierarchy in the 18th century as follows (with our own addition of individual soldier):<br>1. Marechal General (commander in chief)<br>2. Marechal dos Reais Exércitos (Governador das Armas)<br>3. General de Batalha<br>4. Tenemte General de Batalha<br>5. Marechal de Campo<br>6. Brigadeiro<br>7. Coronel (Comandante de Regimento)<br>8. Tenente Coronel<br>9. Tenente (de Artilharia, Cavalaria, Infantaria)<br>10. Individual soldier", "description": "" }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "Level 1: King (commander-in-chief of the armed forces, ultimate authority in military campaigns and defense)\r\n\r\n\r\nLevel 2: Earl/Baron (regional military leader, commands troops within their territory, often responsible for defending borders)\r\n\r\nLevel 3: Knight (mounted warrior, vassals of lords, often commanding small groups of soldiers)\r\n\r\nLevel 4: Sergeant-at-Arms/Man-at-Arms (professional soldier, supports knights, performs guard or combat duties)\r\n\r\nLevel 5: Foot Soldier/Archer (common infantry, forms the bulk of armies, skilled or unskilled) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "Level 1: The King <br>\r\n Declared wars, led armies in major campaigns, and oversaw military alliances and feudal obligations.\r\nLevel 2: Dukes and Regional Commanders<br>\r\n\r\nDukes of major duchies (e.g., Saxony, Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Lotharingia) served as military leaders for their respective regions.\r\n\r\nLevel 3: Bannerets and Subordinate Lords<br>\r\n\r\nLesser nobles and counts, who commanded smaller contingents of knights and foot soldiers under the authority of their respective dukes or the king.\r\n\r\nLevel 4: Knights and Mounted Warriors<br>\r\n\r\nProfessional soldiers or landed warriors, often equipped with horses and better weaponry.<br>\r\n\r\nLevel 5: Infantry and Peasant Levies<br>\r\n\r\nThe lowest level consisted of foot soldiers, typically drawn from the general population. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GI5MI52S\">[Riché 1993]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPWQTI9N\">[Wickham 2010]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": 1861, "year_to": 1922, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 14, "military_level_to": 14, "comment": "Post Ottoman military reforms: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMüşir: Field Marshal (highest rank, equivalent to a commander-in-chief).<br>\r\nBirinci Ferik: Lieutenant General.<br>\r\nFerik: Major General.<br>\r\nMirliva: Brigadier General (commander of a brigade or liva).<br>\r\nMiralay: Colonel (commander of a regiment or alay).<br>\r\nKaymakam: Lieutenant Colonel.<br>\r\nBinbaşı: Major.<br>\r\nKolağası: Senior Captain.<br>\r\nYüzbaşı: Captain.<br>\r\nMülâzım-ı Evvel: First Lieutenant.<br>\r\nMülâzım-ı Sani: Second Lieutenant.<br>\r\nÇavuş: Sergeant.<br>\r\nOnbaşı: Corporal.<br>\r\nNefer: Private (lowest rank).<br> <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DR6UZB52\">[Uyar_Erickson 2009]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "The following refers to Ancient Hawaiki, not Hawaii. The former is the ancestral Polynesian homeland, in the first millennium BCE. It's not entirely clear how much of their ancestral heritage the earliest Hawaiians might have retained. Expert guidance needed. \"Some linguistic evidence for the existence of a war chief, *sau <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SYUT8KXM\">[Kirch_Green 2001, p. 234]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>Djenne was a new city 2.5km south-east of Jenne-jeno - what relationship was there - if any - between the old and the new cities?<br>\"The western borders of the state of Djenne, before the conquest of the city by Sonni Ali, were defended by the commanders of twelve army corps deployed in the country of Sana: they were specifically assigned to surveillence of the movements of Mali. The Sana-faran was their general-in-chief.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6J2AW3G9\">[Diop_Salemson 2012, p. 116]</a> There were officers under his orders. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6J2AW3G9\">[Diop_Salemson 2012, p. 116]</a> \"Likewise, twelve commanders of army corps were assigned to the east of the Niger toward Titili. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6J2AW3G9\">[Diop_Salemson 2012, p. 116]</a> However, no references to Jenne-Jeno using military force to conquer other peoples and demand tribute. Army that is referred to could have been late in period and intended for defence, to maintain its independence against the growing military power of the empires of Western Sudan.", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels. No evidence for military", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 368, "name": "ye_rasulid_dyn", "long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty", "start_year": 1229, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The sultan's army could be commanded by a eunuch. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, pp. 117-118]</a> In the mid-13th CE the Mamluks \"now numbered about a thousand\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, p. 111]</a> \"Perhaps because they were only in the country for such a relatively short time, all the efforts of the Ayyubids appear to have been directed at a thorough military conquest of Tihamah and southern Yemen. Local states ... were swept aside by the conqerors from Egypt with their superior numbers of men and horse and with their good discipline and military organization. It was their successors, the Rasulids (628-858/1230-1454), who could reap the benefits of these military successes and it was they who were able to build up a government administration of unequalled brilliance.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5TMXZ6RL\">[Smith 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>In the Sulayhid state: \"The queen was supported by two military chiefs - Amir Abu Himyar Saba ibn Ahmad of the Sulayhid family and Amir Abu l-Rabi' 'Amir ibn Sulayman of the Zawahi family - both in constant conflict with each other, thus weakening the Sulayhid state.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6GWAN8CC\">[Hamdani_Meri 2006, p. 777]</a> Sulayhids: \"'Ali and al-Mukarram had been, by appointment of the Fatimid caliph, commanders of their armed forces, chiefs of the civil administration, and heads of the state religion.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, p. 69]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>This time was part of an \"era of the 'war lords'\" which existed \"until Rasulid times.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, p. 45]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Bureau of Military Affairs abolished 939 CE, then reestablished c945 CE. §REF§(Standen 2009, 99)§REF§<br>\"The regimes which replaced the Liang were ruled by the Sha-t'o, and their military organisation reflected their Turkish ancestry, although from Li K'o-yung's time onwards many Chinese were incorporated, forming the characteristic fan-han mixed armies.\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 18)§REF§<br>\"The forces of the Later Liang were organised into six armies, with additional units of both cavalry and infantry - apparently recruited from Chu Wen's personal followers in the civil wars at the end of the T'ang - which were based at the capital as guards.\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 18)§REF§<br>\"The Later T'ang and Chin retained the Six Armies of the Liang - including many of their native Chinese personnel - but kept a strong 'Emperor's Army' at the capital to counter any possible rebellion.\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 19)§REF§" }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>Under chapter 9 \"The Rajput Administration\" pages 389-403 includes section on military administration. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5CEUP25X\">[Bakshi_Gajrani_Singh 2005]</a> From an essay on \"The Rajput Administration\". The Gahadavala dynasty are sometimes considered Rajputs or perhaps proto-Rajputs as strictly speaking the Rajputs date from a later time in this location: \"When a ruler marched against his enemies, he was normally joined by the contingents of his feudatories.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5CEUP25X\">[Bakshi_Gajrani_Singh 2005, p. 396]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Odovacar 489 CE: \"He had a large army, the kernel of which would doubtless be those mercenaries who had raised him on the shield thirteen years before, and among whom he had divided one-third part of the soil of Italy. But many other barbarians had flocked to his standard, so that he had, as it were, a little court of kings, chieftains serving under him as supreme leader.\"§REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§<br>1. Captain of the foederati<br> §REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§<br> 2. Master of the Soldiery \"At the head of the soldiers of Odovacar who had apparently with enthusiasm accepted the leadership of his younger and more brilliant rival, was a certain Tufa, Master of the Soldiery among the fœderati.\"§REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§" }, { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.(1) king and prince. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7DRZQS5Q\">[Liverani_Tabatabai 2014, p. 538]</a> Nabopolassar and Nebuchadrezzar both led war expeditions.(2) general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJHZB6PV\">[Leick 2007, p. 273]</a> (3) soldier.", "description": null }, { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 372, "name": "ye_tahirid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>Even at the height of their power, the Tahirids' hold over Lower Yemen appears to have been a tenuous one. With the decline in their fortunes, the degree to which the Tahirid sultan was at the mercy of the tribes and other disaffected elements became abimdantly clear <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AFVGTE4Y\">[Porter 1992, p. 95]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels. According to Da Silva: <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QIKN6MDF\">[Da_Silva 2002]</a> ___1495 CE-1570 CE___<br>1. Capitão General<br>2. Coronel<br>3. Capitão-Mor<br>4. Capitão-Mor de Ginetes<br>5. Sargento-Mor<br>6. Anadel-Mor de espingardeiros<br>6. Capitão<br>6. Alferes<br>7. Individual soldier<br>___1571 CE-1579 CE___<br>1. Capitão General<br>2. Coronel<br>3. Capitão-Mor<br>4. Sargento-Mor<br>5. Capitão de Ordenanças<br>6. Alferes<br>7. Sargento<br>8. Meirinho (assistant to the Sargento)<br>8. Escrivão (assistant to the Sargento)<br>8. Cabos de esquadras (assistants to the Sargento)<br>__Cavalry__<br>6. Mestre de Campo<br>7. General de Cavalaria<br>8. Sargento-Mor<br>9. Comandante das Companhias<br>10. Individual cavalryman", "description": null } ] }