Military Level List
A viewset for viewing and editing Military Levels.
GET /api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=9", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 17, "military_level_to": 17, "comment": null, "description": " The following military levels are taken from Rothenburg’s work on the Austrian army during the reign of Franz Joseph I (r.1848-1916).§REF§(Rothenberg 1976: 80-90) Rothenberg, Gunther Erich. 1976. The Army of Francis Joseph. Purdue University Press. http://archive.org/details/armyoffrancisjos00gunt. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7KIJ2E3J§REF§ : 1. The Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (dual title) :: General/flag Officers : 1. Feldmarschall :: 2. Generaloberst ::: 3. General der Waffengattung ::::4. Feldmarschall-Leutnant :::::5. Generalmajor :::::: Field/senior Officers :::::: 6. Oberst ::::::: 7. Oberstleutnant :::::::: 8. Major ::::::::: Junior Officers ::::::::: 9. Hauptmann / Rittmeister :::::::::: 10. Oberleutnant ::::::::::: 11. Leutnant :::::::::::: Senior NCO :::::::::::: 12. Stabsfeldwebel ::::::::::::: 13. Feldwebel :::::::::::::: Junior NCO :::::::::::::: 14. Zugsführer ::::::::::::::: 15. Korporal :::::::::::::::: 16. Gefreiter ::::::::::::::::: Private ::::::::::::::::: 17. Infanterist " }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 10, "military_level_to": 10, "comment": null, "description": " levels.§REF§Buniyatov 2015: 50, 71-73. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAEVEJFH§REF§ 1. Shah : 2. diwan al-‘ard (supreme commanding body – in charge of military enfeoffments, salaries, control and registration of the army and its people.) : 2.2 sahib diwan al-‘ard (head of the commanding body) :: 3. nazir al-jaysh (army superintendent) ::: 4. qadi-yi hasham wa lashkar-i hadrat (the army’s spiritual leader and judge) :::: 5. qa’id or muqaddam (Commander – if a commander had more than 10,000 cavalry he held the rank of malik) ::::: 6. chawush (senior officer) :::::: 7. jasusiya (special unit of scouts) ::::::: 8. Haras (personal guard) :::::::: 9. Cavalry ::::::::: 10. Foot soldiers " }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " levels.It is not known exactly how many military levels there may have been but the consensus if there would have been a war leader and then at least the warriors.§REF§McGuire 2018: 46-47 https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9FB2IXT§REF§ : 1. War leader :: 2. Warrior " }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.“The formation of a black army and the building of the empire were costly. To minimize the costs, Mawlay Isma‘il kept his government simple and made it more palace-centered than Makhzan civil serviceoriented. The palace has always been central to the Makhzan in “traditional” Morocco and, as contemporary Moroccan historian Mohamed El Mansour wrote, “the so-called ‘Makhzan service’ was basically made up of the palace domestic organization, the administrative hierarchy and the army.” According to Windus, the sultan’s administrative staff at the court was made up of five standing officers: ‘the Grand Mufti for Affairs of Religion; the chief Eunuch to take Care of the Seraglio; a Treasurer for his Revenue; the Superintendant of his Buildings and the Basha of Mekness, who is the first Minister, or the supreme Akcayde, of which there are three forts; the first and chief are those who, in the nature of Vice-Roys, are sent to govern the Provinces; to whom, for their greater Honour, is sometimes given the Title of Bashas [. . .]. Another fort are the Generals of his Armies, and Commanders over small Parties of Horse of Foot. The Third fort are Governours of Cities, or Towns, and are either made by the Emperor himself, as are the Alcaydes of Morocco [Marrakesh], Fez, Sally, and other great Cities; or by the Governours of the Provinces, over small Towns and Cities; a fourth fort may be added, which are titular only, and therefore called Alcaydes of their Heads’.”§REF§(El Hamel 2014: 202) El Hamel, Chouki. 2014. Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T9JFH8AS§REF§ : 1. Sultan :: 2. Generals ::: 3. Commanders :::: 4. Soldiers " }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels. There was no central military in the HRE, rather, the nation states within its borders would raise their own armies when needed." }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": ": 1. King (Commander-in-Chief)§REF§Payaslian 2007: 14. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H8NEU6KD§REF§ :: 2. Generals§REF§Payaslian 2007: 16. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H8NEU6KD§REF§ ::: 3. Soldiers " }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 297, "name": "kz_oirat", "long_name": "Oirats", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": " levels.: 1. Khan :: 2. Supreme military commander§REF§(Jamsran 2010: 499) Jamsran, L. 2010. “The Crisis of the Forty and the Four,” in The History of Mongolia: Volume II, Yuan and Late Medieval Period, ed. David Sneath, vol. 2, 3 vols. Kent: Global Oriental. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D8IE2XAD§REF§ :::3 . Warriors levels.<br>\"the four Oirats did not establish a single military or even a unified monastic system.\"§REF§Tsem Rinpoche. September 21, 2010. Kalmyk People’s Origin - VERY INTERESTING. Accessed: January 26, 2018. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/me/kalmyk-peoples-origin-very-interesting.html\">http://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/me/kalmyk-peoples-origin-very-interesting.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.“Characteristic of the Jochid Ulus army was the designation of a military service class chosen primarily from among the Horde's social elite. The Jochids formed its upper crust, followed by ulus begs and darugh begs, then emirs in command of thousands, hundreds, and dozens, to whom the title beg also applied.. Commanders from the Jochi clan were known as oghlans on the army's right and Left wings… Therefore, most scholars agree that the organizational structure of the military consisted of a rigid hierarchy based on the decimal system, in which tens were the smallest units and a tumen of ten thousand warriors—the largest unit.”§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 259-260. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§ : 1. Khan :: 2. ulus begs and darugh begs ::: 3. Emirs :::: 4. Military Governor (Voevoda) ::::: 5. Commander (Noyan) :::::: 6. Soldiers and horsemen. " }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Frye 2007: 110, 118. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7XE9P8HB§REF§§REF§Bosworth 1968: 540, 549. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BPCWEZBH§REF§ : 1. Amir :: 2. Commander-in-chief ::: 3. Commanders :::: 4. Officer/Leader (sarhangs) ::::: 5. Cavalrymen :::::: 6. Infantrymen " }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": " levels.: 1. King :: 2. Comitatus (pledged warriors) :: (later called Thegns) “In a society where the success of a ruler and the people dependent upon him derived from effectiveness in war, the relationship of the king with his military followers was of vital importance. Tacitus saw the relationship of king and warband (comitatus) as central to the success and failure of the Germanic provinces he describes. The interaction between the king and his warriors is also a major concern of Old English heroic poetry. Poems like Beowulf stress the reciprocal nature of the relationship of king and comitatus. The followers fought loyally for their lord, but the loyalty had been purchased beforehand by the upkeep the king provided for his warriors and by the giving of gifts; conspicuous acts of loyalty in battle would be rewarded by further gifts-appropriate generosity was what made a ‘good king’. When not in battle, the king’s hall was the place where the necessary bonding of lord and follower occurred. The comitatus ate and slept in the hall at the king’s expense.” §REF§(Yorke 1990: 17) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ ::: 3. Fryd (standing army)::: The fryd were a standing army always in service. They were divided up to protect the burghs and shires of the kingdom.§REF§(Baker and Brooks 2015: 229) Baker, John and Brookes, Stuart. “Explaining Anglo-Saxon Military Efficiency: The Landscape of Mobilization”, Anglo-Saxon England 44 (December 2015): 221–58, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263675100080121. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5LN4TEJV§REF§ " }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 17, "military_level_to": 17, "comment": null, "description": " levels. The following military levels are taken from Rothenburg’s work on the Austrian army during the reign of Franz Joseph I (r.1848-1916).§REF§(Rothenberg 1976: 80-90) Rothenberg, Gunther Erich. 1976. The Army of Francis Joseph. Purdue University Press. http://archive.org/details/armyoffrancisjos00gunt. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7KIJ2E3J§REF§ : 1. The Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (dual title) :: General/flag Officers : 1. Feldmarschall :: 2. Generaloberst ::: 3. General der Waffengattung ::::4. Feldmarschall-Leutnant :::::5. Generalmajor :::::: Field/senior Officers :::::: 6. Oberst ::::::: 7. Oberstleutnant :::::::: 8. Major ::::::::: Junior Officers ::::::::: 9. Hauptmann / Rittmeister :::::::::: 10. Oberleutnant ::::::::::: 11. Leutnant :::::::::::: Senior NCO :::::::::::: 12. Stabsfeldwebel ::::::::::::: 13. Feldwebel :::::::::::::: Junior NCO :::::::::::::: 14. Zugsführer ::::::::::::::: 15. Korporal :::::::::::::::: 16. Gefreiter ::::::::::::::::: Private ::::::::::::::::: 17. Infanterist " }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 18, "military_level_to": 18, "comment": null, "description": " levels. §REF§(Smith 1882: 8) Smith, George. 1882. The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. London: J. Murray. http://archive.org/details/geographybritis00smitgoog. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AW5H8NPI§REF§_British Army_§REF§(https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GUZSL7S2§REF§ Officers : 1. Field Marshall :: 2. General ::: 3. Lieutenant General :::: 4. Major General ::::: 5. Brigadier :::::: 6.Colonel ::::::: 7. Lieutenant Colonel :::::::: 8. Major :::::::: 8.1 Warrant Officers ::::::::: 9. Captain :::::::::: 10. Lieutenant ::::::::::: 11. Second Lieutenant :::::::::::: 12. Officer Cadet Soldiers ::::::::::::: 13. Soldiers :::::::::::::: 14. Staff Sergeant :::::::::::::::: 15. Sergeant ::::::::::::::::: 16. Corporal :::::::::::::::::: 17. Lance Corporal ::::::::::::::::::: 18. Private _British Raj_ : 1. Commander-in-Chief§REF§(Smith 1881: 4, 9) Smith, George. 1882. The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. London: J. Murray. http://archive.org/details/geographybritis00smitgoog. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AW5H8NPI§REF§ :: 2. Lieutenant-General§REF§(Smith 1881: 4, 9) Smith, George. 1882. The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. London: J. Murray. http://archive.org/details/geographybritis00smitgoog. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AW5H8NPI§REF§ ::: 3. Lower Officers (as above) ::::: 4. Soldiers (as above) " }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 16, "military_level_to": 16, "comment": null, "description": "1. Tsar (Царь)\r\n\r\n - The supreme ruler and commander-in-chief of the Russian Empire's armed forces.\r\n\r\n2. General-Feldmarshal (Генерал-фельдмаршал) / General-Admiral (Генерал-адмирал)\r\n\r\n - The highest military rank in the army and navy.\r\n\r\n3. General of the Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers (Генерал от инфантерии, генерал от кавалерии, генерал от артиллерии, инженер-генерал) / Admiral (Адмирал)\r\n\r\n - Senior generals commanding specific military branches.\r\n\r\n4. Lieutenant General (Генерал-лейтенант) / Vice-Admiral (Вице-адмирал)\r\n\r\n - A high-ranking officer in the army and navy.\r\n\r\n5. Major General (Генерал-майор) / Schoutbynacht (Шаутбенахт) (before 1732/33), Counter-Admiral (Контр-адмирал) (from 1732/33)\r\n\r\n - Officers commanding a division in the army and navy.\r\n\r\n6. Brigadier (Бригадир) (before 1797) / Captain-Commander (Капитан-командор) (various periods)\r\n\r\n - Army rank before 1797 and corresponding navy rank.\r\n\r\n7. Colonel (Полковник) / Captain 1st Rank (Капитан 1 ранга) (various periods)\r\n\r\n - Commanders of regiments in the army and captains in the navy.\r\n\r\n8. Lieutenant Colonel (Подполковник) / Captain 2nd Rank (Капитан 2 ранга) (various periods)\r\n\r\n - A high-ranking officer below the rank of colonel.\r\n\r\n9. Major (Майор) / Captain 3rd Rank (Капитан 3 ранга) (various periods)\r\n\r\n - Commanders of battalions in the army and equivalent naval rank.\r\n\r\n10. Captain, Rotmistr (Капитан, ротмистр) / Senior Lieutenant (Старший лейтенант) (from 1911)\r\n\r\n - Company commanders in the army and a senior naval rank.\r\n\r\n11. Staff-Captain, Staff-Rotmistr (Штабс-капитан, штабс-ротмистр) / Lieutenant (Лейтенант) (various periods)\r\n\r\n - Intermediate officer ranks in the army and navy.\r\n\r\n12. Fendrik (Фендрик) (before 1730), Cornet (Корнет) (1725–1884), Praporshik (Прапорщик) (1730–1884), Chorunzhiy (Хорунжий) (1798–1884) / Gardemarin (Гардемарин) (1860–82; depending on the examination)\r\n\r\n - Junior officer or non-commissioned officer ranks in the army and navy.\r\n\r\n\r\n Non-Officer (Enlisted) Ranks\r\n\r\n 13. Sergeant Major (Старшина)\r\n 14. Sergeant (Сержант)\r\n 15. Corporal (Ефрейтор)\r\n 16. Private (Рядовой)\r\n\r\n §REF§Леонид Ефимович Шепелев, Титулы, Мундиры, Ордена в Российской Империи (Центрполиграф, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8VTCGAIQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8VTCGAIQ</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 22, "military_level_to": 22, "comment": null, "description": "1. Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (Генералиссимус Советского Союза)\r\n2. Marshal of the Soviet Union (Маршал Советского Союза) / Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (Адмирал Флота Советского Союза)\r\n3. Chief Marshal of the Branch (Главный маршал рода войск)\r\n4. Marshal of the Branch (Маршал рода войск)\r\n5. General of the Army (Генерал армии) / Admiral (Адмирал)\r\n6. Colonel General (Генерал-полковник)\r\n7. Lieutenant General (Генерал-лейтенант) / Vice-Admiral (Вице-адмирал)\r\n8. Major General (Генерал-майор) / Rear Admiral (Контр-адмирал)\r\n9. Colonel (Полковник) / Captain 1st Rank (Капитан 1 ранга)\r\n10. Lieutenant Colonel (Подполковник) / Captain 2nd Rank (Капитан 2 ранга)\r\n11. Major (Майор) / Captain 3rd Rank (Капитан 3 ранга)\r\n12. Captain (Капитан) / Captain-Lieutenant (Капитан-лейтенант)\r\n13. Senior Lieutenant (Старший лейтенант)\r\n14. Lieutenant (Лейтенант)\r\n15. Junior Lieutenant (Младший лейтенант)\r\n16. Warrant Officer (Прапорщик) / Midshipman (Мичман)\r\n17. Master Sergeant (Старшина) / Senior Chief Petty Officer (Главный корабельный старшина)\r\n18. Senior Sergeant (Старший сержант) / Chief Petty Officer (Главный старшина)\r\n19. Sergeant (Сержант) / Petty Officer First Class (Старшина 1 статьи)\r\n20. Junior Sergeant (Младший сержант) / Petty Officer Second Class (Старшина 2 статьи)\r\n21. Corporal (Ефрейтор) / Senior Sailor (Старший матрос)\r\n22. Private (Рядовой) / Sailor (Матрос)\r\n§REF§John Erickson, ed., The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918-1941, 0 ed. (Routledge, 2013)<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E6QJB2QF\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: E6QJB2QF</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Sultan<br>2. Mir-i-Bahr (Commander of the Sea or Navy) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 229]</a> 2. Wazir\"The Wazir usually combined the post of Sar-i-lashkar or Commander of the army.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 225]</a> 3. Sar-i-lakshar\"The post of 'Sar-i-lakshar was, however, not always appended to the post of Wazir.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 226]</a> 4. District Governor (also known as Wazir) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 227]</a> \"He was responsible for the military affairs of his area.\"<br>5. District Sar-i-lakshar <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 229]</a> 6. Sar-i-Khail (The Chief of the Cavalry) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 230]</a> 7. ShiqdarAdministrator of a Mahal, a subdivision of a district. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 235]</a> 8. Jangdar (Warrior)Military officer in charge of a Mahal, sometimes combined with office of Shiqdar. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B7TD4TT\">[Hussain 2003, p. 235]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>(1) King<br>(2) Bhata (soldier or warrior)", "description": null }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 779, "name": "bd_deva_dyn", "long_name": "Deva Dynasty", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>(1) King<br>(2) Chief of elephant troop <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 783, "name": "in_gauda_k", "long_name": "Gauda Kingdom", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 625 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>(1) King<br>(2) Cavalry <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "Army structure as Qin system. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 133)§REF§<br>1. Emperor / Commander-in-chief<br><br> 2. Chief officials and advisors with military duties (e.g. ‘grand commandant’)<br> 3. Commandery governors (had military duties including organizing troop levies); Generals ‘in the field’ Imperial Qin: Terracotta soldiers in First Emperor's Mausoleum suggest smallest command unit was 68 soldiers. Next unit up 1400, then 6000 soldiers. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 40)§REF§<br> Imperial Qin: Major units were \"brigades\" which had 2-3 \"regiments.\" Smallest unit was 1,000 men, which consisted of combined arms: cavalry, chariots, crossbowmen. There were 20 different pay grades in the Qin army, dependent on rank and years of service. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 88-89)§REF§<br> 4. Brigade commander. Imperial Qin: Terracotta soldiers in First Emperor's Mausoleum suggest smallest command unit was 68 soldiers. Next unit up 1400, then 6000 soldiers. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 40)§REF§<br> Imperial Qin: Major units were \"brigades\" which had 2-3 \"regiments.\" Smallest unit was 1,000 men, which consisted of combined arms: cavalry, chariots, crossbowmen. There were 20 different pay grades in the Qin army, dependent on rank and years of service. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 88-89)§REF§<br> 5. Regiment commander. Imperial Qin: Terracotta soldiers in First Emperor's Mausoleum suggest smallest command unit was 68 soldiers. Next unit up 1400, then 6000 soldiers. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 40)§REF§<br> 6. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "Inferred from contemporary polities.<br>1. ruler2. chief officials (e.g. commandant)/Councilors; also in many states were elite troops under direct command of ruler§REF§(Lewis 1999b, 621)§REF§3. [Commandery Protector]NB: not sure if the Protectors were superior to the generals or on the same level (DH)<br>3. generals (jiang or jiang jun)4.“specialized officer corps” §REF§(Lewis 1999b, 631)§REF§<br>5. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": null, "description": "This is the code for the preceding Macedonian Empire -<br>1. King<br> Supreme commander§REF§(King 2010, 373-391)§REF§<br> 2. Bodyguards Called somatophylakes. An honor, not literal bodyguards, as they commanded units. §REF§(King 2010, 373-391)§REF§<br> 2. Companion Corps hetairoi Companions§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br> pezhetairoi Foot Companions (phalanx) §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br> 3. asthetairoi Called asthetairoi. Under Phillip II had 800 officers. §REF§(Gabriel 2010, 11)§REF§<br> 4. Lochoi (100) - Lochoi (100) - Dekades (10) (probable organization)§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br> 5. Dekades (10) 6. Individual soldier<br> 2. Squadron Called Ilai (eight of them), commanded by Ilarches §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br> 3. Lochoi, commanded by Lochagos Called Lochoi, commanded by Lochagos. In 331 CE there were 2 lochoi to an Ilai. §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br> 4. Dekades? 5. Individual soldier<br>Hypaspistani were elite infantry.§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>Alternative: §REF§(Sheppard 2008)§REF§<br>1. King<br> Alexander<br> 2. Army Secretariat Eumenes of Cardia.<br> 2. Royal Secretaries One for each section of the empire. Not active in field.<br> 3. Secretary of Groups Secretary of Cavalry Secretary of Mercenaries.<br> 4. Divisions called moirai 5. taxiarches commanded taxis force of 1,536<br> 5? Chiliarchy force of 1,024<br> 5? Pentakosiarchy force of 512<br> 6. Lochos force of 256<br> 7. Dekas force of 10<br> 8. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Imam (leader)<br>\"Salim b. Sa'id b. 'All al-Sa'ighi's Kanz al-adib wa suldfat al-labib (a work probably of the second half of the twelfth/eighteenth century)\" says: \"No army is assembled, no judgement or legal opinion is held nor legal punishment imposed, except through the Imam.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RIM8EFNG\">[Wilkinson 1976]</a> According to Ibadi Islam: \"Because it is the absolute obligation of every true Muslim to support the just Imam and render aid against the community's enemies, the Imam has no need for a standing army; indeed he may not have such a force under his command for that way lies the slippery path to despotic power (sultan al-jawr).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RIM8EFNG\">[Wilkinson 1976]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1640, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 9, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": "" }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1640, "year_to": 1700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": "" }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br> 1. Tsar/Prince 2. Boyar servitors with \"pomest’e\" military fiefdoms 3. Armed slaves", "description": null }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"Originally, the prince was a military leader with his own band of warriors, his druzhina.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 426-427) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>There is the idea \"a town without a prince is orphaned. This idea is occasionally expressed in the chronicles. In more pragmatic terms one could point to the military aspect. Kievan towns were continually being harassed by invading nomads; in later years, when the unity of the Kievan empire had been lost, there were incessant wars between the princes. Originally, the prince was a military leader with his own band of warriors, his druzhina. Later on, towns usually needed a prince to lead their armed forces. Another basic function of the prince was the provision of judicial services through his officials; the Russkaia Pravda indicates that this function arose already at an early stage, i.e. under the first Kievan grand princes.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 426-427) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>\"Kabarega is also credited with military reforms that created a standing army with companies (barusura) of soldiers who were often under the leadership of foreign mercenaries appointed directly by the king.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMEMW3T7\">[Robertshaw_Espinova_Lane 2016, p. 211]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>(1) King<br>(2) Sāmanta (local/subordinate ruler) “...they served the king as a part of his administrative apparatus especially in military and administrative capacity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a> (3) Foot soldier <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>(1) King<br>(2) Minister of War and Peace <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Late 11th century:<br> \"Some historians sometimes take the view that the Almoravid bloc was amicably shared, in the full meaning of the word, between Abu Bakr and Yusuf ibn Tashfin. This view is disproved, first, by the fact that coinage continued to be struck in Abu Bakr's name at the Sidjilmasa mint until his death, and secondly by the discovery in Mauritania of dinars struck in Andalusia in the sixth/twelfth century; the flow in this vast empire was from north to south. Moreover it could not have been otherwise, given the great need for southern gold in the north. ... The maintenance of this economic unity did not of course prevent the existence of two administrations, one in Marrakesh and the other in the Sahel, two armies, one in the south, faithful to camels, and the other entirely on horseback from the end of the fifth/eleventh century, and perhaps two different political climates.\"§REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 361, 363)§REF§<br>\"Original Almoravid forces had been a tribal confederation, but Yusuf changed the command structure and created a personal force of black slaves and foreigners. His bodyguard consisted of 500 non-Berber horsemen, including Arabs, Turks and Europeans, supported by a further 2,000 black African cavalry. Christian mercenaries as well as converted Spanish prisoners continued to fight for the Almoravids and their successors both in Andalus and North Africa throughout the late 11th and 12th centuries.\" §REF§(Nicolle 1988, 15)§REF§<br>c1071 CE.<br> 1. Abu Bakr - leader (nominal head) 2. Yusuf Ibn Tashfin - commander 3. four generals from the Sanhadja confederation. Yusuf \"gave each one command over five thousand men from his tribe.\" §REF§(Messier 2013, 63)§REF§ 4. ? 5. ?" }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "levels.<br>King Ezana (after 320 CE) is known to have had an army that could control the regions <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 58]</a> which suggests that before King Ezana the army found it difficult to control the regions - perhaps because it was less professional, or had a smaller number of professional troops, and did not have they capability to garrison troops far from the capital. However, a polity that could make conquests in south Arabia in the early 3rd century CE likely had a well developed military if not a highly centralized one. King Ezana may have been the first to benefit from a centralizing reform to the armed forces that enabled the king to control the regions of Aksum. It would have been very hyperbolic for Mani (216-276 CE) in the Kephalaia to have called Aksum \"one of the four greatest empires of the world\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> if by his time there was not a well-organized military. The introduction of coinage in the mid-3rd century may have coincided with a shift to a more professional armed forces as the indigenous coinage could be used to pay the army, but the armed forces of the king and his vassals, who many have contributed much to the numbers, were growing in effectiveness before this time (earlier armies could have been paid in foreign coinage, which was imported, as well as loot).<br>1. King?<br> 2. Relative of the king Military expeditions lead by the king's brother or other kinsmen. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a> 3. Negus Neguses lead armies in war and commanded building operations. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a> Aksumite term for ruler was 'negus', and \"Each 'people', kingdom, principality, city and tribe had its own negus. Mention is made of army neguses ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 384]</a> 4. Another officer level? 5. Individual soldier", "description": null }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "levels.<br>King Ezana (after 320 CE) is known to have had an army that could control the regions <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 58]</a> which suggests that before King Ezana the army found it difficult to control the regions - perhaps because it was less professional, or had a smaller number of professional troops, and did not have they capability to garrison troops far from the capital. However, a polity that could make conquests in south Arabia in the early 3rd century CE likely had a well developed military if not a highly centralized one. King Ezana may have been the first to benefit from a centralizing reform to the armed forces that enabled the king to control the regions of Aksum. It would have been very hyperbolic for Mani (216-276 CE) in the Kephalaia to have called Aksum \"one of the four greatest empires of the world\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> if by his time there was not a well-organized military. The introduction of coinage in the mid-3rd century may have coincided with a shift to a more professional armed forces as the indigenous coinage could be used to pay the army, but the armed forces of the king and his vassals, who many have contributed much to the numbers, were growing in effectiveness before this time (earlier armies could have been paid in foreign coinage, which was imported, as well as loot).<br>1. King?<br> 2. Relative of the king Military expeditions lead by the king's brother or other kinsmen. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a> 3. Negus Neguses lead armies in war and commanded building operations. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a> Aksumite term for ruler was 'negus', and \"Each 'people', kingdom, principality, city and tribe had its own negus. Mention is made of army neguses ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 384]</a> 4. Another officer level? 5. Individual soldier", "description": null }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Possibly more extensive than this.<br>1. Ruler<br> 2. Commander Banu Ghaniya had a fleet which was lost against the Almohads.§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§<br> 3. Officer? 4. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Apparently highly complex organization but little data available. Principle source used by Wikipedia page on the Medieval Bulgarian army is in Russian.<br>1. King<br> 2. Kavhan 3. ichurgu-boila Around 813 CE an inscription records \"the names and titles of the state and army's (saract) two chief officials, the kavhan and the ichurgu-boila\".§REF§(Petkov 2008, 7) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br> 3. Military commanders<br> \"Dukum was an experienced military military commander and administrator\".§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 266) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ 4. Officers<br> First half of the ninth century CE: \"The inventories record the highly complex organization of the Bulgar military, several of the titles of its officers, their responsibilities within the core area of the state and its 'outer' provinces, and the general division of two levels of authority exercised by the members of the upper social class of boilas and the lower nobility, the bagaines.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 8) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ 5. Soldiers" }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Apparently highly complex organization but little data available. Principle source used by Wikipedia page on the Medieval Bulgarian army is in Russian.<br>1. King<br> 2. Kavhan 3. ichurgu-boila Around 813 CE an inscription records \"the names and titles of the state and army's (saract) two chief officials, the kavhan and the ichurgu-boila\".§REF§(Petkov 2008, 7) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br> 3. Military commanders<br> \"Dukum was an experienced military military commander and administrator\".§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 266) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ 4. Officers<br> First half of the ninth century CE: \"The inventories record the highly complex organization of the Bulgar military, several of the titles of its officers, their responsibilities within the core area of the state and its 'outer' provinces, and the general division of two levels of authority exercised by the members of the upper social class of boilas and the lower nobility, the bagaines.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 8) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ 5. Soldiers" }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>1. King\"Besides being the administrative head of the state, the king was the military leader of the country and led continuous dynastic struggles for supremacy and sometimes even for existence; thus the generalship of the king was of great importance. [...] No doubt the king was helped by his ministers and military officers in carrying out operations on the battlefield, but the final decision as to tactics and strategy depended primarily on the king, and an important instance of such a decision without the approval of ministers and others, is given by Paramardi's offer of submission to the Moslems in A.D. 1202.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 118]</a> 2. Chief minister (manthrimukya)\"Besides being the administrative head, the Prime minister of the Candellas had also to look after military and even religious affairs, and the king was largely ruled by his council.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 129]</a> 3. Minister for peace and war (sandhivigrahika)<br>3. Senapati\"In military and foreign affairs, [the king] was assisted by the Senapati and the minister for peace and war (sandhivigrahika).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 122]</a> 4. Rauta\"The term Rauta cannot have been a mere title, for two other inscriptions show that the Rauta was a military officer\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 142]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. King<br>2. Senapati or Dandanayaka <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 225]</a> 3. \"Directly under the Senapati were Sandhanikas and Dussadhyas or Dussadhasadhanikas or cavalry commanders and baladhipas or officers in charge of the military stationed in outposts and towns.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 225]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "levels. Inferred from similar, contemporary polities, e.g. the Kaktiyas of Andhra Pradesh <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, pp. 68-71]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "1. Ruler<br> 2. Minister of War 3. Generals Elite families in charge of chariot forces<br> 4. Officer level 5. Individual soldier", "description": null }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "1. Ruler<br>2. Chief officials (e.g. commandant)/Councilors; also in many states were elite troops under direct command of ruler§REF§(Lewis 1999b, 621)§REF§3. [Commandery Protector]<br>NB: not sure if the Protectors were superior to the generals or on the same level (DH)<br>4. Generals (jiang or jiang jun)5. “specialized officer corps” §REF§(Lewis 1999b, 631)§REF§6. troops" }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Ottoman Sultan<br> \"The khans served under the sultan’s command and depended on Istanbul's approval and financial support.\"§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§<br>1. Khan<br> In 1484 Khan Mengli Girei \"led Crimean Tatar forces in their first joint operation with and Ottoman army - to retake the fortresses of Kilia and Akkerman from the Moldavians.\"§REF§(Davies 2007, 7) Brian L Davies. 2007. Warfare, State And Society On The Black Sea Steppe. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>Idris I raised an army from tribes of Jabal Zarhu in as-Sus al-Aqsa.§REF§(El Hareir 2011, 396) Idris El Hareir. Islam in the Maghrib (21-641/1041-1631). Idris El Hareir. Ravane M'baye. ed. 2011. The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Volume Three. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§ Idris II \"built up a guard mainly of Arab soldiers\".§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "levels. AD: coded as a range to allow for further levels.<br>1. Ulus beg (“amīr of the state”)<br>2. Amirs<br>3. individual soldiers", "description": null }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": "levels.<br>\"Warriors of various sorts form the single largest block of donors in Kakatiya Andhra. Many of them were known as nāyakas, a term that literally means “leader.” [...] Several other status titles denote martial skills and experience. Leṅka is the most commonly found military title after nāyaka (see table 4). Explained as “soldier, servant” by Iswara Dutt (1967: 259), the leṅka was a special kind of soldier: one who fought in the king's personal forces and took an oath to serve his lord unto death (Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma 1960: 670). Some leṅkas in Karnataka are known to have taken this vow so seriously that they committed suicide upon their lord's death (Settar 1982: 197). Sāhiṇi has been equated with the Sanskrit term sādhanika (the master of the royal stables; Sircar 1966: 285). It is sometimes found in conjunction with the word for “elephant,” gaja, to indicate a commander of the elephant corps. A rautu was also a cavalry leader, while camūpati simply means “general” or “army leader” (Iswara Dutt 1967: 257; Sircar 1966: 67). (p.69) The warriors described so far all enjoyed an elevated status as either military leaders or royal bodyguards. Common soldiers called baṇṭu also figure occasionally as donors, either individually or in groups. Baṇṭus are differentiated from the horse‐riding rautus in several inscriptions and are twice assessed lower rates for their religious gifts (Bhārati 54: 56, HAS 19 Mn. 19). They may have been foot soldiers. [...] In addition, of course, there are the numerous mahārājas and royal rājus who conducted military campaigns in their capacity as kings.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, pp. 68-71]</a> 1. King<br>2. Feudal lords<br>3. Military leaders that did not also govern territory<br>4. Rautus<br>5. Bantus", "description": null }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": "levels.<br>\"In the organisation of the army, the king was probably helped by a war-minister. Under him there was a [...] Mahasenapati or Commander-in-Chief or general. [...] Under the Mahasenapati, there were other officers called Senadhyaksha, Bhaladyaksha, etc. In times of war, the king was also assisted by the tributary chiefs, who usually commanded their own detachments.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 145]</a> 1. King<br>__Main army__<br>2. Mahasenapati<br>3. Sendhyaksha, Bhaladyaksha, etc.<br>4. \"There were evidently special officers in charge of the different units of the army but we have no details about them.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 145]</a> __Tributary army__<br>2. Tributary chiefs", "description": null }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 395, "name": "in_karkota_dyn", "long_name": "Karkota Dynasty", "start_year": 625, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": "levels.<br>1. Dvarapati<br>\"But the most important post in the military organization of Kashmir was that of Dvarapati, also called Dvaradhipa, the commander of frontier passes.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJWSDUQS\">[Bamzai 1962, p. 211]</a> 2. Kampanesa\"The king's armed forces were under the charge of the Kampanesa, also called Kampanadhipati, Kampanati, etc, the Commander-in-Chief. [...] He organised the foreign expeditions and was the leader of the royal troops in fights, sieges, etc. Under him there were other army officers some of whom were designated as Kampanodgrahaka.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJWSDUQS\">[Bamzai 1962, p. 211]</a> 3. Other military officers", "description": null }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"The Turkic-speaking and Islamic Kazan Tatars formed the social and political elite: they served in cavalry units or in the administration, and in return were given grants of land.§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 24) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>Officers.§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, Plate G) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§<br>\"being a highly developed region with many towns and cities, the new, post-conquest Volga Bulgaria became a separate khanate in its own right, and could field urban militias that fought on foot.\"§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 41) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. King<br> \"This system of transition rendered royal successions delicate political affairs and placed a high value on the ability of the chosen candidate to assert his rule and establish his legitimacy in political, military, and supernatural terms.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 2) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§<br> King was highest priest.§REF§(Gondola 2002, 28) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§<br> 2. Governors \"In times of war, the governors accompanied the king into battle, each at the head of his respective provincial army.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 28) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§<br> 3. Officers? 4. Officers? 5. Individual Solider<br>When the Portuguese Rui de Pina visited in 1491 CE the Kingdom of Kongo maintained a fleet.§REF§(Newitt 2010, 100) Malyn Newitt ed. 2010. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>The police chief and vizier outranked the commander in chief of the army, the amirspasalar, who, taking orders from king David, controlled 60,000 permanent forces.§REF§(Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§<br>Second in command of the army was the protostratori (later amirakhori).§REF§(Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": "King. Commanders. Knights. Infantry.", "description": null } ] }