Military Level List
A viewset for viewing and editing Military Levels.
GET /api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. Shah<br>2.3.<br>2. Local governor<br>3.4.<br>\"Iran had not had a national military force since the days of Naser al Din Shah. In 1878, on his second trip abroad, Naser al Din Shah had seen a parade by Cossack soldiers in Russia. Greatly impressed, he asked the Czar whether a similar force could be established in Iran. in 1879 under a 40-year agreement the Russians established a Cossack Brigaded manned by Iranians and commanded by Russian officiers. The brigade thereafter was always a tool of Russian imperialist designs and Persian autocracy, serving primarily as a bodyguard for the Shah.\"§REF§(Ghani 2000, 15) Cyrus Ghani. 2000. Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah. From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I B Tauris. London.§REF§<br>Another attribute of the local governors was that they had their own militia, with which they were supposed to crush opposition and lawlessness in the provinces. ... the shah had only a small military force, as little as a few thousand ... this force was also irregularly clothed, paid and armed.\"§REF§(Martin 2005, 14) Vanessa Martin. 2005. The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia. I. B. Tauris. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 9, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": "<br>1. Sultan<br><br>2. Commander of Army<br>3. Naib al-Saltana (Viceroys of Egypt, Damascus etc.)<br>4. Emirs of a thousand<br>5. Emirs of a hundred<br>6. Emirs of forty<br>7. Emirs of ten<br>8. Junior officer<br>9. Individual soldier<br>_ Nicolle (1996)_<br>Sultan<br>Commander of Army<br>Mamluk I: Naib al-Saltana (Viceroys of Egypt, Damascus etc.)<br>Mamluk II: Atabak al-asakir (Father of the Leader of Soldiers)<br>Mamluk III: Other titles with largely non-military status functions<br>Mamluk IV: Regular Mamluks<br>Mamluk V: Junior officer.<br>Rajjala I: Janib unit infantry leader<br>Rajjala II: Tulb unit infantry leader<br>Rajjala III: Jarida unit infantry leader<br>Mamluk army \"essentially the same\" as Ayyubid.<br>Professional haqa with an elite of slave-recruited Mamluks, called Royal Mamluks. Under Ayyubids, infantry was organized within the Rajjala. There was a military unit called a janib. The tulb was a smaller unit. A jarida was a small unit. A sariya was used in ambushes.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 135-181)§REF§<br>_ Oliver (1977) describes the army structure this way _<br>Royal Mamluks<br>Of the Former Sultan<br>Of the Reigning Sultan<br>Of the Bodyguard and Pages<br>Of the Amirs<br>Mamluks of the Amirs<br>Of 100<br>Of 40<br>Of 10<br>Sons of Amirs and local population: Halqa. Initially knights of non-slave origin but eventually disappeared as military became a force of purely slave origin soldiers.§REF§(Oliver 1977, 39-67)§REF§<br>_ Army structure according to Raymond§REF§(Raymond 2000, 113)§REF§ _<br>Sultan's Mamluks (elite corps)<br><br>The troops of the emirs<br>emirs ranked in a hierarchy rank determined how many men under thememirs of a thousand §REF§(Raymond 2000, 187)§REF§<br>emirs of a hundred<br>emirs of forty<br>emirs of ten<br>The halqa<br>" }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "In Theban Egypt:<br>\"The continuing military ethos of the time is illustrated by the popularity of military titles such as \"commander of the crew of the ruler\" and \"commander of the town regiment.\" They show a defensive grouping of military resources around the king and confirm the importance of local militias based on towns.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 192)§REF§<br>Garrison commander at Abydos \"no later - though probably also earlier - than soon after Rahotep's reign.\" \"The same man was also the \"mayor\", that is, the highest local administrator\" §REF§(Maree 2010, 266)§REF§<br>At the rank of \"royal sealer\" there was an \"overseer of troops.\" §REF§(Grajetzki 2010, 305)§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. King's Sons - military officials \"presumably\" responsible directly to the king. Often garrison commanders, but also other military officials. §REF§(Shirley 2013, 553)§REF§<br>2. Vizier3. Overseer of troops §REF§(Shirley 2013, 566)§REF§4. Commander of the garrison crew of the ruler §REF§(Shirley 2013, 530)§REF§5. soldier/officer of the ruler's crew §REF§(Shirley 2013, 530)§REF§6. soldier/officer of a town regiment §REF§(Shirley 2013, 530)§REF§" }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "1. King. §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 76-77)§REF§Commanded the \"Royal Cohort\"§REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§<br>2. Commander-in-chiefCommander-in-chief called turtanu.§REF§(Chadwick 2005, 76-77)§REF§<br>3. Leaders of the KisruMain unit group of kisru (knots) of 200-1,000 men.§REF§(Chadwick 2005, 76-77)§REF§<br>4. CaptainsNext level had 50 men lead by a captain (rab hanshe). §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 76-77)§REF§ The basic command unit numbered 50 men.§REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§ Captains raised troops from towns and villages within province designated to him. Governors of province set troop quota for captains to raise. §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 76-77)§REF§<br>5. Officers\"Army organised into units based on the decimal system (10, 50, 100)\" §REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§ implies another level below the command unit of 50. The different bodies of the army were structured into smaller contingents led by officers, at least some promoted from the ordinary ranks. §REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§<br>\"The Assyrian army of the first millennium BC was really many armies, termed poetically the “Hosts of the God Aššur” in the royal inscriptions. The different contingents were allowed to preserve and develop their own customs and idiosyncrasies.\"§REF§(Radler 2014)§REF§<br>Militia organization abolished by Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 BCE). §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007, 10)§REF§<br>Governors responsible for collection of taxes and civil and military conscription. §REF§(Westbrook et al. 2003, 889)§REF§" }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "1.<br>2.3. Individual soldier<br>During this time, complex fortifications also started appear. They usually had huge entrance gates, thick walls and towers. It is also clear that some buildings were connected to the walls. Those are interpreted as houses for soldiers and their families or magazines for weapons. Based on the known excavation data it is clear that the main weapons that were used in the Middle and Late Chalcolithic were slingshots, hatchets, axes, blades and maces (some of them were probably used as tools). Unfortunately, due to the limitations of archaeological data, we unable to determine the presence or absence of such phenomena as war, assaults or raids.<br>" }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": " EWA changed to 4 §REF§(Garcia ed. 2013, 422-425)§REF§§REF§(Manning 2012, 76)§REF§§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti</a>)§REF§§REF§(Fields 2007, 9)§REF§<br>The army became professionalized in the Middle Kingdom.§REF§(Van De Mieroop 2011, 105) Van De Mieroop, Marc. 2011. A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Backwell. Chichester.§REF§<br>EWA: 4 King, 3 chief of the army/general (leads the expedition or the building project) ,2 officers ,1 soldiers<br>Spalinger §REF§(Spalinger 2013, 422-4)§REF§1. King<br>2. Crown Prince3. Chief of Army4. Provincial Governors (brought own troops with them)5. Town regiments6. Division Commander7. individual soldiers<br>1. King<br>2. Chief of the leaders of the town militia<br>3. Soldier of the town militia<br>2.Crew of the ruler<br>2. Chief of the leaders of the dog patrols<br>There were also \"scribe of the army.\"§REF§(Fields 2007, 5)§REF§<br>Alternative:<br>1. King<br>2. Chief of the army.<br>3. Provincial governors.<br>4. Generals (Overseers of the host).<br>5. Commanders of town militia.§REF§(Garcia ed. 2013, 422-425)§REF§<br>6. individual soldiers." }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 15, "military_level_to": 15, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. Doge§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 105. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>2. Council of Ten§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 105. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>3. Captain-General§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 105. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>4. Collateral- became more powerful in the 1420s§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 101. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>4-5. Nobles and Military Advisors, Noble Collateral<br>5-6. Vice Collateral§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 106. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>6. Gubernatores (\"Their task was camp organization, the supervision of provisioning services, the maintenance of discipline and occasionally military command)§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 101. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>6. Proveditor: Civilian Advisor to the Army Commander §REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 101. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>6. Executores- Noble with administrative roles§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 101. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>7. Subordinate officials: Paymaster (reduced to subordinate in the 1420s), Supply Officer§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 104. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>8. Lesser officials in charge of billeting the troops§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 136. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>9. Captain<br>9. Calvary Commander§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 117. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>10-11. Lower level officers (inferred)<br>10. Doctor, Barber-Surgeon§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 142. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>11. Condottieri- responsible for training soldiers.§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 142. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>12. Calvary Lance§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 126. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>13. Musicians§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 118. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>14. Infantry Soldier§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 126. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<br>15. Garrison Troops- did not interact with public, often \"poor quality.\"§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 147. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§<ul><li>\"During the wars of the early years of the century military administration was in the hands of the Venetian nobles, elected for short terms, and a group of military advisers, mostly men from the Terraferma nobility who had previous military experience. There men, among them such figures as Ludovico Buzzcarini and Paolo di Leone, both Paduans and former advisers of the Carrara, were employed in various capacities ranging from subordinate military commanders to recruiters, inspectors and informal military advisers.\"§REF§(Mallett and Hale 1984: 101. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YFGBTMAH</a>)§REF§</li></ul>" }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "1. King\"The earliest contemporary description of a Roman legion was written by the Greek writer Polybius in c.150-120 BC. He describes a military organization that is distinctively Roman, and specifically refers to it as a 'legion'. It consisted of 4,200 infantry (5,000 in times of emergency), subdivided into units of 120 or 60 men called maniples ('handfuls'), and so modern scholars often refer to it as the 'manipular' legion, to distinguish it from later legions organized in larger subunits called cohorts.\" \"It perhaps emerged in the 4th century BC (as Livy suggests), due to problems the Romans encountered fighting against enemies who fought in looser formations than the phalanx and in rougher terrain, to which the phalanx was unsuited.\"§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 14)§REF§<br>1. Two Consuls, field commanders. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§<br>2. Quaestors, senior officers. §REF§(Dupuy and Dupuy 2007)§REF§\"446 BC Creation of office of quaestor (two annually elected).\" In 421 BCE quaestors increased to four. §REF§(Fields 2011)§REF§<br>3. Legion (4,200 men) lead by six Tribunes\"Polybius (6.22-23; 25) describes how the legion in this period was divided into four types of infantry. There were three different groups of heavy infantry: 1,200 hastati ('spearmen'), 1,200 principes ('leading men') and 600 triarii ('third line men').\"§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 14)§REF§<br>362 BCE \"Henceforth Romans annually elect six military tribunes to serve under consuls.\" §REF§(Fields 2011)§REF§<br>Legion \"headed by six officers called tribunes, who had to have completed a minimum of five or ten years' military service before appointment.\"§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 15)§REF§<br>4. Maniple (120 or 60 men) commanded by two Centurions\"The hastati and principes were divided into ten maniples of 120 men, the triarii into ten of 60 men. The velites were also organized into ten subunits, and assigned to the heavy infantry.<br>\"The officers who commanded the maniples, two for each, were centurions, elected by the soldiers themselves.\"§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 15)§REF§<br>5. Two OptioPage 16 Pollard and Berry (2012): an \"optio\" is present in graphic but not described in text. §REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 16)§REF§<br>6. Individual soldiers" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": 987, "year_to": 1090, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br><br>2. SeneschalSenechal was the senior royal official, and senior military commander §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1645)§REF§<br>Only until 1091 CE§REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§ - job taken over by Constable<br>3. Constableoriginated 9th-10th centuries as \"count of the stable\". §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>during the reign of Philip I (1060-1108), the constable was one of the four \"great officers\" of the crown §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>11th and 12th centuries drawn from the nobility of the Île de-France §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>4. Knighthad a squire<br>5. Sergeant\"In the military context, sergeants were lightly armed fighting men who served and supported knights.\" §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1658)§REF§ Also had civilian \"enforcer\" role.<br>Mid-12th century professional sergeants equipped by nobles§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 6)§REF§<br>6.Was Sergeant the lowest level?<br>Militia leader (this level also called constable?) - from mid-12th century?<br>Lead a milita, paid slightly less than a sergeant §REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br><br>Captains§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 2000, 4)§REF§ - from mid-12th century?<br>Each city parish had its own captain" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 10, "military_level_to": 12, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Lieutenant-General<br>§REF§(Ladurie 1991, 119)§REF§<br>possibly 10-12 levels in 1450-1589 CE period (below):<br>1. King<br>Commander-in-chief<br>2. Secretaires des guerres / senior councillor<br>2. ConstableConstable of France §REF§(Potter 2008, 45)§REF§<br>3?. Marshall3-5 marshals §REF§(Potter 2008, 44)§REF§<br>4. CaptainCaptains of heavy cavalry important role among in the staff command structure §REF§(Potter 2008, 44)§REF§<br>5. Lieutenant-general\"A deep pocket was a crucial advantage to a commander.\" Expected to lavish gifts on army. §REF§(Potter 2008, 47)§REF§<br>\"successful commanders had to navigate the labyrinth of politics and patronage in order to obtain funds for their armies.\"§REF§(Potter 2008, 49)§REF§<br>6?. Marechal de camp / Maitre de camp (cavalry / infantry)§REF§(Potter 2008, 50)§REF§<br>6?. Marechal de logis / maitre l'artilerie§REF§(Potter 2008, 50)§REF§7. Sergent de bataille§REF§(Potter 2008, 50)§REF§8. Colonel§REF§(Potter 2008, 59)§REF§9. CaptainCaptain of a company. §REF§(Potter 2008, 72)§REF§<br>10. LieutenantCould be promoted to captain. §REF§(Potter 2008, 72)§REF§<br>11. Sergeant§REF§(Potter 2008, 113)§REF§12. Individual soldier<br>" }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels<br>\"Even though most military historians confidently assert that the Hsia did not maintain a standing army, it would be highly unlikely for the ruler not to have been protected by a body of men with pronounced martial abilities who would form the core of any broader combat effort.\"§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 149)§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. leader of king's guard\"Warriors were probably dressed in the finest of silk clothing.\" §REF§(Otterbein 2004, 165) Otterbein, Keith. 2004. How War Began. University of Texas A&M Press.§REF§<br>3. ?Regiments of 100-125 men.§REF§(Sawyer 2011, 151)§REF§<br>4. individual soldier<br>more conservative view<br>\"While the Erlitou ceramic tradition was widespread, the mechanisms of this expansion are probably only indirectly related to political activity (if pots don’t equal people, they are even less representative of conquering armies or “state” administrators). The degree of centralization, mechanisms of political control, and social organization can only be guessed at or extrapolated through comparison with Zhengzhou and Anyang.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 62)§REF§" }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "1. ruler2. chief officials (e.g. commandant)/Councilors; also in many states were elite troops under direct command of ruler§REF§(Lewis 1999b, 621)§REF§3. [Commandery Protector]<br>3. generals (jiang or jiang jun)4.“specialized officer corps” §REF§(Lewis 1999b, 631)§REF§<br>5. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Only reference to professional and standing army in early West Africa is Askia Muhammed Toure (r.1493-1529 CE) of the Songhai Empire who \"created a professional full-time army\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 66)§REF§ and \"standing army\"§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. Loyal clan leaders <i>inferred</i>3. intermediate level? <i>inferred</i>4. Individual soldier<br>\"The kingdoms which began to emerge in the Sudan about the end of the first millennium and the great 'empires' - Ghana, Mali, Songhai - which played so large a part in the medieval history of West Africa differed in many ways from the modern nation-state. One must not think of them as compact and homogenous units. 'The Sudanese Empire', Trimingham has pointed out, 'was an amorphous agglomeration of kin-groups having little in common except mythical recognition of a far-off suzerain.' Such empires had no precise boundaries, for 'the ruler was not interested in dominating territory as such, but in relationship with social groups upon whom he could draw to provide levies in time of war, servants for his courts and cultivators to keep his granaries full.'\" §REF§(Bovill 1958, 55)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Later Songhay Empire: Askia Muhammad had a full time general called dyini-koy or balama.§REF§(Davidson 1998, 168) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>1. King<br>In Mali and Songhai \"the king appinted the generals was himself commander-in-chief of the army and personally directed military operations\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 115) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>2. Generals<br>King of Mali had two generals, one responsible for the Mossi border, other northern desert border.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 115) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>2. Imperial councilthere was an \"imperial council\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 56)§REF§<br>late 14th century government characterised by rule of powerful government officials and a sidelined monarch §REF§(Conrad 2010, 56)§REF§<br>3. Vassal kings / Mande ChiefsIbn Battuta witnessed a ceremony in which both the Mansa and the lesser king had their own personal guards of honor. §REF§(Conrad 2010, 52-54)§REF§<br>Oral tradition \"Sunjata Epic\" says Mali Empire founded by Sunjata Keita. Initially there was a Mande Chiefdom in Farakoro. The chief had the title maghan. There were diviners \"whose job it was to predict the future.\" The chiefdom was conquered by Susu. Sunjata \"organized the soldiers of all the Mande chiefdoms into a powerful army. They went to war against Susu.\" The unified Mande chiefdoms formed the basis of the Mali Empire. §REF§(Conrad 2010, 42-44)§REF§<br>\"In each kingdom, each nation, the army was divided into several corps assigned to the defense of different provinces, although under the command of the civil authority. Thus, each provincial governor had at his disposal a part of this army which he could assign tasks under the orders of a general whose powers were purely military.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 115) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>4. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 9, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Domestikos of the Scholai3. Commanders of larger frontier commands (Dux, Katepanos)4. Strategoi of the themata5. Comanders of single units6. Commanders of subunits 1007. of 10 <i>inferred by Ed</i>8. of 5 <i>inferred by Ed</i>9. Soldier<br>Haldon<br>Court and administration c.1081-1204 CE§REF§(Haldon 2008, 550) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Megas doux (Supreme Naval Commander)3. Imperial fleet<br>2. Megas domestikos (east and west)3. Provincial tagmata<br>2. Household units (Military)<br>2. doukes (provincial governors)\"By the end of the reign of Manuel I (1143-80), the restored themata of Asia Minor stretched from Trebizond on the south-eastern stretch of the Black Sea coast westwards through Paphlagonia and around the western edges of the central plateau down to Cilicia. The armies based in these regions were under doukes who usually held both military and civil authority; while the fortresses and towns were administered by imperial officers called prokathemenoi aided or supported by a kastrophylax, or 'fortress warden'.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 557) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>3. Provincial tagmata<br>" }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>11th CE + ? \"the strategos, commander of the thematic armies, essentially disappeared, replaced by the provincial governor (normally the kritis) who had previously been his subordinate.\"§REF§(Gregory 2010, 281) Gregory, Timothy E. 2010. A History of Byzantium. Wiley-Blackweel. Chichester.§REF§<br>Cheynet<br>\"The reign of Basil II marked a real turning point in the transformation of the Byzantine administrative system and ruling classes, for it confirmed earlier developments and served as an obligatory point of reference for his successors. He sanctioned in a definitive manner the changeover to the professional army of the tagmata, thus ensuring the eventual disappearance of the thematic armies and the formation of a new hierarchy within the themes.\" §REF§(Cheynet 2008, 521) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Preiser-Kapeller§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Domestikos of the Scholai3. Commanders of larger frontier commands (Dux, Katepanos)4. Strategoi of the themata5. Comanders of single units6. Commanders of subunits 100<br>6. Banda of 200 men each<br>'Leo never divided the banda of two hundred men each, but he ceased to use drungi of a thousand men, creasing more turmae instead. Within each bandum he increased the number of cavalry from forty to fifty'.§REF§(Treadgold 1997, 467) Warren Treadgold. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. California.§REF§7. Leaders of cavalry and leader of infantry within Banda8. another level of infantry command? <i>inferred by Ed</i>9. Soldier<br>Haldon<br>After introduction of themes: \"The difference between mobile field units and stationary frontier forces vanished.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 555) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Based on imperial administration c.700-1050 CE§REF§(Haldon 2008, 549) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br><i>Mixture of actual levels of command and of specific ranks</i>§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication.§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Provincial military and navy3. Thematic generals (strategos)<br>2. Independent commands3. doukes katepans4. tagamata seconded to thematic duty<br>2. Imperial household3. Elite and household units (military)<br>2. droungarios of the imperial fleet<br>2. domestikoi of the Scholoi3. scholai, exkoubita, etc.<br>3. tagamata seconded to thematic duty<br>Haussig<br>\"The military units also used Germanic designations. Thus a small military unit was called Foulkon which was how the German word Folk (Volk) was written. The subdivision of a nmerus was called by the German word Band (field banner), which became bandus. This process even went so far as to adopt part of the military organization of the German army. In the ninth century the Byzantine army still had the troops of the Optimates; this was originally the designation of a crack corps of the Gothic army. In the territory of the lower Danube the racial characteristics of the soldiers in the frontier zones were entirely respected. The tribal chieftains were even granted the position of Roan officers and in this capacity continued to rule over their people.\"§REF§(Haussig 1971, 92) Haussig, H W. trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.§REF§<br>Regular guards had four divisions called tagmata: \"The command of these troops stationed in Constantinople in the immediate neighbourhood of the imperial palace and the Hippodrome was in the hands of officers with the title of domesticus.\" The candidati (cavalry); excubiti (police duties); arithmus (marines); hikanatoi (crowd control).§REF§(Haussig 1971, 181-182) Haussig, H W.trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br><br>2. domesticus<br>3. candidati<br>4.<br>3. excubiti<br>4.<br>3. drungarius<br>4.<br>3. hikanatoi<br>4." }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 1, "military_level_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " levels." }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 9, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": "Based on imperial military administration c.560.§REF§(Haldon \"after Delmaire 1995\" 2008, 548) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Master of soldiers (magistri militum)3. candidati<br>3. Division based around Constantinople (praesentales)4. Units attached to comitatus5. Detached units in regions - also supervised by praesentales<br>5. duces (of the stationary frontier units known as limitanei)§REF§(Haldon 2008, 554) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>4. Divisions based in the provinces (per Orientem, per Armeniam, per Thracias, per Illyricum, per Italian, per Africam) under regional magistri militumthe areas of command of the regional magistri militum §REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§<br>Magistri militum regional commander of a division of mobile forces, called comitatenses §REF§(Haldon 2008, 554) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>\"The mobile forces were grouped into divisions under regional commanders or magistri militum ('masters of the soldiers'), each covering a major defensive hinterland, with the limitanei placed under their overall authority. In about 600 CE there were eight such major divisions, including two near Constantinople. The limitanei were placed under duces, and in the 560s there were some twenty-five such commands covering the frontiers and their hinterlands.\" §REF§(Haldon 2008, 554) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>5. Unit commander with a division (tribuni, praefecti) <i>- needs reference</i>6. Commander of 100 <i>- needs reference</i>7. Commander of 10 <i>- needs reference</i>8. Commander of 5 <i>- needs reference</i>9. Individual soldier (Miles) <i>- needs reference</i><br>5. Frontier commanders and divisions (limitanei) - also supervised by magister officiorum<br>2. Magister officiorum3. comes domesticorum4. protectores et domestici5. praepositi labarum (colour guards)" }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>\"...men called magister militum or superista are attested off and on throughout the century; the papal militia had both military and ceremonial importance (see below, p.333), and these were its leaders. There were clearly several such leaders at anyone time, as the Liber Pontificalis makes clear in, for example, its account of the contested papal election of 855, and other senior military figures sometimes appear, such as Cesario (son of Sergio magister militum), ordinatus super exercitum in 849. A hierarchy of rank appears earlier in 855, when Daniele magister equitum accused Graziano, eminentissimus magistro militum et Romani palatii (or Romanae urbis) superista, clearly his superior, of disloyalty to the Carolingians, a charge he could not sustain. Apart from this, however, the structure of the military side of Rome’s aristocratic hierarchies is obscure to us. A set of military offices appear in a wide array of heterogeneous texts, but we cannot put them into a credible ordering. We can say, however, that it was normal to call senior military men nobiles, and Cesario di Sergio’s case shows that they had hereditary elements; we shall see in a moment how complex links between families were by 876. The terminology just outlined becomes much less common after the beginning of the tenth century, perhaps because the supreme military leaders were by now Tefilatto and his heirs; but two people are called superista under Alberico, and Otto III briefly revived the office of magister militiae. Formal military offices cease to be documented at all after that. All the same, military leadership, with or without titles, remained an important role for Rome’s aristocrats.\"§REF§(Wickham 2015, 187) Wickham, C. 2015. Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>1. The Pope<br>Popes during this period often accompanied troops on campaigns; for example, John X bragged that he entered the battle several times during the 915 Christian expedition against the Arabs of the Garigliano river§REF§Kreutz, 78§REF§. Later popes (Leo IX, for example) were captured following their armies' defeat on the field at the hands of the Normans, and Lucius II may have died of wounds sustained in his failed assault on the Capitoline Hill in 1144.§REF§Partner, 181§REF§<br>2. Cardinals, papal legatesVarious officials in the papal <i>curia</i> led armies and held castles and fortresses for the papacy during this period.<br>The cardinals were in many ways the most important officials in the Patrimony from the late eleventh century onward; in the later Middle Ages, they are found leading armies and serving as what we would consider to be secular administrators.<br>3. Castellans, chamberlains, papal chaplains<br>2. superista<br>3. magister militum<br>4. Captain or commander<br>5. Captain or sergeants<br>6. rank and file.Typically, papal armies were composed of mercenary bands (a <i>masnada</i>) headed by a captain or a papally-appointed commander. 1. Mercenary leaders: Leaders of a <i>masnada</i>, or mercenary band. These captains would have led their contingents in papal armies. 2. Captains and sergeants: These would have served as liasons between the captain and his soldiers. 3. Foot soldiers<br>" }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.175.§REF§<br>1. Shogun<br><br>2. Captains of the Great Guard (Obangashira)\"responsible for security at the three castles—at Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka—associated with the shogunate.\"§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.98.§REF§<br>2. Keepers of Edo Castle\"supervised and when necessary, defended Edo Castle.\"§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.98.§REF§<br>2. Marshal (sotaisho)3. Officers (usually mounted)- divided into spear group magistrate (yari bugyo) and army magistrate (gun bugyo)<br>4. Lower ranking officers (usually not mounted) e.g. Division commander (monogashir)- e.g. division commander (monogashir) and group commander (kumigashira).<br>5. Group commander (kumigashira)<br>6. Foot soldiers (ashigaru)- archers (yumigumi), spearmen (yarigumi) and harquebusiers (teppogumi).<br>\"by 1623, Ieyasu’s force consisted of 12 companies. The companies were headed by a single captain, four lieutenants, and 50 guards. There was extensive variation in the ways troops were structured for battle and the hierarchy of command that directed the troops.\"§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.174.§REF§<br>1. Shogun<br>2. Captain3. Lieutenant4. Guards5. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1) Khan. Both the personal guard and the tribal soldiers owed allegiance to the Khan. §REF§Bira, Sh. “THE MONGOLS AND THEIR STATE IN THE TWELFTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part I The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by C. E. Bosworth, Muhammad S. Asimov, and Yar Muhammad Khan, Paris: Unesco, 1998. pp.255-256§REF§ §REF§Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. p.75.§REF§<br>2) Khan’s personal guard, or <i>kesigten</i>. The were appointed initially from the Khan's retinue. Chingis raised their strength to 10,000 men. made up of <i>kebte’ul</i> (night guards), <i>qorchin</i> (day guards) and <i>turgha’ud</i> (bodyguards).§REF§Bira, Sh. “THE MONGOLS AND THEIR STATE IN THE TWELFTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part I The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by C. E. Bosworth, Muhammad S. Asimov, and Yar Muhammad Khan, Paris: Unesco, 1998. pp.255-256.§REF§ \"it was also a sort of military school which allowed the Khan personally to test the future leaders of his military forces.\" §REF§Bira, Sh. “THE MONGOLS AND THEIR STATE IN THE TWELFTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part I The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by C. E. Bosworth, Muhammad S. Asimov, and Yar Muhammad Khan, Paris: Unesco, 1998. pp.255-256.§REF§<br>3) Commander - regular army, larger unit §REF§Bira, Sh. “THE MONGOLS AND THEIR STATE IN THE TWELFTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part I The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by C. E. Bosworth, Muhammad S. Asimov, and Yar Muhammad Khan, Paris: Unesco, 1998. pp.255-256.§REF§ “Chinggis adopted the decimal system of organization … creating military units whose notional size ranged from ten to 10, 000 although the larger units were never fully up to strength.” §REF§Findley, Carter V., The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.81-83.§REF§<br>4) Commander - regular army, smaller unit §REF§Bira, Sh. “THE MONGOLS AND THEIR STATE IN THE TWELFTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part I The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by C. E. Bosworth, Muhammad S. Asimov, and Yar Muhammad Khan, Paris: Unesco, 1998. pp.255-256.§REF§ “Chinggis adopted the decimal system of organization … creating military units whose notional size ranged from ten to 10, 000 although the larger units were never fully up to strength.” §REF§Findley, Carter V., The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.81-83.§REF§<br>5) Soldier. Those men who had to serve through tribal obligations [all males under 60 had to serve in the army if mobilised] or local auxiliary troop employed in particular campaigns. §REF§Morgan, David. The Mongols. 2nd ed. The Peoples of Europe. Malden, MA ; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. pp.75, 79.§REF§" }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>The force was divided into units for a campaign after it had assembled.§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 136) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>\"The ancient Yemeni military structure consisted of four different elements: 1) the national troops called the Khamis under the king, or one of his generals; 2) levied troops from the highland communities; 3) cavalry (light and heavy); and 4) Bedouin allies/mercenaries.\"§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 134) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>\"By Roman standards the sizes of the Sabaean and Himyarite armies were modest ... thousands of men at its disposal. Most of the evidence (mainly inscriptions with some scattered literary evidence) suggests that the typical size for the army in Yemen was less than one thousand men. The inscriptions mention raiding forces or armies of 40, 50, 203, 250, 270, 670 .... 1026, and 2500, but there is also evidence for the use of larger armies. ... From later evidence, including the military treatise, we know that the Muslim military organization (16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16284) was based on Hellenistic Greek practices and it is therefore quite possible that the 16,000 men in question consisted of the Himyar tribal levy/phalanx.\"§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 134) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§ \"the combined army consisting of the three Khamis (Saba, Himyar, Hadramawt) would have had about 9,000-12,000 men in addition to which came the feudal forces, levies and Bedouins. The full potential of the Himyarite forces in Yemen alone cannot have been much lower than 30,000-40,000 men in addition to which came the forces of the various client kingdoms (60,000?).\"§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 135) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>A khamis was an organizational unit. Sabaean Khamis may have had about 3,000-4,000 men.§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 135) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. General3. Tribal or Khamis leader\"the combined army consisting of the three Khamis (Saba, Himyar, Hadramawt) would have had about 9,000-12,000 men in addition to which came the feudal forces, levies and Bedouins.\"§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 135) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>4. Leader of 1000?\"From later evidence, including the military treatise, we know that the Muslim military organization (16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16284) was based on Hellenistic Greek practices\"§REF§(Syvanne 2015, 134) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.§REF§<br>5. Leader of ?6. Individual soldier<br>" }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Warrior society implies at least 2 levels of military hierarchy.<br>" }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>We can infer the presence of a well-organized military. There is evidence for armour§REF§(Draeger 1972, 23)§REF§ and noble cavalry§REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ which suggest specialization, and a military campaign was launched against Srivijaya.§REF§(Muljana 2006, 246)§REF§ Elephants were used in warfare§REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ and their riders were called maliman.§REF§Hall 2000, 65)§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. General <i>inferred</i>a military campaign was launched against Srivijaya.§REF§(Muljana 2006, 246)§REF§<br>3. Officers <i>inferred - could be more than one level</i>There is evidence for armour§REF§(Draeger 1972, 23)§REF§ and noble cavalry§REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ which suggest specialization<br>4. Individual soldierElephants were used in warfare§REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§ and their riders were called maliman.§REF§Hall 2000, 65)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. King<br>2. Mantrin or Mahamatra§REF§(Subramaniam 2001, 80) Subramaniam, V. in Farazmand, Ali. ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§3. Council of Ministers (Mantri parishad)§REF§(Subramaniam 2001, 80) Subramaniam, V. in Farazmand, Ali. ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§4. Infantry board of the War Office with 5 chiefs<br>4. Commissariat board of the War Office with 5 chiefs<br>4. Transport board of the War Office with 5 chiefs<br>4. Elephant board of the War Office with 5 chiefsWar Office: comprised of 6 boards (each with 5 members or chiefs), heading elephants, chariots, cavalry and infantry and commissariat and transport.§REF§Abraham Eraly, <i>Gem in the Lotus</i> (2005), p. 410-11§REF§<br>4. Chariot board of the War Office with 5 chiefs<br>4. Cavalry board of the War Office with 5 chiefs<br>3? Antaravamshika (chief of the palace guard)§REF§Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early medieval India, pp. 345-348§REF§<br>3. Committee of 30\"According to Megasthenes, the Seleucid Ambassador to Ashoka's court, the imperial army itself was run by a committee of thirty of these superintendents while each branch or department - infantry, cavalry, elephants, chariots, navy, commissariat, etc. - was run by a committee of five men.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 217) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§<br>3. Senapati (Chief of the army)§REF§Abraham Eraly, <i>Gem in the Lotus</i> (2005), p. 410-11§REF§ - aksauhini (army)\"The general of the army was also a Mantri of equal status...\"§REF§(Subramaniam 2001, 80) Subramaniam, V. in Farazmand, Ali. ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§<br>4. gulma (three senamukha)5. senamukha (three patti)6. patti (15 man mixed unit)\"Indian armies of this period had within them a basic unit called the patti, a mixed platoon comprised of one elephant carrying three archers or spearman and a mahout, three horse cavalrymen armed with javelins, round buckler and a spear, and five infantry soldiers armed with shield, broadsword or bow. This fifteen-man unit when assembled in three units formed a senamukha or company. Three of these formed together comprised a gulma or battalion. Units were added in multiples of three, forming an aksauhini or army comprised of 21,870 patti.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 218) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§<br>7. Individual soldier<br>\"Sources also speak of military units formed around multiples of ten\"\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 218) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br>\"The king was supreme commander, the general the top field officer.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 168) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>2. ShakkanakkumGeneral - shakkanakkum.§REF§(Foster 2016, 167) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>3. General in charge of smaller army divisions (<i>shagina</i>)§REF§Hamblin 2006, 97§REF§ -- <i>not mentioned by Foster (2016)</i>> Ensi governor §REF§Hamblin 2006, 97§REF§ -- <i>not mentioned by Foster (2016); note below</i>> Captain of local detachment -- <i>when not in the field are governors part of the chain of command?</i>> Individual soldier<br>4. Nu-bandanu-banda.§REF§Hamblin 2006, 97§REF§ \"The next command in rank was the nu-banda.\" Battalion, probably had 600 men.§REF§(Foster 2016, 168) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§ Colonel or major - nubanda.§REF§(Foster 2016, 167) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>5. UgalaUgala lead smaller unit of about 60.§REF§(Foster 2016, 168) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§ Captain - ugala.§REF§(Foster 2016, 167) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>6. Individual soldier<br>At Mugdan was \"the seat of a manor that dominated the local countryside. ... This manor belong to members of the royal faily or royal household ... managed by a governor (ensi). Other local officials included the shaperum (majordomi) and a captain in command of a detachment of soldiers stationed there.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 59) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>Records from Umma<br>\"booty officer(?), the son of a governor in Syria (in training?), equerry, royal commissioner, door attendant, recruiter, courier, cupbearer, minister, quartermaster(?), saperum wuth his clerk, quartermaster of garments(?), physician, porters, constable, an officer in charge of putting identification marks on (captured?) goods (? saper ZAG.SUS), an ass herder, and an assortment of foreigners.\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 168) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015 §REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§<br>1. Emperor (6)2. Domestikos of the Scholai (5)3. Strategoi of the themata (4)4. Commanders of single units (3)5. Commanders of subunits (100, 10, 5 men) (2)6. of 10 <i>inferred by Ed</i>7. of 5 <i>inferred by Ed</i>8. Soldier (1)<br>After introduction of themes: \"The difference between mobile field units and stationary frontier forces vanished.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 555) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>Based on imperial administration c.700-1050 CE§REF§(Haldon 2008, 549) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Provincial military and navy3. Thematic generals (strategos)<br>2. Independent commands3. doukes katepans <i>Doux and katepan common only in the following period</i>§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication§REF§4. tagamata seconded to thematic duty<br>2. Imperial household3. Elite and household units (military)<br>2. droungarios of the imperial fleet<br>2. domestikoi of the Scholoi3. scholai, exkoubita, etc.<br>3. tagamata seconded to thematic duty<br>\"The military units also used Germanic designations. Thus a small military unit was called Foulkon which was how the German word Folk (Volk) was written. The subdivision of a nmerus was called by the German word Band (field banner), which became bandus. This process even went so far as to adopt part of the military organization of the German army. In the ninth century the Byzantine army still had the troops of the Optimates; this was originally the designation of a crack corps of the Gothic army. In the territory of the lower Danube the racial characteristics of the soldiers in the frontier zones were entirely respected. The tribal chieftains were even granted the position of Roan officers and in this capacity continued to rule over their people.\"§REF§(Haussig 1971, 92) Haussig, H W. trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.§REF§<br>Regular guards had four divisions called tagmata: \"The command of these troops stationed in Constantinople in the immediate neighbourhood of the imperial palace and the Hippodrome was in the hands of officers with the title of domesticus.\" The candidati (cavalry); excubiti (police duties); arithmus (marines); hikanatoi (crowd control).§REF§(Haussig 1971, 181-182) Haussig, H W.trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.§REF§ <i>Old guard troops, reorganised as tagmata by Emperor Constantine V (741-775 CE)</i>§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br><br>2. domesticus<br>3. candidati<br>4.<br>3. excubiti<br>4.<br>3. drungarius<br>4.<br>3. hikanatoi<br>4.<br>" }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 9, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": "<br>1. Sultan<br>2. Commander of Army<br>3. Naib al-Saltana (Viceroys of Egypt, Damascus etc.)<br>4. Emirs of a thousand<br>5. Emirs of a hundred<br>6. Emirs of forty<br>7. Emirs of ten<br>8. Junior officer<br>9. Individual soldier<br>_ Nicolle (1996)_<br>Sultan<br>Commander of Army<br>Mamluk I: Naib al-Saltana (Viceroys of Egypt, Damascus etc.)<br>Mamluk II: Atabak al-asakir (Father of the Leader of Soldiers)<br>Mamluk III: Other titles with largely non-military status functions<br>Mamluk IV: Regular Mamluks<br>Mamluk V: Junior officer.<br>Rajjala I: Janib unit infantry leader<br>Rajjala II: Tulb unit infantry leader<br>Rajjala III: Jarida unit infantry leader<br>Mamluk army \"essentially the same\" as Ayyubid.<br>Professional haqa with an elite of slave-recruited Mamluks, called Royal Mamluks. Under Ayyubids, infantry was organized within the Rajjala. There was a military unit called a janib. The tulb was a smaller unit. A jarida was a small unit. A sariya was used in ambushes.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 135-181)§REF§<br>_ Oliver (1977) describes the army structure this way _<br>Royal Mamluks<br>Of the Former Sultan<br>Of the Reigning Sultan<br>Of the Bodyguard and Pages<br>Of the Amirs<br>Mamluks of the Amirs<br>Of 100<br>Of 40<br>Of 10<br>Sons of Amirs and local population: Halqa. Initially knights of non-slave origin but eventually disappeared as military became a force of purely slave origin soldiers.§REF§(Oliver 1977, 39-67)§REF§<br>_ Army structure according to Raymond§REF§(Raymond 2000, 113)§REF§ _<br>Sultan's Mamluks (elite corps)<br><br>The troops of the emirs<br>emirs ranked in a hierarchy rank determined how many men under thememirs of a thousand §REF§(Raymond 2000, 187)§REF§<br>emirs of a hundred<br>emirs of forty<br>emirs of ten<br>The halqa<br>" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": 1091, "year_to": 1150, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br><br>2. SeneschalSenechal was the senior royal official, and senior military commander §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1645)§REF§<br>Only until 1091 CE§REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§ - job taken over by Constable<br>3. Constableoriginated 9th-10th centuries as \"count of the stable\". §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>during the reign of Philip I (1060-1108), the constable was one of the four \"great officers\" of the crown §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>11th and 12th centuries drawn from the nobility of the Île de-France §REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>4. Knighthad a squire<br>5. Sergeant\"In the military context, sergeants were lightly armed fighting men who served and supported knights.\" §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1658)§REF§ Also had civilian \"enforcer\" role.<br>Mid-12th century professional sergeants equipped by nobles§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 6)§REF§<br>6.Was Sergeant the lowest level?<br>Militia leader (this level also called constable?) - from mid-12th century?<br>Lead a milita, paid slightly less than a sergeant §REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br><br>Captains§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 2000, 4)§REF§ - from mid-12th century?<br>Each city parish had its own captain" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 1, "military_level_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " levels." }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 10, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>\"Several innovations in the Song army during the Tangut war transformed the army's structure, armament and tactics. The most important change was in the creation of \"legions\" (jiang) of from 2,500 to 4,000 men (on rare occasions as high as 10,000 men) as permanent maneuver elements. The success of the legions in the latter stages of the war not only discredited the older system, in which armies were created by drawing disparate battalions of 500 men from large garrisons, but also created a distinction between field or border forces and the garrison forces in the capital. The legion was more formally introduced throughout the army during the New Policies reforms of Wang Anshi during the reign of Song Shenzong (1067-1085).\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 48)§REF§<br>1. Emperor<br>Commander-in-chief. \"T’ai-tsu and T’ai-tsung were actual warriors who fought personally in combat. Although subsequent emperors rarely took the field against opponents, they created bureaucratic structures that severely restricted the independent authority of military commanders.\" §REF§(Hartman 2015, 85)§REF§<br>?. Chief Councilors (tsai-hsiang)<br>\"during the reign of Chen-tsung, the chief councilors could sometimes participate in deliberation on military affairs, and this fact constituted interference in the military administration of the Bureau of Military Affairs.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>2. Bureau of Military Affairs (Shu-mi-yuan)\"T'ai-tsu continued the Five Dynasties system of making the Bureau of Military Affairs (Shu-mi-yuan) the highest military organ and having it take charge of military administration; he did not directly lead the military. The senior officials of the Bureau of Military Affairs were executive officials (chih-cheng kuan), and their positions were second only to those of the chief councilors (tsai-hsiang). The position of the Bureau of Military Affairs was higher than that of the Three Capital guards, but the military authority of these two organs served as a mutual check or restraint each on the other. Although the senior officials of the Three Capital Guards and the military districts had charge of the armed forces, they could not engage in military actions unless they had orders from the Bureau of Military Affairs.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 215)§REF§<br>Civilian overseer Chao K'uang-yin made his generals \"subject to on-the-spot control by civilian overseers.\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 33)§REF§<br>3. Palace Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief (Tien-ch'ien tu chih-hui shih ssu) - one of the Three Capital GuardsThe founder Chao \"downgraded the Palace Inspectorate-General (Tien-ch'ien tu tien-chien ssu), which commanded the imperial guardsmen (chin-ping) to the Palace Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief (Tien-ch'ien tu chih-hui shih ssu).§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 214)§REF§<br>\"three main divisions or ranks can be distinguished: upper imperial armies, middle imperial armies, and lower imperial armies (shang, chung, and hsia ch'in-chun). The upper imperial armies included four armies: P'eng-jih and T'ien-wu (both under the Palace Command), Lung-wei (under the Metropolitan Cavalry Command), and Shen-wei (under the Metropolitan Infantry Command). Together these four armies were called the Four Elite Armies (Shang ssu chun).\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>3. Imperial Bodyguard (Shih-wei ch'in-chun) Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief >>> Imperial Bodyguard Cavalry Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief (Shih-wei ch'in-chun ma-chun tu-chih-hui shih ssu) / Imperial Bodyguard Infantry Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief (Shih-wei ch'in-chun pu-chun tu-chih-hui shih ssu) (by Emperor Chen-tsung r. 997-1022) - the other of the Three Capital GuardsThe founder Chao \"set up two separate officials of equal rank below another Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief which commanded imperial guardsmen - the Imperial Bodyguard (Shih-wei ch'in-chun) Bureau of the Commander-in-Chief - and they commanded the cavalrymen and infantrymen separately.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 215)§REF§<br>\"three main divisions or ranks can be distinguished: upper imperial armies, middle imperial armies, and lower imperial armies (shang, chung, and hsia ch'in-chun). The upper imperial armies included four armies: P'eng-jih and T'ien-wu (both under the Palace Command), Lung-wei (under the Metropolitan Cavalry Command), and Shen-wei (under the Metropolitan Infantry Command). Together these four armies were called the Four Elite Armies (Shang ssu chun).\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>4. Wing (hsiang) left and right - 25,000\"The organization hierarchy of the imperial armies was as follows ... \"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>5. Army (chun) 2,500 soldiers\"The organization hierarchy of the imperial armies was as follows ... \"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>6. Commandery (chih-hui) or reginment (ying) 500 soldiers\"The organization hierarchy of the imperial armies was as follows ... \"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>\"because the military power of the army and wing organizational units was relatively large, the commanders of these units could easily create a threat to the imperial authority. The Northern Sung proceeded to createdisorder among the wing and army organizational units. Some imperial armies had no wings or armies, while in other imperial armies the manpower of these two units was below the established quotas. For the most part, after the beginning of T'ai-tsung's reign, the commander was usually the basic organizational unit of the imperial armies during troop movements, fortifications, and battles.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216-217)§REF§<br>7. troop (tu) 100 soldiers\"The organization hierarchy of the imperial armies was as follows ... \"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 216)§REF§<br>8. Platoon (50 soldiers)\"Chang Yu, a military writer of the late Sung period, describes a system of organisation based on a squad of five, which implies that the traditional five-deep deployment was still in use. There were 50 men in a platoon, two platoons in a company, two companies in the next unit up, and so on up to an 'army' of 3,200. Chang Yu remarks: 'Each is subordinate to the superior and controls the inferior. ...\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 35)§REF§<br>\"Emperor Shen-tsung also promoted the Company System (Chieh-tui fa), in which companies (tui), the basic unit of military organization during the Sung, were organized and divided into various sub-company units, the smallest of which contained only three men.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 226-227§REF§<br>9. Squad (5 soldiers)\"Chang Yu, a military writer of the late Sung period, describes a system of organisation based on a squad of five, which implies that the traditional five-deep deployment was still in use. There were 50 men in a platoon, two platoons in a company, two companies in the next unit up, and so on up to an 'army' of 3,200. Chang Yu remarks: 'Each is subordinate to the superior and controls the inferior. ...\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 35)§REF§<br>\"Emperor Shen-tsung also promoted the Company System (Chieh-tui fa), in which companies (tui), the basic unit of military organization during the Sung, were organized and divided into various sub-company units, the smallest of which contained only three men.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 226-227§REF§<br>10. Individual soldier<br><br>5. Area Generalships (chiang)\"Emperor Shen-tsung implemented the Area Generalship System (Chiang-ping fa), in which various commanderies of the imperial armies were combined to form area generalships (chiang). ... The designation of area generalships had begun in four circuits of Shen-hsi during the reign of Jen-tsung. ... organized by combining the variously designated commanderies of the imperial armies. For example, the Second Area Generalship of the K'ai-feng area encompassed the stationed armies of five of the sixteen counties of K'ai-feng prefecture.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 227§REF§<br>6. Regiments (pu)<br>7. Company - 50 troops<br>8.9. Individual soldier\"The ranks of military officers in the area generalship system included general (cheng-chiang) and vice general. Fifty troops formed a company and above the companies and below the area generalships were the regiments (pu). This led to the three-tiered organization structure of area generalship, regiment, and company.\"§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 227§REF§" }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 0, "military_level_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Kenoyer writes that there is no evidence of the existence of an army even during the period 2600 BCE - 1900 BCE§REF§Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. 'Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities', <i>Scientific American</i>, vol. 15, no. 1, 2005, p. 29.§REF§" }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Military structure: \"Beneath the exarch ... were dukes, who possessed military and civil authority in the duchies... and tribunes or counts, who led individual detachments of troops called numeri and who also had important civil functions in particular localities.\" §REF§(Noble 1984, 5-6) Noble, Thomas F. X. 1984. The Republic of St. Peter. The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia.§REF§<br>1. Exarch<br>The Exarch was the commander-in-chief §REF§(Hutton 1926)§REF§<br>2. Dukes<br>3. Tribunes / counts" }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 0, "military_level_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Kenoyer writes that there is no evidence of the existence of an army even during the period 2600 BCE - 1900 BCE§REF§Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. 'Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities', <i>Scientific American</i>, vol. 15, no. 1, 2005, p. 29.§REF§" }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Only reference to professional and standing army in early West Africa is Askia Muhammed Toure (r.1493-1529 CE) of the Songhai Empire who \"created a professional full-time army\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 66)§REF§ and \"standing army\"§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. Loyal clan leaders <i>inferred</i>3. intermediate level? <i>inferred</i>4. Individual soldier<br>\"The kingdoms which began to emerge in the Sudan about the end of the first millennium and the great 'empires' - Ghana, Mali, Songhai - which played so large a part in the medieval history of West Africa differed in many ways from the modern nation-state. One must not think of them as compact and homogenous units. 'The Sudanese Empire', Trimingham has pointed out, 'was an amorphous agglomeration of kin-groups having little in common except mythical recognition of a far-off suzerain.' Such empires had no precise boundaries, for 'the ruler was not interested in dominating territory as such, but in relationship with social groups upon whom he could draw to provide levies in time of war, servants for his courts and cultivators to keep his granaries full.'\" §REF§(Bovill 1958, 55)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. Emperor / Commander-in-chief<br><br>2. ying (division under a chiang-chun, or general)\"Records from the north-western garrison give an outline of unit organization at lower levels... Above the hou kuan were the sector headquarters or tu-wei fu for garrison troops, and the division or ying, under a chiang-chun or general, the highest permanent position.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>Generals could lead campaigns on their own without the presence of the Emperor. e.g. 121-119 BCE campaigns which overthrew \"five sub-ordinate Hsiung-nu kingdoms\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 7)§REF§<br>\"A field command was usually an ad hoc appointment for a specific purpose, often reflected in the title given to the recipient - such as 'General Charged With Crossing the Liao' for a campaign in Korea.\"§REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>3. Hsiao-wei\"... often translated as 'colonel', was a lower rank used for temporary appointments<br>3. Official in charge of tu-wei fu (sector headquarters)\"Records from the north-western garrison give an outline of unit organization at lower levels... Above the hou kuan were the sector headquarters or tu-wei fu for garrison troops, and the division or ying, under a chiang-chun or general, the highest permanent position.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>4. Official in charge of hou kuan (company)\"Records from the north-western garrison give an outline of unit organization at lower levels: a hou kuan or company usually consisted of five hou (platoons), each with several sui or sections of an officer and four to ten men.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>5. Official in charge of hou (platoon)\"Records from the north-western garrison give an outline of unit organization at lower levels: a hou kuan or company usually consisted of five hou (platoons), each with several sui or sections of an officer and four to ten men.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>6. Official in charge of sui (section)\"Records from the north-western garrison give an outline of unit organization at lower levels: a hou kuan or company usually consisted of five hou (platoons), each with several sui or sections of an officer and four to ten men.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 15)§REF§<br>7. Individual soldier\"Conscripts served mainly as infantry; cavalry was provided by volunteers from noble families or by non-Chinese auxiliaries.\" §REF§(Peers 1995, 13)§REF§" }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Nicolle 1996)§REF§<br>Note that in 1073 CE Badr al-Jamali \"transformed the army\" and thereafter the Fatimid Caliphate was dominated by \"military wazirs\".§REF§(Hamblin 2005, 749) Shillington, K. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis.§REF§<br>1. Caliph<br>2. Wazir3. Commander of commanders (\"amir al-umara\")4. Commander5. Assistant commander6. Khassa (grade I)7. Khassa (grade II)8. Khassa (grade III)*<br>\"three grades of Khassa\"9. QaidLowest unit = groups of 10 men.§REF§(Nicolle 1996, 65)§REF§<br>\"the Kutama were organized in cohorts ('irdfa) under their respective commanders (Curafta). The question whether the cohorts were organized along tribal lines or in terms of military needs remains unanswered.\"§REF§(Lev 1987, 353)§REF§" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 9, "comment": null, "description": "1400-1590 CE: timar holders and their retainers number about 50,000 and \"formed the most important element in the Ottoman army.\"§REF§(Imber 2002, 256-257) Imber, Colin. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.§REF§<br>Emir Orhan: \"A regularly paid force of Muslim and Christian cavalry and infantry was created by his vizier, Allah al Din. The horsemen were known as müsellems (tax-free men) and were organised under the overall command of sancak beys into hundreds, under subaşis, and thousands, under binbaşis. The foot-soldiers, or yaya, were comparably divided into tens, hundreds and thousands. These infantry archers occasionally fought for Byzantium, where they were known as mourtatoi. Müsellems and yayas were at first paid wages, but by the time of Murat I (1359) they were normally given lands or fiefs in return for military service, the yayas also having special responsibility for the protection of roads and bridges.\" §REF§(Nicolle 1983, 9)§REF§<br>1. Sultan<br>2. sancak beys3. Thousands4. Hundreds5. Tens6. Individual soldier (yaya or müsellems)<br>\"Both [yaya] and the müsellems were gradually relegated to second-line duties late in the 14th century, and by 1600 such units had either been abolished or reduced to non-military functions.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 9)§REF§<br>\"On mobilization, one of every ten sipahis remained at home to maintain law and order. The rest formed into alay regiments under their çeribaşi, subaşi and alay bey officers. These led them to theş local sancak bey's two-horse-tail standard. The men of each sancak then assembled around a provincial governor or beylerbeyi before riding to the Sultan's camp.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 12)§REF§<br>1. Sultan<br>2. Commander in chief3. Beylerbeyi4. Sancak bey5. çeribaşi, subaşi and alay bey officers of the alay (regiment)6.7.8. Individual sipahissipahis (timar holders).<br>9. cebeluslarger timar holders of zeamets could equip mounted retainers (cebelus).§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 12)§REF§<br>Version based on Shaw (the following structure was the same for the administration and military)§REF§(Shaw 1976, 24)§REF§ implies that the çeribaşi and subaşi Nicolle mentions are below the alay beys.<br>1. Sultan<br>2. Commander in chief3. eyalets lead by beylerbeyis or \"beys of beys\", ruled provinces4. sancak or liva commanded by sancek bays (who ruled local administration. They appointed police chiefs. Religious judges - kadis - oversaw justice).5. alay regiment, commanded by alay beys6. sipahitimar or fief holder (mounted soldier). Siphai had no rights of ownership, he was the Sultan's representative, whose job was to maintain order, over-see agriculture and collect taxes from the peasants. Distribution most concentrated in Balkans and Anatolia.<br>7. Man-at-armsAccording to an Albanian register of 1431-1432 CE one timar holder had to be present on campaign together with one man-at-arms.§REF§(Imber 2002, 198) Imber, Colin. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.§REF§" }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "\"Parthia was the only state that rivaled Rome at the same level of sophisticated political and military organization\". §REF§(Southern 2007, 46) Southern, Pat. 2007. The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. Commanders (aristocracy)\"The aristocracy provided the cataphracts and trained their retainers - not their slaves - as mounted bowmen. Parthian army was small, as in most feudal states, never more than 6,000 cataphracts and 34,000 bowmen...\"§REF§(Naval Intelligence Division 2014, 231) Naval Intelligence Division. 2014. Iraq & The Persian Gulf. Routledge.§REF§<br>3. Cataphract level senior officer <i>inferred</i> - leader of 1000?4. Cataphract level junior officer <i>inferred</i> - leader of 100?5. Leader of 10 horsemen <i>inferred</i>At Carrhae, a Parthian general named Surenas brought with him \"a train of camels, one for every ten horsemen, loaded with spare arrows.\"§REF§(Ellis 2004, 37) Ellis, John. 2004. Cavalry: History of Mounted Warfare. Pen and Sword.§REF§ This reference to the supplying of groups of 10 horsemen is interesting because the Sassanids, the Parthian successors, inherited their military structure (division between heavy and light cavalry). It is noted of the Sassanids that they \"Like the Achaemenids ... likely used the decimal system to organize the Spah (army). The title Hazarmard/Hazarbad means \"chief of a thousand\".\" §REF§(Farrokh 2005, 3-27)§REF§<br>6. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels. No hard information is available from Canaanite examples, but we have considerable (albeit incomplete) information from Ugarit,§REF§Rainey (1965).§REF§ as well as surrounding areas. It seems clear that the kings were expected to take the field, and often in the front lines. There would be a \"commander of the chariots,\" and potentially subordinate commanders as well, above the actual charioteers and their shield-bearers. The infantry would be made up of elite soldiers, as well as peasant levies; the command structure is unknown. From the evidence of the Amarna Letters, we might infer that units of 100 men were extant—potentially as subdivisions of larger units of 400 men. Ugaritic sources also reference \"commanders of a thousand,\" though Ugarit's army was relatively large.<br>Additionally, in Ugarit there were several specialized units outside of the normal command structure, such as \"friends of the king.\"" }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Beyond differences in mortuary treatment between adults and sub-adults, \"there is no evidence for Neolithic social differences or ranking in the archaeological record\" §REF§P. Johansen, The politics of of spatial renovation: Reconfiguring ritual practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India (2014), Journal of Social Archaeology 0:0, pp. 1-28§REF§." }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " The <i>lawagetas</i> was the supreme military leader. Officers, called <i>hequetai</i> (followers) accompanied military continents. he <i>lawagetas</i> was the supreme military leader. Officers, called <i>hequetai</i> (followers) accompanied military continents. §REF§Shelmerdine, C. W. and Bennet, J. 2008. \"12: Mycenaean states. 12A: Economy and administration,\" in Shelmerdine, C. W. (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age</i>, Cambridge, 292-95.§REF§ §REF§Nikoloudis, S. 2008. \"The role of the ra-wa-ke-ta: insights from PY Un718,\" in Sacconi, A, del Freo, M., Godart, L., and Negri, M. (eds), <i>Colloquium Romanum: Atti del XII Colloquio Internazionale de Micenologia. Roma 20-15 febbraio 2006</i>, vol. 2, Rome, 587-94.§REF§" }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>More comfortable at 1 level at this point. Not until Mississippian is there any evidence of a warrior society." }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1 or 2. More comfortable at 1 level at this point. Not until Mississippian evidence of warrior specialists." }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels." }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels." }, { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": null, "military_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " levels." } ] }