Military Level List
A viewset for viewing and editing Military Levels.
GET /api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/military-levels/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br>2. senapati (commander-in-chief)§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§3. General?4. Officer/s?Leader of a army unit. \"The suffix gulma in the name Vatsagulma is also interesting. Manu regards gulma as a station where an army unit was posted for protection of the kingdom (Misra 1987: 645-647).\"§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§<br>5.6. Individual soldier<br><br>According to the Mahabharata: 'A file is made up of five footmen, three horses, one chariot, and one elephant ... Three files form one troop-head; three troop-heads, one cluster; three clusters, one troop; three troops make one convoy. Three convoys ... make a column, three columns, a brigade; and three brigades, a division. And ten such divisions constitute ... one army.'\"§REF§(Eraly 2011, 171) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§1. King <i>inferred</i><br>2. Division3. Brigade4. Column5. Convoy6. Troop7. Cluster8. Troop-head9. File10. Soldier<br>According to Kautilya's Arthasastra (after 200 BCE): \"a squad of ten soldiers, a platoon of ten squads, and a regiment of ten platoons. 'For every ten members of each of the constituents of the army, there should be one commander called padika ... ten padikas should be placed under a senapati, and ten senaptis under a nayaka.'§REF§(Eraly 2011, 171) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§1. King <i>inferred</i><br>2. Nayaka of a regiment3. Senapati of a platoon4. Padika of a squad<br>" }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " \"The scene in the Late Predynastic (Gerzean) Painted Tomb in Hierakonpolis (Kantor, 1944), showing a person smiting enemies in a manner prototypical of that of the later Pharaoh (Baines, 1987), indicates that regional, paramount chiefs may have commanded warriors who were mobilized by district and community chiefs.\" §REF§(Hassan 1988, 172)§REF§<br>1. Chief<br>2. Warriors" }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§B. N. Mukherjee, 'The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire' (Calcutta, 1988), p. 338§REF§<br>1. Kushana king<br>2. Chiang (military general), Dandanayaka, Mahadandanayaka<br>3. Baladhika (commander of an army)<br>4.<br>5.<br>6. Common soldiers<br><i>likely to have been at least one level between the commander of the army and the ordinary soldier, especially as the organization was complex enough to warrant a general above a commander of an army. changing code to range of 4-6</i><br>NOTE: Dandanayaka and Mahadandanayaka may have referred to a judge, magistrate, head police-officer or an army general. They may have have been used to perform judicial, civil and military duties at different times or as the occasions demanded." }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. Caliph.<br>Malik-Shah waited for \"for news for the caliphs endorsement\" before attacking the Karakhanids and Ghaznavids.§REF§Başan, Aziz. The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010, p.30.§REF§<br>2. Sultan. Examples of sultans deferring to Caliph's authority, but they appointed the amirs.3. Commander (amir) of military forces.“It was said to have been divided into twenty-four military zones, each under a regional commander. These commanders had to raise, train and equip a specified number of troops every year, who would muster at a pre-arranged spot to spend the summer either training or on campaign.” §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.220.§REF§<br>4. Tribal leaders- they continued to owe allegiances to the sultan in times of war and provided troops.<br>5. Professional soldiers- \"these professionals comprised heavily armed and armoured cavalrymen and infantrymen with swords and spears. For them a system of land grants grew up, on whose revenues the warriors, their mounts and weapons could be supported.\" §REF§Holmes, Richard, ed., ‘Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman’, The Oxford companion to military history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)§REF§<br>6. Soldiers- the ordinary mamluk soldiers equipped by those holding land grants. §REF§‘Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman’, Holmes, Richard, ed., The Oxford companion to military history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).§REF§<br>\"The armies of the first Seljuks bore little relation to the famed Turkish military of the classical Abbasid era.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 217) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§ “It was said to have been divided into twenty-four military zones, each under a regional commander. These commanders had to raise, train and equip a specified number of troops every year, who would muster at a pre-arranged spot to spend the summer either training or on campaign.”§REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.220.§REF§ \"There was a cursus honorum through which the mamluks rose, lasting seven years. A freshly recruited mamluk would start at the rank of foot-groom, and could rise by the age of thirty-five to become a fully-fledged amir.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 226) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§<br>Three armies: Turkmen, mamluks (standing army), and the sultan's personal guard.§REF§(Peacock 2015, 218) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§ Mamluk forces did not have the same \"ecological limitations\" as the nomadic Turkmen.§REF§(Peacock 2015, 225) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Edinburgh.§REF§" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 1, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": "In the Predynastic period there is no proof of the existence of professional army. There is also no hieroglyphic sign meaning \"army\" by Dynastic Period. Moreover, in Ancient Egyptian unitary state, introduction of regular army took place during the New Kingdom§REF§Shaw, I. 1991 Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. pg: 26.§REF§.<br>There can be military levels without an army if there is warfare." }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>No data. Lydia was a neo-Hittite state and the New Kingdom Hittites had [6-7] levels including at the lowest levels Officers of 10, Officers of 100 and leaders of brigades of 1000. If Lydia inherited a similar system then there would be at least 5 levels<br>King100010010Individual soldier" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Originally the Seljuks in Anatolia had been tribal warriors. After establishing the sultanate they adopted some of the military organisation of other Middle Eastern polities. By the mid 13th century their force consisted of: Turcoman tribes; “the elite of ghulam slave-soldiers (many of whom were freed on the completion of their military training); cavalrymen performing military service in return for lands or fiefs known as iqta; local mercenaries; Western European or ‘Frankish’ mercenaries; and assorted allied contingents” §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.208§REF§ The professional warriors were supported by a system of land grants \"on whose revenues the warriors, their mounts and weapons could be supported.\" §REF§‘Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman’, Holmes, Richard, ed., The Oxford companion to military history (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).§REF§<br>1. Sultan.<br>The Sultan appointed the military governors, tribal leaders owed allegiances to him in times of war. §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.208§REF§<br>2. Sultan's retinues.Seljuks, Ottomans and Mongols all had a version of ‘military retinue’ system, “a group of armed, mainly free men (the majority of them foreigners), who served on a voluntary basis and were attached personally to the leader. They were his closet companions, friends and servants; they commanded the troops in wars, while a select group of them served as his bodyguard.\" §REF§Fodor, Pal. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P.193.§REF§ They would have numbered a few thousand.<br>3, <i>Subasibay</i> or <i>zaim</i>- military governor of large city and commander of cavalry and fortress garrison. §REF§Fodor, Pal. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P.197.§REF§ As the state established itself, land was given to members of the retinue who then ruled it as regional governors. §REF§Fodor, Pal. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P.193.§REF§ The governors<br>ruled \"a territorial unit called avilayet, or larger city, and was the commander (zaimu’l-cuyus) of the ikta-holder cavalry (sipahi) and the fortress garrisons (mustahfiz) under his authority.” §REF§Fodor, Pal. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P.197.§REF§<br>4. Tribal leaders.They owed allegiances to the Sultan and would provide troops. §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.208§REF§<br>5. Officers and cavalrymen.Professional warriors performing military service in return for land holding. §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.208§REF§6. Soldiers.Ghulam slave-soldiers and mercenaries employed during war. §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.208§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. King<br>king could \"delegate military command to a subordinate, probably a member of his own family.\"§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. High Military Command / Chief of the Bodyguards\"The king’s brothers often seem to have been appointed to high military commands immediately below the king and the crown prince, particularly if they held the highly prestigious post of GAL MESHEDI (chief of the Bodyguards).§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. 'Chief of the Wine (Stewards)' Commander-in-chief\"an unpretentious-sounding but in fact highly prestigious title. Its holder was assigned important military commands either under the general command of the king or as commander-in-chief in his own right. The use of such a term, which goes back to the early days of the Old Kingdom, no doubt reflects a time in early Hittite history when the king's most trusted confidants and advisers were those who attended him in a range of capacities, some quite humble, on a daily basis.\" §REF§(Bryce 2002, 23)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Right / Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Left\"usually of princely status\" §REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Right / Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Left\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Right / Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Left.\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>4.\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>5. Officer of 100 men\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>6. Officer of 10 (\"Gentlemen\"?)\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>7. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "Brier and Hobbs (2008, 72)- Diagram \"Government organization at the time of the New Kingdom.\"§REF§(Brier and Hobbs 2008, 72) Brier, Bob. Hobbs, H A. 2008. Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§<br>1. Pharaoh (not included in diagram)<br>2. Great Overseer of the Army3. Overseer of the North Armies4. General officers<br>3. Overseer of the South Armies4. General officers<br>EWA: This is based upon the cavalry as this is better known and represents likely the longest chain of command: 6 Pharaoh (Commander-in-Chief), 5 Chief of army/general (leads expedition or building work), 4 Intermediate officer (equivalent of batalion) , 3 Commander of Company, 2 Commander of Platoon, 1 Soldiers<br>1. Pharaoh<br>2. South and North Chief Deputy3. Chief of army/General4. Intermediate officer5. Commander of company6. Commander of platoon7. Individual soldier<br>Schulman's New Kingdom hierarchy - does not include scribal ranks §REF§(Spalinger 2013, 400)§REF§<br>1. General (Commander of a host)2. Chief of troops3. Troop commanders4. Adjutants<br>4a. Standard bearers<br>4b. Chariot warriors were supervised by chiefs who had the rank of standard bearers. (18th Dynasty). §REF§(Spalinger 2013, 401)§REF§<br>Became Charioteer and Shieldbearer. Shieldbearer commanders. Chariotry commanders.5. Adjutants of a company6. Platoon leaders7. Infantrymen<br>Pharaoh. Commander-in-chief. Chief deputy of the northern corps/Chief deputy of the southern corps. Division general/Military commander (5000 men). Host (? men). Company (250 men). Platoon (50 men). Squad (?).<br>Noncommissioned officer headed the smallest army unit (50 men). Troop commander had authority over five of these units (250 men), which amounted to a company. A division of 20 companies (5,000 men) was headed by a military commander. There were 4 divisions - named after the royal gods Amun, Re, Ptah, and Seth and the four bases Thebes, Heliopolis, Memphis, and Piramesse - in the entire army (20,000 men).§REF§(Gnirs 2001)§REF§<br>Fortresses had commanders. §REF§(Van Dijk 2000, 285-286)§REF§<br>In New Kingdom the King became a more active military leader. Most military men were soldier-farmers, in a “kleruchic” system, where they could be mobilized when needed. Foreign mercenaries also used. §REF§(Manning 2012, 76)§REF§" }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Songhay Empire: Askia Muhammad had a full time general called dyini-koy or balama.§REF§(Davidson 1998, 168) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>1. King<br>In Mali and Songhai \"the king appinted the generals was himself commander-in-chief of the army and personally directed military operations\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 115) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>2. General of the armies (Djima koi)3. Corps\"In each kingdom, each nation, the army was divided into several corps assigned to the defense of different provinces, although under the command of the civil authority. Thus, each provincial governor had at his disposal a part of this army which he could assign tasks under the orders of a general whose powers were purely military.\"In Mali and Songhai \"the king appinted the generals was himself commander-in-chief of the army and personally directed military operations\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 115) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>4. officer ranks5. officer ranks6. Individual soldier<br>Divisions of army: \"knights, cavalry, footsoldiers, auxiliary bodies of Tuaregs, elite infantry regiments, the royal guard, and an armed flotilla.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 116) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>Tunkoi, kuran, soira: subaltern military positions in city such as Djenne.§REF§(Diop 1987, 112) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>Djenne-koi, Bani-koi, Kora-koi: \"administrative and military chiefs of cities and regions; they thus had under their command a territorial guard.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 112) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§<br>Wars of Muhammad Toure (1493-1528 CE), according to himself, \"were undertaken to distract the Songhay-speaking element in his armies from meddling in the Mande-speaking western half of his empire where his own interests were strongest, and where he preferred to rule through slave armies recruited from his own war captives.\" §REF§(Roland and Atmore 2001, 70)§REF§<br>\"Under Askia Muhammad, the Songhai Empire established lands in which the kings paid tribute.\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 66)§REF§<br>divided the army into two parts: \"one for the western provinces based in Timbuktu and one for the eastern provinces based in Gao.\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 66)§REF§<br>Askia Daud (r.1549-1582 CE).<br>reorganized Songhay army §REF§(Conrad 2010, 69)§REF§<br>\"Askia was a rank in the Songhai army with origins dating from at least the first half of the 13th century.\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 65)§REF§<br>General of the armies: Djima koï<br>Head of cavalry in the event of conflict: governor of Dirma (one of his many duties) §REF§(Niane 1975, 105)§REF§" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Inferred continuity with previous polity.<br>Hoysalas had a professional military.§REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 105§REF§ and likely the there would have been at least four levels thus:<br>1. King<br>2. General3. Officer/s\"several scholars have suggested that the reputed founders of Vijayanagara, the Sangama brothers, had been officers in the Kampili military.\"§REF§(Sinopoli 2003, 74-75)§REF§<br>4. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -599, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>weapons<br>\"Among the material changes documented in the Iron Age archaeological record are more complex and labor-intensive settlement designs, new mortuary practices, the production and consumption of a range of new slipped and polished ceramic wares as well as iron tools, weapons, and hardware. Most notably, there was significant transformation in the organization of social relations during the Iron Age that produced tangible social differences and inequalities.\"§REF§(Johansen 2014, 1-28) Johansen, P. 2014. The politics of spatial renovation: Reconfiguring ritual practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India. Journal of Social Archaeology. 0(0).§REF§<br>Initially a given polity only consisted of a single settlement<br>\"At the smallest and least complex (in terms of population, geographic scale and decision-making arrangements) end of this continuum, chiefs with limited decision-making prerogatives probably presided over single settlements. In larger examples, more powerful leaders based in larger centers likely exerted varying degrees of control over multiple and varying numbers of settlements. Finally, at the most complex end of this continuum, paramount chiefs ruling from large regional centers with lesser chiefs as political subordinates dominated even larger polities containing numerous settlements and substantial populations. In the present context it seems most likely that chiefdoms of the first type were prevalent during the earlier phases of the Iron Age, with those of the latter two types developing with increasing frequency as time passed.\"§REF§R. Brubaker, Aspects of mortuary variability in the South Indian Iron Age, in <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61, pp. 253-302§REF§" }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>A rough hierarchy may have been as follows:<br>1. Emperor §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 32§REF§2. <i>Mahasenapati</i> §REF§S. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 25§REF§3. Direct subordinates of the <i>mahasenapati</i> - more than one level?4. Soldiers" }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "This is the code for the preceding Macedonian Empire -<br>1. King<br>Supreme commander§REF§(King 2010, 373-391)§REF§<br>2. BodyguardsCalled somatophylakes. An honor, not literal bodyguards, as they commanded units. §REF§(King 2010, 373-391)§REF§<br>2. Companion Corpshetairoi Companions§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>pezhetairoi Foot Companions (phalanx) §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>3. asthetairoiCalled asthetairoi. Under Phillip II had 800 officers. §REF§(Gabriel 2010, 11)§REF§<br>4. Lochoi (100)- Lochoi (100) - Dekades (10) (probable organization)§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>5. Dekades (10)6. Individual soldier<br>2. SquadronCalled Ilai (eight of them), commanded by Ilarches §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>3. Lochoi, commanded by LochagosCalled Lochoi, commanded by Lochagos. In 331 CE there were 2 lochoi to an Ilai. §REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>4. Dekades?5. Individual soldier<br>Hypaspistani were elite infantry.§REF§(Sekunda 2010, 446-471)§REF§<br>Alternative: §REF§(Sheppard 2008)§REF§<br>1. King<br>Alexander<br>2. Army SecretariatEumenes of Cardia.<br>2. Royal SecretariesOne for each section of the empire. Not active in field.<br>3. Secretary of GroupsSecretary of Cavalry Secretary of Mercenaries.<br>4. Divisions called moirai5. taxiarches commanded taxisforce of 1,536<br>5? Chiliarchyforce of 1,024<br>5? Pentakosiarchyforce of 512<br>6. Lochosforce of 256<br>7. Dekasforce of 10<br>8. Individual soldier<br>" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": 300, "year_to": 300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 3, "comment": null, "description": "The earliest evidence for a “bureaucratic machinery” appears to date to the late fifth century CE §REF§(Steenstrup 2011, 11)§REF§<br>\"The Kofun period is commonly regarded as the state formation phase.\"§REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 26) Mizoguchi, Koji. 2013. The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>Later-era documents \"describe the Kofun-period elites as horse-riding, armored, sword- and bow-wielding warriors who organized themselves into military clans. They quickly dominated the Yayoi cultures and laid the foundation of the latter-day rise of the samurai.\"§REF§(Jones 2015, 87-88) Jones, David. 2015. Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners. Tuttle Publishing.§REF§<br>Early in period?<br>3. warrior leader<br>2. ?1. soldier<br>Later in period?<br>4. Warrior leader<br>3. Commander2. Officer -- more than one level?1. soldier<br>The discovery of bronze weapons in the tombs of people, which likely belonging to the local elite, suggests the presence of war leaders. The Kofun period was characterized by heated competition and conlict among different chiefdoms§REF§G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 136.§REF§§REF§K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 286,297.§REF§." }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "Likely had at the least king - commander - officer - individual soldier." }, { "id": 218, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": "\"Parthia was the only state that rivaled Rome at the same level of sophisticated political and military organization\". §REF§(Southern 2007, 46) Southern, Pat. 2007. The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. Commanders (aristocracy)\"The aristocracy provided the cataphracts and trained their retainers - not their slaves - as mounted bowmen. Parthian army was small, as in most feudal states, never more than 6,000 cataphracts and 34,000 bowmen...\"§REF§(Naval Intelligence Division 2014, 231) Naval Intelligence Division. 2014. Iraq & The Persian Gulf. Routledge.§REF§<br>3. Cataphract level senior officer <i>inferred</i> - leader of 1000?4. Cataphract level junior officer <i>inferred</i> - leader of 100?5. Leader of 10 horsemen <i>inferred</i>At Carrhae, a Parthian general named Surenas brought with him \"a train of camels, one for every ten horsemen, loaded with spare arrows.\"§REF§(Ellis 2004, 37) Ellis, John. 2004. Cavalry: History of Mounted Warfare. Pen and Sword.§REF§ This reference to the supplying of groups of 10 horsemen is interesting because the Sassanids, the Parthian successors, inherited their military structure (division between heavy and light cavalry). It is noted of the Sassanids that they \"Like the Achaemenids ... likely used the decimal system to organize the Spah (army). The title Hazarmard/Hazarbad means \"chief of a thousand\".\" §REF§(Farrokh 2005, 3-27)§REF§<br>6. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 12, "military_level_to": 14, "comment": null, "description": " levels. §REF§(Chartrand 2013)§REF§§REF§(Chartrand and Leliepvre 1996)§REF§§REF§(Chartrand and Leliepvre 1997a)§REF§§REF§(Chartrand and Leliepvre 1997b)§REF§<br>Not entirely sure of the chain of command at the top<br>1. King<br>2. War minister3. Marshal<br>3. [General - cavalry honorific]<br>3. Colonel (Infantry) / Mestre de Camp (Cavalry)4. Sergeant-major5. Lieutenant-colonel6. Major7. Aide-major8. Captain9. Lieutenant10. Second-lieutenant (Grenadiers)11. Sergeant12. Corporal13. Anspessade or Lance-corporal14. Private<br><br>1693 CE Louis IX \"created a contingent of marshals of France.\" §REF§(Ladurie 1991 205)§REF§ High officer to men ratio. In 1740s 1 in 11 French army were officers compared to 1 in 29 in Prussia. §REF§(Chartrand 1996)§REF§ Louis XIV introduced uniforms (Maison Bleue or Maison Rouge). Major reforms to army from 1763 CE which lead to reduction in size and state played greater role in covering costs and provided the uniforms (rather than issue guidelines). The listed personnel below might also include ensigns, kettle drummers, trumpet players, hautbois (oboe), cornet, pipers, surgeons, chaplains and other staff.<br>Royal Guard Infantry<br>Guards de la Porte (oldest Guard formation)5 officers, 50 foot. Swords, carbines.<br>Guards Francaises (founded 1563 CE)in 18th Century had 32 companies of 200 men each [wartime], divided into 6 battalions. Sergeants: halberds and swords. Officers: sword and spontoon (musket and bayonets for Genadier officers).<br>Guards de la Porte de Monsieur (founded 1772 CE; disbanded 1788 CE).4 officiers, 25 men. Halberds and swords)<br>Line Infantry1740 CE: 98 regiments, 155 battalions. 6,300 officers, 79,050 NCOs. 1747 CE: 98 regiments, 227 battalions. 9,323 officers, 164,318 NCOs. 1750 CE: 84 regiments, 172 battalions. 5,200 officers, 88,695 NCOs. 1762 CE: 88 regiments, 187 battalions. 7,737 officers, 110,000 NCOs. 1763 CE: 66 regiments, 165 battalions. 5,788 officers, 89,516 NCOs.<br>until 1718 CE over half the regiments contained 1 battalion, and each battalion contained 15 companies (14 fusiliers, 1 grenadiers). After 1718 CE there were 9 companies until 1734 CE when it went back to 15, then 13 from 1749 CE and 17 from 1756 CE.<br>infantry companies usually contained 40-45 soldiers. Company titles: Captain, lieutenant, (second-lieutenant), 2 sergeants, 3 corporals, 3 anspessades (lance-corporals), privates. Battalion titles: Lieutenant-colonel, major, aide-major. Regiment titles: Colonel, sergeant-major.<br>battalion: from 1757 CE horse-drawn cannon introduced. privates and corporates: 16.7mm flint-lock musket and bayonet, sword. Sergeants: swords and halberds. Officers: sword and spontoon (from 1758 CE sergeants and officers dropped the polearms and carry bayonet muskets instead).<br>Foreign Infantry<br>Cent-Suisse (founded 1480 CE)Palace Guards<br>Gardes-Suisse (founded 16th century, royal guard from 1616 CE)18th century, 12 companies 200 men each. Sergeants had halberds and swords, officers sword and spontoon.<br>Garde Suisse de Monsieur and Garde Suisse du Comte d'Artois (founded 1771 CE and 1773 CE; disbanded 1792 CE)47 officers and men. Swords and muskets.<br>German infantryGerman regiments drawn from German, Walloon, Lorraine, Barrois regions. Company had [40; 80-85] men [peacetime; wartime]. Grenadiers formed a 6 man squad in a company.<br>Royal-ItalienMostly French or Corsicans<br>Royal-Corse (founded 1739 CE)Battalion had 12 companies of [50; 90] men [peacetime; wartime].<br>Irish and Scottish regiments.Composition of companies and battalions the same as for the French regiments, except for inclusion of a grenadier company<br>Totals: 1716-1733 CE: 20,000. 1734-1735 CE: 34,000. 1736-1740 CE: 22,600. 1741-1748 CE: 58,000. 1749-1753 CE: 31,000. 1754-1763 CE: 48,000. 1764 CE: 28,000.<br>Dragoons<br>Regiments, [3; 5] squadrons, 4 companies, [25-35; 40-50] troopers. [peacetime; wartime]. Regiment titles: mestre de camp, lieutenant colonel, major and aide-major. Company titles: 2 Brigadiers, 1 marachel des logis, 1 lieutenant and the captain. Regiments had 13,600: 1740-48 CE, 10,700: 1740-48 CE. Sabre, pistol, musket with bayonet, (tools: axes, picks, shovels). Brass helmets confirmed from regulations of 1767 CE.<br>Heavy Cavalry<br>60 regiments (lead by Mestre de Camp) reduced to 33 in 1761 CE. 4 squadrons, which contained 2 companies with [25; 50] maitres (troopers) [peacetime; wartime]. Senior officers (mestre de camp) reported to the Minister of War or influential Marshals. Regiment titles: mestre de camp, lieutenant-colonel, major and aide-major. Company titles: 4 elite carabiniers, 2 brigadiers (sergeants), a lieutenant and a captain. General, mestre de camp General, Commissaire General: honorific appointments purchased/given to high nobility. Each had their own regiment.18,300: 1740 CE; 38,500: 1747 CE; 23,200 1760 CE; 14,400: 1763 CE. Leather waistcoat, steel skull cap, steel breast-plate (not often worn), cuirasses (in the Cuirassiers du Roi). Sword, pair of pistols, carbine, rifled carbines.<br>1748 CE the state investigated dress, equipment and weapons and issued regulations in 1750 CE. Until 1762 CE, when the state took over the costs, \"Gentlemen's regiments\" were financed by their mestre de camp and captains who were profit-seeking.<br>Royal Guard Cavalry<br>Gendarmerie de France (founded 1422 CE; disbanded 1788 CE)16 companies by 1690 CE (only 1 company until 1647 CE) with captains usually recruited from King's family. Answered directly to the king. 5 officers, 8 NCOs, [40; 75] troopers [peacetime; wartime]. Pistols, heavy cavalry sword, rifled carbine.<br>Garde du dedans du LouvreGardes du Corps (founded 15th century)4 companies, divided into two squadrons which had three brigades. Pistols, swords, flint-lock carbines, rifled carbines. Breastplate. 21 officers and 330-400 NCOs.<br>Garde du Corps de Monsieur (1771-1792 CE)2 companies, 50 men each, swords, pistols, carbines.<br>Garde du Corps du Comte d'Artois (1773-1792 CE)2 companies, 60 men each, swords, pistols, carbines.<br>Garde du Corps du Roi de Pologne (1737-1766 CE)1 squadron with 2 companies, each with 75 officers and men<br>Other units (Constabulary units armed with halberds and partisans?)<br>Garde du dehors du LouvreChevau-legers de la Garde (founded 1593 CE)1 company. 19 officers, 200 NCOs and men. Pistols, swords. Muskets from 1746 CE.<br>Gendarmes de la Garde (founded 1611 CE)1 company. 19 officers, 200 NCOs and men. Pistols, swords. Muskets from 1746 CE.<br>Mousquetaires de la Garde (King's Musketeers) (founded 1622 CE; refounded 1657 CE; disbanded 1775 CE)2 companies, (grey and black), 1 squadron, 4 brigades. 17 officers and 200 NCOs. Swords, pistols, flint-lock muskets. Brigadiers on foot carried halberds. Steel breast and back plates. Captain (the king), Captain-lieutenant, Second lieutenant, Captain, Unit member.<br>Grenadiers a Cheval de la Garde (founded 1676 CE; disbanded 1776 CE)1 company. 10 officers, 130 NCOs and troopers. Pistols. Carbines. Curved sabres. Grenades. Axes. Dragoons.<br>Artillery<br>Corps Royal de l'Artillerie (founded 1720 CE, merged Royal-Artillerie, Royal Bombardiers, Cannoniers des cotes de l'Ocean and other bodies)5 battalions, 8 companies. Companies contained squads of gunners, bombardiers, miners and artisans. Composed only of native Frenchmen. Commanded by Inspector of the Artillery. Artillery officers had to be technically qualified and took examinations (merit promotion).<br>Milice Garde CoteCoast guard milita organized into parish companies comprising able-bodied men 18-60 years old living near the coast who had to provided own musket and bayonet and watch the coast.<br>Detached companies from 1716 CE were to defend coast. Were paid when on service and could be called up to defend coastal positions in wartime. Arms, equipment and uniforms provided by state. c1750 CE there were 36,000 in these detached companies." }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Warrior society implies at least 2 levels of military hierarchy.<br>" }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>The \"military administration of the Chalukyas resembled [that] of their ancestors\" §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 91§REF§: Here, then, is the likely military hierarchy of the Chalukyas of Badami:<br>1. Emperor §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 267§REF§<br>2. <i>Sandhivigrahika</i> (minister of war and peace) §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 267§REF§3. <i>Mahabaladihktra</i> or <i>mahasandhivigrahika</i>Most likely the chief general, perhaps assigned the duty of assisting the minister of war and peace and/or supervising ten other generals §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 267§REF§.4. Officials supervised by the <i>mahabaladihktra</i> or <i>mahasandhivigrahika</i> §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 267§REF§ -likely more than one level5. Soldiers §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 267§REF§<br>NOTE: In an admittedly older source, there is mention of four different kinds of military officers: the <i>senadhipati</i>, the <i>maha (pracanda) dandanayaka</i>, the <i>dandanayaka</i>, and the <i>kari-turaga (patta-)sahini</i>. No explanation is given as to the role or hierarchical position of these officers, except that the last one was probably in charge of cavalry and elephants §REF§K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Chalukyas of Kalyani, in G. Yazdan (ed), The Early History of the Deccan (1960), p. 391§REF§." }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -1200, "year_to": -1000, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 1, "military_level_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>weapons<br>\"Among the material changes documented in the Iron Age archaeological record are more complex and labor-intensive settlement designs, new mortuary practices, the production and consumption of a range of new slipped and polished ceramic wares as well as iron tools, weapons, and hardware. Most notably, there was significant transformation in the organization of social relations during the Iron Age that produced tangible social differences and inequalities.\"§REF§(Johansen 2014, 1-28) Johansen, P. 2014. The politics of spatial renovation: Reconfiguring ritual practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India. Journal of Social Archaeology. 0(0).§REF§<br>Initially a given polity only consisted of a single settlement<br>\"At the smallest and least complex (in terms of population, geographic scale and decision-making arrangements) end of this continuum, chiefs with limited decision-making prerogatives probably presided over single settlements. In larger examples, more powerful leaders based in larger centers likely exerted varying degrees of control over multiple and varying numbers of settlements. Finally, at the most complex end of this continuum, paramount chiefs ruling from large regional centers with lesser chiefs as political subordinates dominated even larger polities containing numerous settlements and substantial populations. In the present context it seems most likely that chiefdoms of the first type were prevalent during the earlier phases of the Iron Age, with those of the latter two types developing with increasing frequency as time passed.\"§REF§R. Brubaker, Aspects of mortuary variability in the South Indian Iron Age, in <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61, pp. 253-302§REF§" }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. King<br>king could \"delegate military command to a subordinate, probably a member of his own family.\"§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. High Military Command / Chief of the Bodyguards\"The king’s brothers often seem to have been appointed to high military commands immediately below the king and the crown prince, particularly if they held the highly prestigious post of GAL MESHEDI (chief of the Bodyguards).§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. 'Chief of the Wine (Stewards)' Commander-in-chief\"an unpretentious-sounding but in fact highly prestigious title. Its holder was assigned important military commands either under the general command of the king or as commander-in-chief in his own right. The use of such a term, which goes back to the early days of the Old Kingdom, no doubt reflects a time in early Hittite history when the king's most trusted confidants and advisers were those who attended him in a range of capacities, some quite humble, on a daily basis.\" §REF§(Bryce 2002, 23)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Right / Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Left\"usually of princely status\" §REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Right / Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Left\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Right / Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Left.\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>4. ???\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>5. Officer of 100 men\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>6. Officer of 10 (\"Gentlemen\"?)\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>7. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Expressed as a range due to the lack of evidence for levels between commanders and individual soldiers. 8 would make sense, but there might have been fewer. AD.<br>\"Overall, our knowledge of the organization of the army is limited: troops were grouped according to the soldiers' origins, with officers belonging to the same ethnic groups; the high command was often but not exclusively Egyptian; and over time the military hierarchy became top-heavy.\"§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 40)§REF§<br>Saqqara stele Cairo SR 241 has written \"every commander of every military unit of the hnw.\"§REF§(Pagliari 2012, 199) Pagliari, Giulia. 2012. Function and significance of ancient Egyptian royal palaces from the Middle Kingdom to the Saite period: a lexicographical study and its possible connection with the archaeological evidence. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham.§REF§<br>1. Supreme chief of the expedition §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 29: \"Table 2.1. Commanders under Psamtek II after Hauben\" )§REF§<br>Psamtek II (king)<br>2. Commander in chief of the Nubian expedition§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 29: \"Table 2.1. Commanders under Psamtek II after Hauben\" )§REF§same as \"General in chief\" and \"Chief of the troops\"? §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 987)§REF§<br>3. General of the Egyptian infantry troops on the ships§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 29: \"Table 2.1. Commanders under Psamtek II after Hauben\" )§REF§\"the famous Greek inscription on the leg of one of the colossi at Abu Simbel, as well as later practice, indicates that the mercenaries, under Egyptian command, formed one of the two corps in the army whose supreme commander was also Egyptian.\"<§REF§(Lloyd 2000, 367)§REF§<br>3. General of the \"foreign\" (alloglosoi) infantry troops on the ships§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 29: \"Table 2.1. Commanders under Psamtek II after Hauben\" )§REF§Foreign Legions lead by Chief/leader of foreigners §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 989)§REF§<br>\"the famous Greek inscription on the leg of one of the colossi at Abu Simbel, as well as later practice, indicates that the mercenaries, under Egyptian command, formed one of the two corps in the army whose supreme commander was also Egyptian.\"§REF§(Lloyd 2000, 367)§REF§<br>4. Commander of Aegean foreign troops§REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013§REF§<br>5. Chief of Aegean foreign troops§REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 992)§REF§<br>4. Commander of some infantry troops§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 29: \"Table 2.1. Commanders under Psamtek II after Hauben\" )§REF§<br>4. Commander of the corps of archers§REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 988)§REF§Organized groups of archers commanded by a specific officer<br>5. Chief of Horses§REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 988)§REF§in early period more common than Chief of Teams (i.e. chariots).<br>5. Chief of Asian foreigners. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 988)§REF§<br>5. ??? ???<br>6. ??? ???<br>7. ??? ???<br>8. Individual soldier ???" }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " \"The scene in the Late Predynastic (Gerzean) Painted Tomb in Hierakonpolis (Kantor, 1944), showing a person smiting enemies in a manner prototypical of that of the later Pharaoh (Baines, 1987), indicates that regional, paramount chiefs may have commanded warriors who were mobilized by district and community chiefs.\" §REF§(Hassan 1988, 172)§REF§<br>1. Chief<br>2. Warriors" }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "EWA: There was no permanently established military in the Old Kingdom. War was more or less part of the overall bureaucratic system.<br>Not a professional military but there was military activity. We cannot code zero for levels. There were officers and individuals equivalent to generals in charge of campaigns, wars and battles. Coding 7 which is currently the administrative levels code. Coded as a range [3-7] to take various possibilities into account (from king- officer-priest to something more complex)." }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Commander-in-chief; Subcommanders; Noble cavalry; Troops (composed of swordsman, archers and skirmishers). §REF§(Gaukroger and Scott 2009, 134)§REF§<br>1. King.<br>2. Commander-in-Chief3. Sub-commanders4. Noble cavalry = officers?5. Individual soldiers<br>" }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Decimal system likely used - up to commander of 10,000?<br>1. Kaghan<br>2. Commander of 10003. Commander of 1004. Commander of ten5. Individual soldier.<br>\"According to one report, this decision was greeted with great joy by the people, who \"gathered in crowds of thousands and tens of thousands [...] and gave themselves over to joy until morning.\"2 5 Yet despite these signs of popular approval, Mou-yu kaghan was apparently unconvinced that the zeal of the ordinary man would prove durable. He divided his people into groups of ten, in each of which one person was made responsible for the religious instruction and good works of the other nine. We see here echoes of an ancient military system, practised in Mongolia since the time of the Hsiung-nu, whereby one soldier was placed in charge of a unit of ten.\" §REF§(Mackerras 1990, 330-331)§REF§" }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": null, "description": "\"The Ayyubid ranking system was quite a simple three tier system of amirs, amir kabirs and amir al isfahsalar. Above these field ranks were five or so specialist senior posts from garrison commander to army chief.\" §REF§(Nicolle 1986, 20-21) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§<br>EWA:<br>1. Sultan<br>2. Army Commander/Amir3. Amir al-Alf (commands 1000 men)4. Amir al-Mia (commands 100 men) or Amir tablahana (commands 40-80 men)5. Amir al-Ishrim (commands 20 men)6. Amir al-Ashara (commands 10 men)7. Amir al-Hamsa (commands 5 men)8. Individual soldier<br>Janib unit infantry leader<br>Tulb unit infantry leader<br>Jarida unit infantry leader<br>Professional haqa with an elite of slave-recruited Mamluks. Another cavalry unit called the qaraghulam. Infantry organized within the Rajjala. Military unit called a janib. The tulb was a smaller unit. A jarida was a small unit. A sariya was used in ambushes.§REF§(Nicolle 1996,135-181)§REF§<br>Saladin's reformed army of 1183 CE had 111 amirs and 8640 regular cavalry. One amir for 78 troops, the basic army unit. §REF§(Humphreys 1977, 23)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": 400, "year_to": 500, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": "The earliest evidence for a “bureaucratic machinery” appears to date to the late fifth century CE §REF§(Steenstrup 2011, 11)§REF§<br>\"The Kofun period is commonly regarded as the state formation phase.\"§REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 26) Mizoguchi, Koji. 2013. The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>Later-era documents \"describe the Kofun-period elites as horse-riding, armored, sword- and bow-wielding warriors who organized themselves into military clans. They quickly dominated the Yayoi cultures and laid the foundation of the latter-day rise of the samurai.\"§REF§(Jones 2015, 87-88) Jones, David. 2015. Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners. Tuttle Publishing.§REF§<br>Early in period?<br>3. warrior leader<br>2. ?1. soldier<br>Later in period?<br>4. Warrior leader<br>3. Commander2. Officer -- more than one level?1. soldier<br>The discovery of bronze weapons in the tombs of people, which likely belonging to the local elite, suggests the presence of war leaders. The Kofun period was characterized by heated competition and conlict among different chiefdoms§REF§G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 136.§REF§§REF§K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 286,297.§REF§." }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br><br>2. Constable (from 1091 CE)regional armies usually commanded by relatives of king§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 35)§REF§<br>senechal was the senior royal official, and senior military commander §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1645)§REF§ - only until 1091 CE§REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>3. Marshal (sometime after 1226 CE - 14th century, by 1314 CE)Without responsibilities under Philip II and Louis VIII. §REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§<br>gained military command duties in 14th century. Philip VI \"appointed two marshals as second in command of the French army below the constable.\"§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§\"Helped by a provost and some lieutenants, they were responsible for recruiting captains, inspecting the troops, and organizing the pay for the army.\"§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§<br>4. KnightDuring a crisis the garrison at Bordeaux had 4 bannerets, 23 knights, 227 squires and 192 sergeants\" and local militia.§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 35)§REF§<br>Grand Master of the Crossbowmen (from 1200 CE) - additional level?<br>5. Sergeant\"In the military context, sergeants were lightly armed fighting men who served and<br>supported knights.\" §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1658)§REF§ Also had civilian \"enforcer\" role.<br>Mid-12th century professional sergeants equipped by nobles§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 6)§REF§<br>Infantry sergeants paid 9 deniers a day§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>Also mounted sergeants§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>6. Individual soldierlower level below Sergeant?<br>Militia leader (this level also called constable?)<br>Lead a milita, paid slightly less than a sergeant §REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>Captains§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 2000, 4)§REF§<br>Each city parish had its own captain" }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels. No data. However, minimum of four levels, probably more, likely as they representated a capable fighting force against the Sasanid and Gupta Empires.<br>1. King<br>2.3.4. Individual soldier.<br>Clan and tribal organizations traditional to nomadic peoples were likely \"reflected in the administrative structure of the state and in the organization of the army\".§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 136) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 7, "military_level_to": 10, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>10 in Eastern Roman Empire<br>Population peaked with Augustus, declined from 3rd century. \"By the time the Western Empire collapsed in 476 AD, the army was primarily a mercenary barbarian force.\"§REF§(Morgan 2012) Morgan, James F. 2012. The Roman Empire. Fall of the West; Survival of the East. AuthorHouse. Bloomington.§REF§<br>\"In the West, as time passed the command of the army moved away from the emperor and devolved upon the newly created magister peditum ('master of the infantry') and magister equitum ('master of the cavalry'). In the course of time the magister peditum became the more senior of the two posts.\"§REF§(Hughes 2012) Hughes, Iran. 2012. Aetius: Attila's Nemesis. Casemate Publishers.§REF§" }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>\"The Heian period (794-1185) saw the rise of the professional warrior class, the bushi, as the main military service providers of the imperial court. This marked a shift of the court away from reliance on conscript peasant soldiers, toward, or more precisely, back to, the militarized provincial gentry.\"§REF§(Lorge 2011, 47)§REF§<br>A standing army, inspired by the Chinese-style army, was introduced in Japan in the 7th century CE by the emperor Tenmu. The bulk of the army conscripted was composed of peasants who served in infantry regiments. Each province provided a regiment, which could have a size from several hundred to over a thousand of soldiers§REF§Kuehn, John T. 2014. A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century. Praeger,pp.17-18.§REF§.<br>1. Emperor<br>2. Commander-in-Chief?3. Regiment (several hundred to over a thousand soldiers)4. Officer?5. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels. §REF§Burjor Avari, India: The Ancient Past: a History of the Indian Sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 (London: Routledge, 2007),p.73.§REF§<br>1. King2 Commander-in-chief (senani)3. Chief4. Warrior" }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>\"Turkish slave soldiers were the most important body of troops in the Samanid army\".§REF§(Darling) Darling, Linda T. 2013. A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization. Routledge.§REF§<br>\"The organization of the Samanid state was modelled after the caliph's court in Baghdad with its central and provincial divisions.\"§REF§(Frye 1975, 143) Frye, Richard Nelson. 1975. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Abbasid forces had slave soldiers<br>1. Amir<br><br>2. sipah-salarThe governor of Khurasan province \"was usually the sipah-salar (Arabic: sahib al-juyush) or commander of the principal army.\"§REF§(Frye 1975, 143) Frye, Richard Nelson. 1975. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>[the following infer continuity with Abbasid hierarchy)<br>3. Qa-id (military officer)<br>4. Arif (leader of a militay unit of ten to fifteen soldiers)<br>5. Muquatila(Muslim soldiers paid a salary); Malwa(rank and file Turkish soldier)<br>6. Arrarun (irregular volunteers) §REF§Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphate pp. 209-210§REF§" }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 2, "military_level_to": 2, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Warrior society implies at least 2 levels of military hierarchy." }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. King<br>2. Dukes and Princes3. Generals for each of the Six Armies and Eight Yin Armies: Under the Western Zhou (about 1027-770 BC), the feudal lords each had armies of one to three jun, while the kings had at least 14, the Six Armies and the Eight Yin Armies. The strength of a jun is not certain, but a later commentator put it at 12,500 men.\"§REF§(Bennett 1998, 171) Bennett, Matthew. 1998. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Taylor & Francis.§REF§4. level for c1000 men? <i>inferred level</i>: Western Zhou had a military aristocracy and a ritual code of honour (like chivalry).§REF§(Roberts 2003, 16)§REF§5. level for c100 men? <i>inferred level</i>: Lesser military officer called shi (captain).§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 326) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§6. level for c10 men? <i>inferred level</i>7. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 282, "name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate", "long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 582, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Decimal system - as with nomads generally?<br>1. Ruler<br>2. 10,0003. 1,0004. 1005. 106. Individual soldier<br>" }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>Early Carolingian<br>Here too the two structures of the kingdom result in a different military hierarchy.<br>For the area under direct rule, the structure is: King, vassals (dukes, marquises, lords, barons), sub-vassals (notables/nobles, lords, knights), infantrymen/cavalry<br>For the area under indirect rule, the structure is: King, Counts/sub-kings, vassals, sub-vassals, infantrymen/cavalry<br>Marches<br>established by Charlemagne §REF§(Chazelle 1995, 1107)§REF§<br>organised along military lines§REF§(Chazelle 1995, 1107)§REF§<br>commanded by \"count of the march\" who was also head of the March government§REF§(Chazelle 1995, 1107)§REF§<br>garrisoned §REF§(Chazelle 1995, 1107)§REF§" }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels. The military levels have been inferred, based on the military organisation of the Pontic kingdom.§REF§McGing, B. C. (1986) The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Leiden: Brill. p91-3§REF§<br>1. King<br>2. Supreme military commander (epi tōn dunameōn)/ chief bodyguard (?epi tou egcheiridiou)3. General4. Cavalry5. Infantry" }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 434, "name": "ml_bamana_k", "long_name": "Bamana kingdom", "start_year": 1712, "end_year": 1861 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels. §REF§S.A. Djata, The Bamana kingdom by the Niger (1997), pp. 16-17§REF§<br>1. Fama<br>The polity leader.<br>2. Kèlè tigiGeneral, appointed by the Fama to lead the army when he could not lead it himself.<br>3. Tònjòn KuntigiOne for each of the army's two \"arms\".<br>3. Other TònjònThe army's elite, which formed its \"chest\" and \"feet\" (the latter being a special reserve).4. Other Tònjòn<br>The army's elite, which formed its \"chest\" and \"feet\" (the latter being a special reserve).<br>5. KèlèbolowThe army's \"arms\", apparently made up entirely of simple soldiers.<br>" }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Code for earlier Xiongnu Imperial Confederation is 6. In this period the polity was split between northern and southern Xiongnu. Is there any reason to believe the basic decimal system of command would not still have been in use?<br>1. Ruler<br>2. 10 commanders of 10,000 people 'wang' - or kings3. tribal chiefs and elders - subordinate kings - commanding 1000 people4. Commander of 1005. Commander of 106. individual soldier<br>\"The Shiji text describes a great many offices that supported rulership as well as a military-administrative decimal system of positions based on the number of horse- men a leader was responsible to mobilize, e.g., 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000, although there is some debate over the specificity of these actual counts (Kradin 2001: 208).\" §REF§(Honeychurch 2015, 224)§REF§<br>\"All of the adult men were members of the military-hierarchical organization of the Xiongnu society.\" §REF§(Kradin 2011, 82)§REF§<br>\"The most highly titled relatives of the chanyu were ten superior commanders of ten thousand warriors which were comprised of four and six horns respectively20. The first four of them were called “wang” (king) by the Chinese chroniclers. Besides the chanyu’s relatives there were other noble families (clans): Huyan, Lan, Xubu, and Qiulin were among the highest Xiongnu aristocracy (Fan Ye 1965, ch. 91, 7b; Zhong- yang 1958, 680-681).The next level in the Xiongnu hierarchy was occupied by the tribal chiefs and elders. In the annals, they are mentioned, as a rule, as ‘subordinate kings’, ‘chief commandants’, ‘household administrators’, “juqu” officials21. Probably, a part of the ‘chiefs of a thousand’ were tribal chiefs. The ‘chiefs of a hundred’ and ‘chiefs of ten’ were, most likely, clan leaders of different ranks. The economic, judicial, cultic, fiscal, and military functions were considered to be responsibilities of chiefs and elders (Taskin 1973, 9-11).\" §REF§(Kradin 2011, 89)§REF§" }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 8, "military_level_to": 8, "comment": null, "description": "1. Sultan.<br>Sultan \"was the commander-in-chief of the army, but the ariz-i-mumalik was its captain for all practical reasons, and exercised a lot of influence on the state.\"§REF§(Ahmed 2011, 98) Ahmed, Farooqui Salma. 2011. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India.§REF§<br>\"The institution of slavery provided the basis for well-trained and loyal martial slaves (the mamluks) to the sultans.\"§REF§(Ahmed 2011, 104) Ahmed, Farooqui Salma. 2011. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India.§REF§<br>2 Ariz-i mamalik.The Ariz-i-mamalik was the head of the army department (diwan-i-arz). He kept the iqtadar's (military assignee) muster-roll, recruited new troops and looked after the equipment and efficiency of fighting forces. He was, besides, the paymaster-general of army. §REF§Habibullah, A. B. M. (1961). The foundation of Muslim rule in India. Central Book Depot, pp 197. (original source: Barani, Ziauddin : Tarikh-i Firozshahi. Calcutta, 1890).§REF§<br>3. Khan.A khan's force contained at least ten maliks. §REF§Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 153.§REF§<br>4. Malik.A malik had authority over ten amirs. §REF§Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 153.§REF§<br>5. Amir.An amir commanded ten sipah-salars. §REF§Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 153.§REF§<br>6. Sipah-salar.A sipah-salar directed ten sar khels. §REF§Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 153.§REF§<br>7. Sar Khel.A sar khel had ten horsemen under him. §REF§Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 153.§REF§<br>8. Horsemen.<br>" }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. The Inca<br>2. The Inca's relatives<br>3. Military captains<br>4. Individual soldiers.<br>Military hierarchy began to increase from these times. §REF§(Covey 2006a, 112)§REF§\"Cabello Valboa (1951, p. 290 [1586 Book 3, Chapter 13]) says that Qhapaq Yupanki was able to send his sons to conquer neighboring areas, while Inka Roq'a had at his disposal not only his sons, but military captains and a large number of soldiers.\" §REF§(Covey 2003, 347)§REF§\"In other words, the delegation of military authority extended to more distant relatives as the Inka state formed and began to engage in more distant and sustained campaigns.\" §REF§(Covey 2003, 347)§REF§" }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 5, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels. 6: 1150-1314 CE; 6-7: 1314-1328 CE<br>1. King<br><br>2. Constable (from 1091 CE)regional armies usually commanded by relatives of king§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 35)§REF§<br>senechal was the senior royal official, and senior military commander §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1645)§REF§ - only until 1091 CE§REF§(Henneman 1995, 486-487)§REF§<br>3. Marshal (sometime after 1226 CE - 14th century, by 1314 CE)Without responsibilities under Philip II and Louis VIII. §REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§<br>gained military command duties in 14th century. Philip VI \"appointed two marshals as second in command of the French army below the constable.\"§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§\"Helped by a provost and some lieutenants, they were responsible for recruiting captains, inspecting the troops, and organizing the pay for the army.\"§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1122)§REF§<br>4. KnightDuring a crisis the garrison at Bordeaux had 4 bannerets, 23 knights, 227 squires and 192 sergeants\" and local militia.§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 35)§REF§<br>Grand Master of the Crossbowmen (from 1200 CE) - additional level?<br>5. Sergeant\"In the military context, sergeants were lightly armed fighting men who served and<br>supported knights.\" §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1658)§REF§ Also had civilian \"enforcer\" role.<br>Mid-12th century professional sergeants equipped by nobles§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 6)§REF§<br>Infantry sergeants paid 9 deniers a day§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>Also mounted sergeants§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>6. Individual soldierlower level below Sergeant?<br>Militia leader (this level also called constable?)<br>Lead a milita, paid slightly less than a sergeant §REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§<br>Captains§REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 2000, 4)§REF§<br>Each city parish had its own captain" }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. EmperorBased on analogy with preceding and subsequent polities in the region (e.g. §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 70§REF§).<br>2. Minister of warBased on analogy with preceding and subsequent polities in the region (e.g. §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 70§REF§).<br>3. OfficersContemporary texts refer to several different kinds of officers, such as <i>jagadala</i>, <i>dandanayka</i>, and <i>sendhipati</i>, but without providing any clear description of the military hierarchy §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 39§REF§ -- coding a range to express uncertainty here<br>4. SoldiersLike preceding and subsequent polities, the Kadamba army was made up of infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariots §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 39§REF§." }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 4, "military_level_to": 4, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. King<br>Kings usually lead the army at least until Sigibert III. After this Mayor of the Palace always involved. §REF§(Halsall 2003, 28-29)§REF§<br>Forces usually lead by a commander. Sometimes by a king. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 54)§REF§<br>2. DukeArmies commanded by duces (dukes) §REF§(Halsall 2003, 45)§REF§<br>At times of war Merovingian kings were supported by their leudes and aristocrats.§REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 245-249)§REF§<br>Leudes: \"military followers apparently of considerable social status and influence, though probably to be distinguished from the greatest magnates of the realm, many of whom had military followings of their own, and might be expected to fight for the king both inside and outside his kingdom.\" §REF§(Wood 1994, 64)§REF§<br>2. ComesLocal levy usually commanded by count of civitas §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 67)§REF§<br>Garrisons in cities not the same source as the local levy. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 127)§REF§<br>Garrison commander and local levy commander were two different people. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 127)§REF§<br>There are \"indications of city-based system of military service\" similar to Roman one. For example, in 578 CE Chilperic took the men of Tours, Poitiers, Bayeux, Le Mans and Angers to war in Brittany.§REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 245-249)§REF§<br>3. officer level? <i>inferred</i>4. Individual Soldier<br>1. Tribunus<br>Garrison commander<br>Milites at Tours served under a tribunus, not a count §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 51)§REF§<br>Milites - garrisoned fortifications §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 33)§REF§<br>Laeti - protected fortresses and served as antrustiones in centenae §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 33)§REF§<br>Bodyguard was the core military force.§REF§(Halsall 2003, 48)§REF§<br>Kingsantrustiones - Merovingian royal body guards<br>puer regis - lower lever bodyguards<br>leudes - soldiers in attendance intermittently<br>spathani - ?<br>Dukes / Magnatesalso had bodyguards<br>Countsalso had bodyguards<br>Troops raised from city<br>Bishopsalso had bodyguards" }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 6, "comment": null, "description": " levels. Might have paralleled the administrative level (AD inference).<br>1. Khan (Khung Taiji)<br>2. Appanages (ulus or anggi) controlled by a noyod or taiji noble. - Military chief?3. Otog (a camp district composed of several clans and usually with 3,000 to 6,000 households) governed by zaisang officials. Otog military chief?4. Groups of 40 households governed by demchi officials. military chief?5. Groups of 20 households governed by shülengge officials. military chief?6. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 6, "military_level_to": 7, "comment": null, "description": "1. King, commmander-in-chief §REF§(Bryce 2002, 109)§REF§<br>king could \"delegate military command to a subordinate, probably a member of his own family.\"§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. High Military Command / Chief of the Bodyguards\"The king’s brothers often seem to have been appointed to high military commands immediately below the king and the crown prince, particularly if they held the highly prestigious post of GAL MESHEDI (chief of the Bodyguards).§REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>2. 'Chief of the Wine (Stewards)' Commander-in-chief\"an unpretentious-sounding but in fact highly prestigious title. Its holder was assigned important military commands either under the general command of the king or as commander-in-chief in his own right. The use of such a term, which goes back to the early days of the Old Kingdom, no doubt reflects a time in early Hittite history when the king's most trusted confidants and advisers were those who attended him in a range of capacities, some quite humble, on a daily basis.\" §REF§(Bryce 2002, 23)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Right / Chief of the Chariot-Warriors of the Left\"usually of princely status\" §REF§Bryce T. and A. Hook (2007). <i>Hittite Warrior</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 8-9§REF§<br>\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Right / Chief of the Standing Army-Troops of the Left\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>3. Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Right / Chief of the 'Shepherds' of the Left.\"Each of these officers apparently commanded a brigade of 1000 men.\" §REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>4. ???\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>5. Officer of 100 men\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>6. Officer of 10 (\"Gentlemen\"?)\"The lower-ranking officers included, in descending order of importance, 'overseers of military heralds', 'dignitaries', and 'gentlemen'. There was a gradation of rank within the dignitaries category, raging (in modern equivalents) from captain to sergeant. The gentlemen were the lowest-ranking officers. Each officer's importance was determined by the number of men he led. At the lower levels, some were in charge of 100 men, some of just 10.\"§REF§(Bryce 2007, 7)§REF§<br>7. Individual soldier" }, { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": 1200, "year_to": 1200, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Military_level", "military_level_from": 3, "military_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": " levels.<br>1. Sultan<br><br>1. The rank that Qutab-ud-din Albak had -- same rank?<br>When Muhammad Ghori was fighting the Turks in Central Asia c1200 CE, the expansion in India was continued by Qutab-ud-din Albak.§REF§(Nayak ????) Nayak, Ganeswar. ????. Political and Administrative History of Medieval India (1526-1707). SKCG College Paralakhemundi.§REF§<br>2. CommanderThere was a commander under Qutab-ud-din Albak who attacked Bihar in 1197 CE.§REF§(Nayak ????) Nayak, Ganeswar. ????. Political and Administrative History of Medieval India (1526-1707). SKCG College Paralakhemundi.§REF§<br>3. Officer?4. Officer5. Individual soldier" } ] }