Largest Communication Distance List
A viewset for viewing and editing Largest Communication Distances.
GET /api/sc/largest-communication-distances/?format=api
{ "count": 73, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/largest-communication-distances/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 650, "largest_communication_distance_to": 650, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers. A trip between London and Caerlaverock castle, just over the Scottish border was about 650 miles and a round trip could take twenty-five days. §REF§(Prestwich 2005: 25. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTBKFDCI.§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers." }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 576, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_3", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1140 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 249, "largest_communication_distance_to": 249, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers. “The largest great houses were concentrated in a “downtown” zone a little more than a mile wide at the center of Chaco Canyon. The scale of Chaco’s world was even larger, however, extending over much of the Four Corners region, as far away as 155 miles from Chaco Canyon.”§REF§(Lekson 2016: np) Lekson, Stephen H. 2016. “Chaco Canyon,” Colorado Encyclopedia, August 15, 2016, https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaco-canyon. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JMISYRGX§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 901, "largest_communication_distance_to": 901, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers. From London to the northernmost city of Inverness in Scotland is 901 kilometres. However, this is by modern roads so the route taken during this polity period is likely to have been much longer. Awaiting to see if further sources reveal the true distance. §REF§(https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/London/Inverness/@56.0545667,-8.0421939,6.56z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x47d8a00baf21de75:0x52963a5addd52a99!2m2!1d-0.1275862!2d51.5072178!1m5!1m1!1s0x488f715b2d17de2b:0x624309d12e3ec43d!2m2!1d-4.224721!2d57.477773!3e0§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 612, "largest_communication_distance_to": 612, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers. Approximate distance between the of Winchester and the former Northumbrian capital of Bamburgh. However, this is the most direct route by modern roads and so it is likely to have been longer." }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 1720, "largest_communication_distance_to": 1720, "comment": null, "description": " kilometers. The furthest distance between two cities of the empire were between Antwerp (Belgium) and Belgrade (Serbia), however, this is via modern roads so this is likely to have been a greater distance during this period: “In the 1780s the Habsburg dynasty’s holdings stretched from today’s cities of Innsbruck in the west to Lviv in the east, from Milan and Florence on the Italian peninsula to Antwerp on the North Sea and Cluj in the Carpathian Mountains, from Prague in Bohemia to Vukovar and down to Belgrade in the south.”§REF§(Judson 2016: 19) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§ From the capital of Vienna the furthest distance was to Bucharest which was 1070km or 42 days by marching.§REF§(Mitchell 2018: 24) Mitchell, A. Wess. 2018. The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TESFCKPW§REF§ “Large distances impeded strategic mobility between the Habsburg heartland and periphery. Depending on weather and road conditions, an infantry regiment could expect to march for three weeks from the imperial capital to the Ottoman frontier, two weeks to forward positions in Moravia, a month to the Italian frontier, and about as long to outposts in Poland (see figures 2.2– 2.3).”§REF§(Mitchell 2018: 22) Mitchell, A. Wess. 2018. The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TESFCKPW§REF§ " }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 2084, "largest_communication_distance_to": 2084, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers.From the capital of Samarqand to the southern-most city of Shiraz is 2,319 kilometres. However this is by modern roads found on google maps so it is likely that this journey would have been longer.§REF§ https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/Shiraz,+Fars+Province,+Iran/Samarkand,+Uzbekistan/@28.9539435,53.7869575,6.67z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3fb20d0c8c85f2e3:0x6d0c5b8aef6b4cf6!2m2!1d52.5835646!2d29.5926119!1m5!1m1!1s0x3f4d191960077df7:0x487636d9d13f2f57!2m2!1d66.9749731!2d39.627012!3e0§REF§ " }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers." }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 1683, "largest_communication_distance_to": 1683, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers.From Hamburg in the north of Germany to Rome, which was at the edge of the HRE during this period, is 1,683km. However this is by modern roads so it was likely to be much further in the tenth-to-fourteenth centuries." }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 300, "largest_communication_distance_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers.The distance between the city of Bulgar and the farthest east sites at the Alatyr and Issa rivers is 300km; more than one week of land travel.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 311. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§ " }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 20776, "largest_communication_distance_to": 20776, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers. From 1840 the journey by sea from Plymouth, England to Wellington, New Zealand was 12,910 miles.§REF§(Porter 1999: 254) Porter, Andrew, ed. 1999. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 612, "largest_communication_distance_to": 612, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers. Approximate distance between the Wessex capital of Winchester and the Northumbrian capital of Bamburgh. However, this is the most direct route by modern roads and so it is likely to have been longer. " }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 20776, "largest_communication_distance_to": 20776, "comment": null, "description": " in kilometers. The journey by sea from Plymouth, England to Wellington, New Zealand was 12,910 miles.§REF§(Porter 1999: 254. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG.§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 9600, "largest_communication_distance_to": 9600, "comment": null, "description": "From Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok the distance was approximately 9,600 kilometers .§REF§Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers, eds., Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850 (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2017).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6FKYETN\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: Z6FKYETN</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 9100, "largest_communication_distance_to": 9100, "comment": null, "description": "The largest communication distance between Moscow and Vladivostok, its furthest provincial capital, is approximately 9,100 kilometers. §REF§“Расстояние между Москвой и Владивостоком,” accessed December 26, 2023<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MHKMDHEM\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: MHKMDHEM</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 2350, "largest_communication_distance_to": 2350, "comment": null, "description": "Tobolsk became an important administrative center for Siberia after it was annexed by Russia in the late 16th century. it was one of the furthest cities from Moscow, the capital of Russia until 1712.§REF§“Расстояние Москва – Тобольск: 2359 Км.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WFKZD4I6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: WFKZD4I6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 1100, "largest_communication_distance_to": 1100, "comment": "KM. Xiangyang to Yiyang ?[3]", "description": null }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 4500, "largest_communication_distance_to": 4500, "comment": "KM. 4,500: 320 BCE Pella (capital) to Taxila? [3]", "description": null }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>Marrakesh to", "description": null }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 800, "largest_communication_distance_to": 800, "comment": "km<br>Nancheng to Ying", "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 800, "largest_communication_distance_to": 800, "comment": "km<br>Nancheng to Ying", "description": null }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 634, "largest_communication_distance_to": 634, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. Distance between modern-day Nagpur and Mangalore, which roughly correspond with the farthest points on one of the sources' maps §REF§Wikimedia Commons: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Western-chalukya-empire-map.svg\">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Western-chalukya-empire-map.svg</a>§REF§. This map represents the Western Chalukya Empire, which was seized by the Kalachuris apparently with no major loss of land. Calculated with Google Distance Calculator." }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 13, "largest_communication_distance_to": 18, "comment": "km within each small chiefdom (though the figure for the entire quasipolity would be higher). 'In her study of Panamanian chiefdoms, Helms found that regional paramount centers were located about one day's travel apart ... thus, the edges of each territory could have been reached from its center in about a half day of travel'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HH4NQZBM\">[Spencer_Drennan_Uribe 1987, p. 375]</a> In Helms' own words, 'The dwelling compounds of the quevis of coastal societies through which [the major land trail in western Panama] passed were situated along the route at rather constant intervals, approximately six to eight leagues (about sixteen to twenty-two miles) apart, while one or two other major villages or border points were spaced approximately four leagues (about eleven miles) one from the other ... The regularity of this spacing of chiefly bohíos or major settlements is intriguing, especially since these same figures appear when records of distance are given in the Spanish documents relating to eastern Panama'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 51]</a> I have worked out the range by halving Helms' figures for the distance between quevis' compounds and converting miles to kilometres.", "description": null }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 800, "largest_communication_distance_to": 800, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. \"Mauretania was a long, narrow territory, - Iol and Volubis are 800 km apart and population in between was scant\".§REF§(Roller 2003 42) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 1500, "largest_communication_distance_to": 2000, "comment": "km. Approximate distance between Ecbatana and Sogdiana province.", "description": null }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "In his discussion of the Monagrillo culture, Hoopes mentions only two settlements: Monagrillo itself, a 'small, coastal-oriented settlement', and Zapotal, 'which may have been a small village'.§REF§(Hoopes 2001, 112) Hoopes, John W. 2001. “Early Chibcha.” In <i>Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 5: Middle America</i>, edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember, 100–115. Boston: Springer. Seshat URL: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6ERS93SR\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6ERS93SR</a>.§REF§ In an email, he told us that 'we don't yet have data to confirm that [Monagrillo people] were living in settlements larger than hamlets.'§REF§John W. Hoopes 2017, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish.§REF§It seems as though we lack sufficient data to code this variable." }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers. Reliable information on the geographical extent of Ottoman Yemen still needs to be identified. he complex political situation comprising both Ottoman imperial authorities and Yemeni tribes adds further difficulty to this problem. Ottoman authority was felt strongly in some locations, but was marginal in others. The interplay between state authority and tribal forces leaves Yemen in an ambiguous position -while 'officially' a state, state control itself and the associated monopoly over the legitimate use of force were contested and at times ephemeral.", "description": null }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 645, "largest_communication_distance_to": 645, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. Distance, roughly, between Jaunpur and Tirmut, according to map provided by Saeed§REF§(Saeed 1972) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 220, "largest_communication_distance_to": 220, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>Gao to Timbuktu.", "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 1000, "largest_communication_distance_to": 1100, "comment": "From Memphis (29°50′41″N 31°15′3″E) south along the Nile to Buhen (21°55′N 31°17′E), a fort established during the Fourth Dynasty. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6AME4SP6\">[Malek_Shaw 2000, p. 107]</a> Buhen is the southermost settlement shown on Malek's map of the Old Kingdom. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6AME4SP6\">[Malek_Shaw 2000, p. 91]</a> The fort at Mirgissa (Iken) was further south, but was not established until the Middle Kingdom. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EM26QA4M\">[Smith 1991, p. 107]</a> Roughly calculated using the Google Maps \"measure distance\" tool and dragging points to follow the course of the Nile.", "description": "" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 490, "largest_communication_distance_to": 490, "comment": "Largest Communication Distance: 490 kilometers (London to Carlisle) by land. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GJ37VJ74\">[Britnell 1993]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U68ICPV4\">[webpage_Ordnance Survey | Great Britain's...]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": 800, "largest_communication_distance_to": 850, "comment": "Based on the territory of East Francia, the furthest provincial centers from Regensburg were likely:\r\nBremen in the Duchy of Saxony (Northwest): Approximately 800–850 km from Regensburg. The most direct routes would have used Roman road remnants, which were still in use, along with early medieval trade and military paths. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPWQTI9N\">[Wickham 2010]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>\"At its height it integrated a surrounding region perhaps 30 kilometers in radius.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/28K42M7A\">[Peregrine_Ortman_Rupley 2014, p. 13]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "No provincial level. Not applicable.", "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "No provincial level. Not applicable.", "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "Non applicable, no provincial level.", "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "No provincial level. Not applicable.", "description": null }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers. The approximate distance between Nothern Maharashtra (Nandurbar) and the Southern tip of Tamil Nadu (Anjugramam): Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the northernmost and southernmost in the list of modern-day Indian States which Brubaker <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KTD23CBA\">[Brubaker 2001, pp. 253-302]</a> says hold the largest number of Iron Age sites.", "description": null }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. The following information refers to the colonial and early independent Indian periods: ‘The two Garo Hills districts are situated between 25 degrees, 9 minutes and 26 degrees, 1 minute north latitude and 89 degrees, 49 minutes and 91 degrees, 2 minutes east longitude, covering an area of 8,000 square kilometers. The districts border Bangladesh on the south and west and Assam on the north. Hills cover most of the district, with plains along the fringes. There are a number of hilly streams and rivers; excepting for the Simsang River which forms a wide flood plain none is navigable. The monsoon area produces a thick vegetation on the hills.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ During the colonial and early indepedent periods, the rural population completed most travel on foot: ‘I have seen young people as well as people past their middle age going virtually from one end to the other of the district only to meet relatives for a day or two. The journey to and from may cover ten to twelve days, if not more. The district being next to Cherapunji which claims the greatest rainfall in India, has naturally a very high degree of rainfall throughout the year, particularly between April and August. The foot tracks on the hills during rains become very slippery and difficult to tread. To add to this trouble the forest undergrowths and weeds of various kinds gain luxurious growth during rains and practically cover up the entire area of foot tracks. Different types of pests also appear with the rains. Insects of various kinds and leeches are abundant in the area throughout the rainy season. It is a painful experience to live in the hills during the rains for one who is not habituated with the condition of the land. I had difficulties in pursuading the plains people to accompany me to the hills during the rainy season. Malarial fever in epidemic form appears during the rains and continues up to the autumn. Digestive and other intestinal troubles also are very common amongst the people living in the hills, particularly during this season. In one word, the Garos maintain a miserable existence in the hills during the rainy season. Fortunately, they have not to do much of outdoor work during this season excepting weeding their fields where necessary.’ §REF§Sinha, Tarunchandra 1966. “Psyche Of The Garos”, 1§REF§ While this particular aspect was true for the pre-colonial hills area as well, there was no centralized system of rule, the population being fragmented into small units under local headmen. These headed villages or clusters of villages and therefore controlled smaller bits of land, probably with uninhabited frontier zones in between. It is accordingly difficult to identiy a reasonable code for this variable." }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "KM. About 244km is the distance between the Hierakonpolis and Abydos, two of three biggest proto-states' capitals in the core area of Naqadian Egypt. The distance is counted basic on the present land routes. Taken from google.maps. However, this does not count if they were at no time within the same polity.", "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. \"Military expansion during phase III of Erlitou is said to have brought regions as far away as 500 km under the control of the state (Liu 2004, pp. 232-234).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 330)§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>This variable should be coded for this period.", "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>This variable should be coded for this period.", "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "in kilometers.<br>This variable should be coded for this period.", "description": null }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. Settlements were connected by trails: 'We have thus followed the great Indian trail, Wä-a-gwen[unknown] -ne-yu, through the State, from the Hudson to lake Erie; noticing, as far as ascertained, the principal stopping-places on the route. To convey an adequate impression of the forest scenery, which then overspread the land, is beyond the power of description. This trail was traced through the over-hanging forest for almost its entire length. In the trail itself, there was nothing particularly remarkable. It was usually from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and deeply worn in the ground; varying in this respect from three to six, and even twelve inches, depending upon the firmness of the soil. The large trees on each side were frequently marked with the hatchet. This well-beaten footpath, which no runner, nor band of warriors could mistake, had doubtless been trodden by successive generations from century to century. It had, without question, been handed down from race to race, as the natural line of travel, geographically considered, between the Hudson and lake Erie. While it is scarcely possible to ascertain a more direct route than the one pursued by this trail, the accuracy with which it was traced from point to point, to save distance, is extremely surprising. It proved, on the survey of the country, to have been so judiciously selected that the turnpike was laid out mainly on the line of this trail, from one extremity of the State to the other. In addition to this, all the larger cities and villages west of the Hudson, with one or two exceptions, have been located upon it. As an independent cause, this forest highway of the Iroquois doubtless determined the establishment of a number of settlements, which have since grown up into cities and villages.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 94§REF§ 'The principal villages of the Iroquois, in the days of aboriginal dominion, were connected by well-beaten trails. These villages were so situated that the central trail, which started from the Hudson at the site of Albany, passed through those of the Mohawks and Oneidas; and, crossing the Onondaga valley and the Cayuga country, a few miles north of the chief settlements of these nations, it passed through the most prominent villages of the Senecas, in its route to the valley of the Genesee. After crossing this celebrated valley, it proceeded westward to lake Erie, coming out upon it at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the present site of Buffalo.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 80§REF§ The largest communication distance would be indicated by the distance between Onondaga and the westernmost and easternmost nations' tribal settlements: 'The term “longhouse” was at one time symbolically applied to the League, and its members spoke of themselves as the “Hodinonhsióni ónon,” “the people of the longhouse.” The symbolic longhouse was represented as extending from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It sheltered within its walls the five tribes who kept the five fires of the longhouse. At the ends of the house stood the doorkeepers, the Mohawk at the east and the Seneca at the west. In between these were the Oneida who kept the second fire and the Cayuga who kept the fourth fire. They were regarded as the younger brothers whose duty it was to care for the captives. In the center were the Onondaga who kept the ever-burning central fire and presided over the council of the league, and whose principal village (Onondaga, later Onondaga Castle) was the capital of the confederacy. At one time Onondaga was one of the most important and widely known towns in North America north of Mexico.' §REF§Lyford, Carrie A. 1945. “Iroquois Crafts”, 10a§REF§ Reliable data on this still have to be located." }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. Settlements were connected by trails: 'We have thus followed the great Indian trail, Wä-a-gwen[unknown] -ne-yu, through the State, from the Hudson to lake Erie; noticing, as far as ascertained, the principal stopping-places on the route. To convey an adequate impression of the forest scenery, which then overspread the land, is beyond the power of description. This trail was traced through the over-hanging forest for almost its entire length. In the trail itself, there was nothing particularly remarkable. It was usually from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and deeply worn in the ground; varying in this respect from three to six, and even twelve inches, depending upon the firmness of the soil. The large trees on each side were frequently marked with the hatchet. This well-beaten footpath, which no runner, nor band of warriors could mistake, had doubtless been trodden by successive generations from century to century. It had, without question, been handed down from race to race, as the natural line of travel, geographically considered, between the Hudson and lake Erie. While it is scarcely possible to ascertain a more direct route than the one pursued by this trail, the accuracy with which it was traced from point to point, to save distance, is extremely surprising. It proved, on the survey of the country, to have been so judiciously selected that the turnpike was laid out mainly on the line of this trail, from one extremity of the State to the other. In addition to this, all the larger cities and villages west of the Hudson, with one or two exceptions, have been located upon it. As an independent cause, this forest highway of the Iroquois doubtless determined the establishment of a number of settlements, which have since grown up into cities and villages.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 94§REF§ 'The principal villages of the Iroquois, in the days of aboriginal dominion, were connected by well-beaten trails. These villages were so situated that the central trail, which started from the Hudson at the site of Albany, passed through those of the Mohawks and Oneidas; and, crossing the Onondaga valley and the Cayuga country, a few miles north of the chief settlements of these nations, it passed through the most prominent villages of the Senecas, in its route to the valley of the Genesee. After crossing this celebrated valley, it proceeded westward to lake Erie, coming out upon it at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the present site of Buffalo.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 80§REF§ The largest communication distance would be indicated by the distance between Onondaga and the westernmost and easternmost nations' tribal settlements: 'The term “longhouse” was at one time symbolically applied to the League, and its members spoke of themselves as the “Hodinonhsióni ónon,” “the people of the longhouse.” The symbolic longhouse was represented as extending from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It sheltered within its walls the five tribes who kept the five fires of the longhouse. At the ends of the house stood the doorkeepers, the Mohawk at the east and the Seneca at the west. In between these were the Oneida who kept the second fire and the Cayuga who kept the fourth fire. They were regarded as the younger brothers whose duty it was to care for the captives. In the center were the Onondaga who kept the ever-burning central fire and presided over the council of the league, and whose principal village (Onondaga, later Onondaga Castle) was the capital of the confederacy. At one time Onondaga was one of the most important and widely known towns in North America north of Mexico.' §REF§Lyford, Carrie A. 1945. “Iroquois Crafts”, 10a§REF§ The break-up of the Confederacy as a continous territory and the fragmentation of the population into reservations makes the determination of a reasonable code more difficult." }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": "This does not apply, since there was presumably no capital (inferred <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B7ZLLKKX\">[Kirch 2010]</a> ) [Distance in kilometers between the capital and the furthest provincial capital. Use the figure for the most direct land and/or sea route that was available.]", "description": null }, { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Largest_communication_distance", "largest_communication_distance_from": null, "largest_communication_distance_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "in kilometers. The Hmong inhabited several Chinese provinces: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\" [The following figures refer to the present; comment by RA:] About half of China’s Miao are located in Guizhou Province. Another 34 percent are evenly divided between Yunnan Province and western Hunan Province. The remainder are mainly found in Sichuan and Guangxi, with a small number in Guangdong and Hainan. Some of the latter may have been resettled there during the Qing dynasty. The wide dispersion makes it difficult to generalize about ecological settings. Miao settlements are found anywhere from a few hundred meters above sea level to elevations of 1,400 meters or more. The largest number are uplands people, often living at elevations over 1,200 meters and located at some distance from urban centers or the lowlands and river valleys where the Han are concentrated. Often, these upland villages and hamlets are interspersed with those of other minorities such as Yao, Dong, Zhuang, Yi, Hui, and Bouyei.' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'The Ch'uan Miao are an ethnic group living on the borders of Szechwan, Kweichow, and Yunnan Provinces, western China. The country is very mountainous with numerous peaks rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. There are many streams, forests, waterfalls, perpendicular or overhanging cliffs, natural caves and natural bridges, and deepholes or pits where the water disappears into the bowels of the earth. While the roads between the Chinese towns and villages are generally paved with stones, most of the roads are narrow footpaths up and down the steep mountainsides or through fields and forests.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 1§REF§ Some authors claim periodic decreases in populaton size for the rural Hmong population and report inconsistencies in the self-reporting of settled territory: 'The area of the Sheng Miao, according to their exaggerated account, extends to 9,000 li, but actually the area is about 200 /sq./ li in length and width. It is a mountainous area, the highest peak at Teng-k'ung-ming-t'ang being 2,000 meters, and the total population about 10,000. The writer has visited altogether 101 Sheng Miao villages of all sizes, the largest being Chia-lu, Chia-mien, Chia-ya, Chia-lung, Chia-wêng, Cheng-yu, Tang-wêng and Chüeh-ts'ai-p'ing, with about 100 families in each. Even today they do not have a single market fair within the area and this shows how circumscribed is the sphere of their economic activity. Their only means of livelihood is agriculture. Almost all the fields are terraced according to natural topography, rising from the bottom of the slope to the top in several hundred layers. The shape of the field is long and narrow, producing rice, wheat, corn and barley. [...] Being in direct contact with them, the writer could watch at close quarters their extremely miserable conditions, which are pitiable indeed. Because of their ignorance they do not know how to save or to improve the method of production. In case of famine they cannot escape starvation, which is the most important reason for the decrease in their population.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 73§REF§ The unequal distribution of infrastructure and the nature of the topography may have had decelerating effects on the speed of communication: 'The Ch'uan Miao are an ethnic group living on the borders of Szechwan, Kweichow, and Yunnan Provinces, western China. The country is very mountainous with numerous peaks rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. There are many streams, forests, waterfalls, perpendicular or overhanging cliffs, natural caves and natural bridges, and deepholes or pits where the water disappears into the bowels of the earth. While the roads between the Chinese towns and villages are generally paved with stones, most of the roads are narrow footpaths up and down the steep mountainsides or through fields and forests.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 1§REF§" } ] }
