Judge List
A viewset for viewing and editing Judges.
GET /api/sc/judges/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 472, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/judges/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Askia Muhammed Toure (r.1493-1529 CE) \"appointed the first qadi of Jenne and extended Islamic judicial administration to other towns by establishing courts and appointing judges.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Legal traditions came from the Mons. ... The legacy of Sukhothai was in the realm of language, script, and religion that became an essential part of Thai culture.\"§REF§(Mishra 2010, 37) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§<br>\"In general, during the Sukhothai period Buddhism developed and played a role in the determination of moral conduct while coexisting with animistic beliefs as a single distinctive belief system.\"§REF§(Boonsue 1989, 22) Kornvipa Boonsue. 1989. Buddhism and gender bias: an analysis of a Jataka tale. York University.§REF§" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Appointed by the Imam these were treasurers, judges, police and those who cared for the poor.\"§REF§Savage, E., 1990, Early medieval Ifriqiya, a reassessment of the Ibadiyya, pg.129§REF§§REF§al-Shammakhl, Kitab al-sivar. 166, 203.§REF§§REF§Bekri, C. \"Le Kharijism berbere,\" AIEO 15 (1957):70-2.§REF§§REF§Zerouki, B. \"La diffusion du Harigisme,\" (Th&se, University of Paris, 1975),178 ff.§REF§<br>\"The designation of the qadi, with his responsibility for the administration of justice, was a matter of great consequence. He was a personage capable of opposing the imam and punishing the powerful.\"§REF§(Julien and Tourneau 1970, 30) Charles André Julien. Roger Le Tourneau. 1970. Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger.§REF§" }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "present", "comment": "Qadis?", "description": null }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "unknown", "comment": "Qadis but need to check whether being a judge was their specialist occupation or whether they also were preachers/teachers.", "description": null }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "unknown", "comment": "Qadis, presumably. May have had other duties as legal scholars so do not know if they were specialist judges.", "description": null }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "absent", "comment": "Legal cases in Norman England were presided over by sheriffs, barons, or bishops, who combined judicial responsibilities with other administrative, military, or ecclesiastical duties. They were not full-time specialists dedicated exclusively to judging cases. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "absent", "comment": "Legal proceedings in East Francia were primarily conducted by local lords, counts, or dukes, who acted as both administrators and judges <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": 1864, "year_to": 1922, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "present", "comment": "The Nizamiye Courts were first established in 1864 as a part of the Tanzimat efforts meant to westernize and modernize the Ottoman Empire. During this time period the Khedivial Law School was founded for the sake of training lawyers for the Nizamiye Courts. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6ZQKT6N\">[Rubin 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. No known legal documents.", "description": null }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. There is no evidence for a formal legal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "No textual evidence before the Spanish conquest.", "description": null }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Coded present for New Kingdom of Hatti and inferred present for Neo-Hittites. However, the Phyrgians were not Neo-Hittites.", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. I have yet to find definitive evidence in this period but as judges were present in the proceeding and succeeding periods it is likely they were present in the Muromachi period. there is a reference under administrative levels to military governors who judged cases. they would be non-specialists.", "description": null }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7MTFU42T\">[Litvinsky_et_al 1996, p. 144]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Judge", "judge": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. written legal documents available from the ninth century. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NYLVY968\">[Christie 1991, p. 25]</a> -- who wrote these documents? specialist judges and/or lawyers?", "description": null } ] }