History List
A viewset for viewing and editing Histories.
GET /api/sc/histories/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 489, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/histories/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development\" of culture and art in Nubia.§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§ At the least imported Greek texts." }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Malay Annals are the only available account of the history of the Malay sultanate, based at Melaka, in the 15th and early 16th centuries, when it was an important trading port between Europe and China.\"§REF§(UNESCO 2012, 219) UNESCO. 2012. Memory of the World. UNESCO.§REF§ \"The Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu) is the earliest extant written history of Malaya for it is believed that the first version was composed only some twenty years after the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese when memories of former reigns were still fresh. The Annals is a most vivid and readable account of the greatness of Malacca. In addition we also have as sources the works of sixteenth-century Portuguese historians and some passing references in Chinese archives.\"§REF§(Gullick 1963, 22) J M Gullick. 1963. Malaya. Ernest Benn.§REF§ \"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts. Yet the indigenous historical tradition that we can now access consists largely of inscribed stelae that record dedications and elite donations to local shrines and ritual monuments.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ \"Ruling for over 40 years as a completely loyal client king, Juba did to some degree in Mauretania what Masinissa had done in Numidia. He was a man of largely peaceful interests, fully hellenized in culture, and the author of many books (now lost) written in Greek. There is no doubt that his capital Iol, renamed Caesarea (Oherchell), and probably also an alternative capital, Volubilis, became fully urbanized in his reign.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "First Novgorod Chronicle.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King Juba II (born c50 BCE )\"was a prolific writer, writing in Greek on a variety of topics, including history, geography, grammar, and the theater.\"§REF§(Ilahiane 2017, 118) Hsain Ilahiane. 2017. Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham.§REF§ \"We possess an account of the origins of the kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania given by a Numidian king of the first century BC, Hiempsal II, in a historical work written in Punic (Phoenician), though unfortunately it survices only in an abbreviated quotation by a Roman writer.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 177) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Imamate supported historiography: 'Although principally concerned with the administration of schools, Imam Yahya's Maʿarif administration also provided the umbrella for small-scale but significant early departures in state-initiated publishing, library reform, and officially sponsored history writing. The printing equipment in question had been left behind by the departing Turks, and the early imamic usage of it was partly inspired by that of the previous Ottoman administration. Like his school program, the imam's new library was an imaginative hybrid, a recasting of old institutional ideas in newly elaborated forms. The history-writing project, although new to Yemen, bore some resemblance to a far better known scholarly enterprise of the new Turkish Republic.1 These collateral maʿarif efforts were further assertions of a tentative yet determined attitude toward developing the state's identity and extending its authority by means of new textual technologies.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 115§REF§ It is assumed here that historiography was produced during the Ottoman period as well." }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 301, "name": "uz_shaybanid_k", "long_name": "Shaybanid Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1598 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Historical literature under Shaybanids and/or Astrakhanids.§REF§(Everett Jenkins 2000, 29) Everett Jenkins, Jr. 2000. The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland.§REF§" }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": "Songhai historian Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi (d.1594 CE) wrote Tarikh al-Sudan (History of Sudan). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 69]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (1276-1317): \"the most outstanding achievement was the invention of the Thai writing script, which is the basis of the modern Thai written language.\"§REF§(Dhiravegin 1985, 352) Likhit Dhiravegin. 1985. Thai Politics: Selected Aspects of Developments and Change. Tri-Sciences Publishing House.§REF§ Chronicles? Vickery quotes Wyatt who refers to 'The early chronicles of Tai groups'.§REF§(Vickery 2003, 6) Michael Vickery. Two Historical Records of the Kingdom of Vientiane. Christopher E Goscha and Soren Ivarsson. eds. 2003. Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press. Copenhagen.§REF§" }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Ibn as-Saghir, the chronicler of Tahert, wrote at the beginning of the tenth century that a notable of the city, Muhammad ibn 'Arfa, stayed for a period at the court of a king of the Sudan ...\"§REF§(Insoll 2003, 214) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As far back as the 6th century BCE individuals within the Scythian urban agricultural population along the shores of the Black Sea who had mixed with the Greeks became literate and contributed works of literature within the Greek language. \"Anacharsis the Scythian had a Greek mother and spoke and wrote in Greek.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 75) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ At this time the Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ It is not difficult to imagine that Scythian-Greeks and Greeks within the Scythian Kingdom at this time wrote historical works." }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "As far back as the 6th century BCE individuals within the Scythian urban agricultural population along the shores of the Black Sea who had mixed with the Greeks became literate and contributed works of literature within the Greek language. \"Anacharsis the Scythian had a Greek mother and spoke and wrote in Greek.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 75) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ At this time the Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ It is not difficult to imagine that Scythian-Greeks and Greeks within the Scythian Kingdom at this time wrote historical works." }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Khaldun lived in Tlemcen during the reign of Abu Hammu Musa II (1359-1389 CE).§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During the preceding polity: \"The historians Ibn Khaldun and Leo Africanus, and the travelling chronicler Ibn Battuta, all studied in Fes under Merenid patronage.\"§REF§(Ellingham et al 2010, 570) Mark Ellingham. Daniel Jacobs. Hamish Brown. Shaun McVeigh. 2010. The Rough Guide to Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.§REF§ In Wattasid times, Ibn Ghazi (c. 1437-1513 CE) wrote \"a brief monograph on the city of Meknes, which contains interesting historical, geographical, and ethnographical details as well as biographical notices for the former great scholars of Meknes.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 243) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Xixia was prosperous ... and rich in culture and education.\"§REF§(? 2006, 178) ? 2006. China Tibetology. Issues 6-11. Office for the Journal China Tibetology.§REF§ Xixia rulers \"relied heavily on Chinese advisers and sponsored Confucian scholars\".§REF§(? 2010, 91) ?. The Imperial Age. Tim Cooke. ed. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas Of China. Marshall Cavendish. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": "Hemadri's Chaturvarga Chintamani contains a lengthy account of the history of the Seuna dynasty <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 151]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: \r\nOriginally a product of Anglo-Saxon England, the chronicle was continued under Norman rule. It documents key events, including William the Conqueror’s conquest and subsequent rule. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CARQXD6G\">[Ingram_Giles 1996]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": "Annals of Fulda – Historical records of East Francia from the mid-9th century onward. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQIHZGPT\">[Reuter 2012]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": "Cevdet Pasha’s Tarih-i Cevdet: A multi-volume history blending Islamic and Western approaches, commissioned during the Tanzimat era.<br>\r\nŞânîzâde Mehmed Ataullah Efendi’s Tarih-i Şanizade: Chronicles covering late 18th and early 19th-century events <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4PIUWZWW\">[Faroqhi_Faroqhi 2013]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 481, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "At least in terms of being visited and written about, see the work of Appollodorus,Parthika <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F9NVBQT3\">[Clauss_Cuypers 2010, p. 461]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 482, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "\"the former nomadic invaders came into possession of vast territories inhabited by settled agricultural peoples with a culture and traditions dating back many centuries, just as had been the case with the Tokharians ... who created the Kushan Empire. It seems likely that the administrative and government structure created by the Kushans was left largely intact under the Kidarites.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M2SDP5ZM\">[Zeimal_Litvinsky_Iskender-Mochiri 1996, pp. 123-137]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 485, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Polybius and Strabo were the main (Roman) historians of the time, and although they did not often discuss Cappadocia directly, they to refer to the region in relation to the expansion of the Roman Empire and the politics of the neighbouring polities. Polybius, c. 200-after 118 (?) BCE: “Although Polybius wrote various historical works (Tactics, a history of the Numantine War in Spain, a geographical work on equatorial regions, and an encomium of Philopoemen - all lost), he is justly famous for his Histories. The work focused on the period 220-168 when Rome established her control over most of the inhabited world, which Polybius saw as a unique event, but it also covered the years 264-220 and 186-146. Parts of the 40 books exist in their entirety, parts in excerpts.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IIITN2MN\">[Bowder 1982, pp. 71-172]</a> Strabo, born in 64 BCE, \"... wrote Historical Memoranda in 47 books, from the end of Polybius to (?) the fall of Alexandria to Octavian, and notably 17 books (which survive) of geography-in which he includes much history, legend, antiquities, and ethnography- with explicit awareness of their potential utility to public men. The Geography invaluably preserves much information about the work of the earlier Greek geographers, especially the great Alexandrian scholar Eratosthenes.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IIITN2MN\">[Bowder 1982, p. 96]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 486, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown but possible. \"Not only did political chiefdoms, hierarchical settlements, and high shamanism begin in this period, but it may have witnessed the invention of true writing as well; many inscribed but yet to be deciphered pottery pieces have come to light (Fig. I.IO).\" §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 487, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 488, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Had all sorts of other literatue.", "description": null }, { "id": 489, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 490, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "uncoded", "comment": "Intellectual culture and Greek cultural inheritance might make this a possibility.", "description": null } ] }