History List
A viewset for viewing and editing Histories.
GET /api/sc/histories/?format=api
{ "count": 489, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/histories/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Tarkikh-i Ahmad Shahi, a historical work. §REF§Spooner, Brian, and William L. Hanaway, eds. Literacy in the Persianate World:Writing and the Social Order. Univ of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. p. 244§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literary and artistic activities under the Ghurids likewise followed on from those of the Ghaznavids. The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan\"§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At least in terms of being visited and written about, see the work of Appollodorus, <i>Parthika</i>, as well as some description in Polybius. §REF§Clauss, James J., and Martine Cuypers, eds. A companion to Hellenistic literature. Vol. 50. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. p. 461§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Khwaday-namag, Yazdgird III. History of creation to Khosrau II from a Zoroastrian perspective.§REF§Iskender-Mochiri, I ed. (1996) History of Civilization of Central Asia: Volume III. Paris, UNESCO Publishing p. 87 <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present or inferred present for Greco-Bactrians in 200 BCE" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Historian and astronomer Liu Xin, Just prior to period (c50 BC - 23 CE) he is representative of intellectual life. Curator of the imperial library, he established a library classification system, and calculated pi(π) to 4 decimal places. §REF§(wikipedia)§REF§ Female historian Ban Zhao. Completed the Hanshu after Ban Ghu executed, and wrote \"Lessons for Women.\" §REF§(Keay 2009, 178)§REF§ Pan Ku §REF§(Peers 1995, 5)§REF§ (d.86 BCE) / Ban Gu (d.92 CE)" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the Western Jin, at least before 300, was a period of remarkable intellectual, scholarly, and literary activity.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Shu Xi (263-302 CE) \"Bamboo Annals, Account of the Travels of Emperor Mu of Zhou.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Huangfu Mi (215-282 CE) \"Lives of High-Minded Gentlemen\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ and \"Records of Emperors and Kings\"." }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"normally it is only after writing comes to be used for display that archaeology begins to find traces of it.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"normally it is only after writing comes to be used for display that archaeology begins to find traces of it. Because administrative documents were almost certainly written on perishable materials like bamboo and papyrus, we will probably never find them.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The A-Hmao language was first written by the Pollard script in apprx. 1905.§REF§Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3095-4.§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that immediately preceding polities wrote abbreviated histories on vessels: \"The Shi Qiang pan (Figure 23) is one of the most important Western Zhou bronze vessels due to its 270 character long inscription. In two columns, it provides an outline of the first seven Western Zhou kings with a similar account of four generations from the Wei family [65].\"§REF§(Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf</a>§REF§ However, Spring and Autumn polities wrote on perishable materials such as silk§REF§(Cook and Major 1999, viii) Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. eds. 1999. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§, which means that texts are less likely to be preserved" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. The <i>Mingshi.</i> An initial draft of the manuscript to become the standard history of the Ming was compiled by several authors after the establishment of the Ming History Bureau. The official History of the Ming was completed during the Qianlong reign. §REF§(Gu, 2019, p.358)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Li T’ao (1115-1184 CE) Hsu zu-chih t'ung-chien ch'ang-pien (Long draft continuation of the comprehensive mirror that aids administration) published 1183 CE: \"originally a draft chronological history of the Northern Sung from 960 through 1127.\" §REF§(Hartman 2015, 25)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Wei Shu (506-572 CE) wrote \"Book of Wei\" in the 550s CE. The genre also existed earlier in Chinese history." }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Qingshi (History of the Qing Dynasty) §REF§(Zhang 2015, p.380)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. official history produced by the Bureau of National History. According to Smith, \"History was more than just a narrative of the past, then; it was also a guide to proper conduct for the present and the future.\" §REF§(Smith 2015, 215)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk.§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Despite the fact in 593 CE \"The writing of National Histories (guoshi ... ) by private individuals was banned.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, cvi)§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"...establishment of the History Office which was first set up for the purpose of writing the history of the five preceding dynasties and for the preparation and collection of materials for the elaboration of T'ang history as well.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 138)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"...establishment of the History Office which was first set up for the purpose of writing the history of the five preceding dynasties and for the preparation and collection of materials for the elaboration of T'ang history as well.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 138)§REF§ \"Another form of historical writing which developed in the T'ang period was that of institutional political history. This was represented by the works of Tu Yu (735-812), especially his famous T'ung-tien (\"Comprehensive Statutes\"), an encyclopaedic compendium of 200 chapters. In this work Tu Yu broke away from the chronological pattern of Standard Histories and, desirous of studying a number of problems in their historical development, he arranged his data according to subject-matter. Thus he deals with: (1) political economy, (2) examinations, (3) officials, (4) rites, (5) music, (6) army, (7) law, (8) geography of the empire and (9) geography of frontier regions. Tu Yu's work became a model for many future encyclopaedias of a smiliar nature.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 139)§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Zhou dynasty had the Zuo Zhuan which was a late 4th BCE history of the Spring and Autumn period." }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sima Qian d.85 BCE. \"Shiji.\" Historian. Comprehensive history of China. Father held post of \"Grand Recorder \" at court. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 50)§REF§ Ssu-ma Ch'ien §REF§(Peers 1995, 5)§REF§ (d.86 BCE)." }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from abbreviated histories found on vessels: \"The Shi Qiang pan (Figure 23) is one of the most important Western Zhou bronze vessels due to its 270 character long inscription. In two columns, it provides an outline of the first seven Western Zhou kings with a similar account of four generations from the Wei family [65].\"§REF§(Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Writing may have been invented in the Longshan §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§, no evidence for earlier writing in earlier times." }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In addition to the many directorates that oversaw the material well-being of the imperial household, the emperor's ritual and intellectual activities were served by the Han-lin and National History Academy (Han-lin chien kuo-shih yuan) and the Mongolian Han-lin Academy (Meng-ku Han-lin yuan), among others. The joining together of the Han-lin Academy and the National History Office into one joint academy was an institutional innovation undertaken by Khubilai in 1261 on the advice of the senior Han-lin academician Wang O. This apparently stemmed from Wang's attempt to convince Khubilai of the need to begin compiling standard histories of the Liao and Chin as well as the records of the pre-Khubilai Mongolian rulers. In 1264, with the removal of the capital to Ta-tu (modern Peking), the Han-lin and National History Academy was formally established, and the foundations for the composition of the Liao and Chin dynastic histories were laid.\" §REF§(Endicott-West, E. 1994. “The Yüan government and society” in Denis C. Twitchett and Herbert Franke, eds. The Cambridge History of China Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 605)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Universal historians: the Copt al-Makin (d. 1273 CE); al-Rahib (fl. 1270 CE). §REF§(Oliver 1977, 38)§REF§ Historiography, e.g. of Saladin by Imad al-Din al-Isfahani (1125-1201 CE). §REF§(Oliver 1977, 38)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"early writing preserves specialized information that is of a very cursory nature at this point in cultural development.\" §REF§(Bard 2000, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Only one surviving document - an Aramaic papyrus at the Brooklyn museum - gives any indication that the transferral of power was accompanied by violence anywhere in the country. The text describes an open battle between the founder of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty and his predecessor: Nepherites is supposed to have taken Amyrtaeus prisoner and then to have executed him at Memphis before establishing his native city as the new capital. [Mendes]\" §REF§(Grimal 1994, 372)§REF§ \"On the contrary, the assertion of continuity with older tradition is combined with the exercise of considerable invention and originality both in materials and iconography, producing some of the most remarkable sculpture in the entire pharaonic corpus. For other spheres of cultural activity there is sometimes an unnerving lacuna in extant material—there are, for example, no literary texts securely dated to this period. For all that, close analysis of such evidence as we do possess confirms that Egyptian society and civilization as a whole were characterized by the same traits as the visual arts. We routinely encounter features with which the student of earlier periods will be completely familiar.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 383)§REF§ \"Agut-Labordere also suggests that hints of similar measures by Teos' predecessor, Nectanebo I, are visible in Chapter 10 of the Demotic Chronicle.\"§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 25)§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abul Fida (1273-1332 CE) §REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§." }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442 CE), historian of Cairo§REF§(Raymond 2000, 117)§REF§. Historical topography Cairo and Egypt, work on plagues, coins, Islam in Ethiopia. Ibn Iyas (1448-1525 CE): chronicler with some very detailed work. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 CE) last 20 years in Egypt.§REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§ Al Suyuti (1445-1505 CE) universal historian, author of over 500 books. §REF§(Oliver 1977, 67)§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442 CE), historian of Cairo§REF§(Raymond 2000, 117)§REF§. Abul Fida (1273-1332 CE) §REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§." }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. AD: coded as inferred absent for continuity purposes with previous and following polity. \"by Dynasty 0, writing was used by scribes and artisans of the Egyptian state.\" §REF§(Bard 2000, 74)§REF§ previous code: inferred present" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Annals, inscribed in the forty-second year\" of the reign of Thutmose III.§REF§(Bryan 2000, 236)§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Autobiographical\" texts in 5th Dynasty tombs. §REF§(Malek 2000, 101)§REF§ Annals. §REF§(Malek 2000, 101)§REF§" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Annals. §REF§(Malek 2000, 101)§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Egypt was within the Greek cultural sphere which had historians at least since Herodotus and Thucydides in 5th century BCE." }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Egypt was within the Greek cultural sphere which had historians at least since Herodotus and Thucydides in 5th century BCE." }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ankhtifi's inscription. Not strictly a \"document\", yet a noteworthy autobiographical text on pillars of rock tomb near el-Mo'alla, a little south of Thebes. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003, 118, 122)§REF§ Also, historical texts were produced in the Old Kingdom." }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "History", "history": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In temples." } ] }