Geometrical Measurement System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Geometrical Measurement Systems.
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{ "count": 88, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/geometrical-measurement-systems/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that any evidence has been found for units of measurement besides the yaguen for length. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Numidia was \"something of a centre of Punic literary culture.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ King Micipsa encouraged \"learned Greeks to come to settle at Cirta.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Information on Yemeni measurement systems is still needed. Given the long tradition of permanent agriculture and Islamic scholarship in the area, all specified variables are assumed present.", "description": null }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Mosque construction can be a good proxy for geometrical knowledge but currently no data on mosque construction for this polity.", "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators who had access to the Greek culture measurement system to use if they did not already possess their own.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Well-developed bureaucracy.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Like the Marinids, the Wattasids also encouraged education and culture.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 489) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King Lalibela is said to be responsible for the \"vast complex of rock-cut churches\".§REF§(Munro-Hay 2002, 23) Stuart Munro-Hay. 2002. Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I B Tauris. London.§REF§ How would this be possible without a measurement system? \"The Zagwe rulers gave continuity to Aksumite state structure, Christianity, and the use of the Geez language.\"§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 9) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Centralized government bureaucracy with a wazir§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§ while the court and the coastal city of Mahdia became \"one of the great cultural centers of medieval North Africa.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ For example, \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§ \"the Sunni Zirids cultivated the Maliki religious leadership and lavished attention on traditionally Sunni mosques.\"§REF§(Perkins 2016, 275) Kenneth J Perkins. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Tunisia. Third Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham. Seshat URL: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SWB4JINE\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SWB4JINE</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "There is no documented evidence of geometrical measurement systems in Norman England during this period, such as the use of degrees or other systematic geometrical units. Land surveying and building construction relied on linear measurements (e.g., feet, yards, rods) rather than geometrical calculations involving angles or degrees. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HBVV8PDK\">[Clanchy 1993]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Ishaq Efendi used European sources such as Étienne Bézout’s books while preparing this compendium. This work is accepted as the introduction of modern sciences (such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mineralogy, botanic, and zoology) cumulatively to the Ottoman literature. It is also important by including the first Turkish article printed on modern chemistry as well as the analytical geometry <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5UXJHNG7\">[Seyhan 2019]</a> Figure 16. An example of measuring the distance between trees RD on the mountain TF from Ishaq Efendi, Vol. 2, picture 53, belongs to p. 76.\r\n\r\nQuadrant board (rubu tahtası) was of course much more popular than astrolabe since it was a less complicated device. Astrolabes were solely used by scholars while quadrants were used also by common people as a clock. Mostly common quadrants consisted of two faces: rubû’el-müceyyeb or rubû’el-düstûr (sine quadrant) and rubû’el-mukantara (astrolabe-quadrant). Assume that an observer stands on the south pole and there exists a tangent plane on the north pole. The 1/4 of the conical projection of the sky to that mentioned plane is called rubû’el-mukantara. It was used for astronomical calculations such as calculating the Sun’s longitude. The other side namely rubû’el-müceyyeb (sine quadrant) was used for trigonometric calculations. It has two perpendicular scales inserted to the radii of the quadrant. One of these scales is sine line and the other is cosine line, each of these lines degreed till 60˚. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5UXJHNG7\">[Seyhan 2019]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Inferred present from architecture?", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Any evidence for geometrical knowledge in layout of monumental buildings?", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Any evidence for geometrical knowledge in layout of monumental buildings?", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "likely", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "likely", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 288, "name": "mn_khitan_1", "long_name": "Khitan I", "start_year": 907, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Do monuments, bronze vessels require geometrical knowledge?", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Evidence for consistent measurements other than the yaguen length has not been found. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Units of measurement (the yaguen) have been inferred from the construction of monuments in the later periods, but sources do not suggest there is evidence for measurement systems during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "probably unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "unknown. The first university (Daigaku-ryō) was founded at the end of the 7th century CE§REF§Brown, Delmer M. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press.p.212-213.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. inferred present", "description": null } ] }