Geometrical Measurement System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Geometrical Measurement Systems.
GET /api/sc/geometrical-measurement-systems/?format=api
{ "count": 88, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/geometrical-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 632, "name": "nl_dutch_emp_1", "long_name": "Dutch Empire", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1795 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "NO_DESCRIPTION" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 569, "name": "mx_mexico_1", "long_name": "Early United Mexican States", "start_year": 1810, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The newly built town of Conwy in Wales had tenements laid out in perfect geometric order. §REF§(Prestwich 2005: 468) Prestwich, Michael. 2005. Plantagenet England 1225-1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTBKFDCI§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Geometry was taught at university level mathematics. §REF§Volo and Volo 2004: 89. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SIB5XSW97.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 576, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_3", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1140 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “The Chacoan people created an urban center of spectacular public architecture by employing formal design, astronomical alignments, geometry, unique masonry, landscaping, and engineering techniques that allowed multi-storied construction for the first time in the American Southwest.”§REF§(“Chaco Culture”) “Chaco Culture” NPS Museum Collections, accessed May 8, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/chcu/index1.html. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMRVDA5I§REF§ “Many Chacoan petroglyphs are geometric designs such as spirals, mazes, and hatching. There are some depictions of stick figures or stylized humans, flute players, hands, sandals, mountain sheep, birds, and insects. One of the most famous petroglyphs in Chaco Canyon is the Sun Dagger. It consists of two spirals that mark the annual solstices and equinoxes. More recent historic-era pictographs and petroglyphs depict scenes of dancers, men on horseback, and Navajo deities.”§REF§(“Chaco Culture - Communication”) “Chaco Culture” NPS Museum Collections, accessed May 8, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/chcu/index6.html. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMRVDA5I§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Geometry was taught at university level mathematics. §REF§Volo and Volo 2004: 89. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SIB5XSW97.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the seventeenth century gardens were increasingly laid out in geometric and symmetrical designs. In the early eighteenth century symmetrical buildings, houses and gardens were the most fashionable.§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 374, 376) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the seventeenth century gardens were increasingly laid out in geometric and symmetrical designs. In the eighteenth-century symmetrical buildings, houses and gardens was the most fashionable architectural style. §REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 374, 376) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chicester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1871, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " With the Islamisation of the Golden Horde came the geometrical buildings of mosques. Geometrical patterns on items such as belt buckles, drinking cups, decorative bowls, and wall decorations were also used.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 434, 476, 497. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The sources consulted have not confirmed this however it is likely geometry used as this was a feature of Muslim architecture." }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Measurement systems have not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the seventeenth century gardens were increasingly laid out in geometric and symmetrical designs. In the eighteenth-century symmetrical buildings, houses and gardens was the most fashionable architectural style. This continued into the nineteenth century. §REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 374, 376) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Islamic mosque architecture emphasised the use of geometry both in internal design and in it’s outer features such as domed roofs and arches. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Islamic mosque architecture emphasised the use of geometry both in internal design and in it’s outer features such as domed roofs and arches. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Islamic mosque architecture emphasised the use of geometry both in internal design and in it’s outer features such as domed roofs and arches. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Inferred present from architecture?", "description": null }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The fifteenth century saw the beginning of the development of mathematics in Portugal. The first work on astronomy published in Portugal, Almanach Perpetuum (1496) by Abraão Zacuto (1450-1510), King D. João II’s astronomer and cosmographer, as well as the migration of young Portuguese men to foreign universities, reveal the growing importance of mathematical and geometric education [Henriques 2005: 181-198].\"§REF§Rebelo Paio, A. C. 2009. Geometry, the Measure of the World. <i>Nexus Network Journal</i> 11(1): 63-76 (66).§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The role of the “architect” and of “Italian-inspired civilian and military architecture” became firmly established in Portugal in the sixteenth century [Bueno 2003: ch. 3]. The treatise of António Rodrigues is one of the examples of this, and of the spread of the theories of Vitruvius and Cataneo, which the Portuguese architect copied in order to form his own personal doctrine, in the style of those who copied each other successively in the effort to construct a logical and collective discourse. It was in this way that the Portuguese treatise used certain arguments common to the texts that were used as a model for the training of urban planners. These included the employment of regular methods in the composition of form, or rather, of proportion, symmetry and harmony, achieved by controlling the compositional phases of the “plan”, which was understood to be a pure exercise in geometry.\"§REF§Rebelo Paio, A. C. 2009. Geometry, the Measure of the World. <i>Nexus Network Journal</i> 11(1): 63-76 (72).§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "There appears to have been a level of obscurantism with regards to the use of geometry, “towns were planned, but the planning took a different form from the regular, geometrically based system of much Western planning from medieval times onward” §REF§Perrie 2006: 598§REF§. “certain individuals from the nobility would be prepared to resist such obscurantist pronouncements as curses on those who loved geometry and censure on those who studied Latin” §REF§Dukes 1990: 60§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionary social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to the 18th century as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Architecture.", "description": null }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaerics§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ and, at least initially they maintained a fleet,§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ both which suggest high social complexity. Their supporters included the Abbasid caliphate who formally considered them to be \"heir of the Almoravids in the Maghrib\"§REF§(Abun-Nasr 1987, 100) Jamil M Abun-Nasr. 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. Cambrige.§REF§ and they were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Abbasids had a measurement system." }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Western Zhou mathematician known as Fu Zi Chen applied the coordinate method and the Euclidean distance function in making astronomical observations.\" §REF§(? 1996, 4519) Mathematical Reviews. Volume 96. Volume 1996. American Mathematical Society.§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. Inferred present from architecture?", "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe [1972: 427] specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Idris II organized the first central government.§REF§(Esposito 2003) John L Esposito ed. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Under Idris II the Qarawiyin University was built and Fez became \"an important religious and cultural center\". §REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Mosque building." }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§ Faras Cathedral had archways through its northern Nave." }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§ Faras Cathedral had archways through its northern Nave." }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts. Yet the indigenous historical tradition that we can now access consists largely of inscribed stelae that record dedications and elite donations to local shrines and ritual monuments.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Geometrical_measurement_system", "geometrical_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that any evidence has been found for units of measurement besides the yaguen for length. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null } ] }