General Postal Service List
A viewset for viewing and editing General Postal Services.
GET /api/sc/general-postal-services/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 387, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/general-postal-services/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/general-postal-services/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This refers to a postal service that not only serves the ruler's needs, but carries mail for private citizens." }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Visconti dukes of Milan maintained a courier system and a postal system open to private correspondence, but it doesn't seem that the papacy adopted this system.§REF§Durant, 181§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No general postal service until the Cursus Publicus, established by Augustus during the Principate." }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No general postal service until the Cursus Publicus, established by Augustus during the Principate." }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No general postal service until the Cursus Publicus, established by Augustus during the Principate." }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cursus Publicus, established by Augustus. Carried private and state post. Described by one military historian as \"A series of postal stations connected by wagon and horse relays along the major trunk roads of the Empire\". §REF§(Gabriel 2001, 209)§REF§" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No general postal service until the Cursus Publicus, established by Augustus during the Principate." }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Did the Circus Publicus still carry public post?" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were post stations which were established to provide services to couriers: 'coins were accepted everywhere at inns and post stations'.§REF§Yamamura, Kozo (ed). 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 3. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press [sixth edition].p.384§REF§" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " There was a system of post stations in the middle seventh century.§REF§Brown, D., 1993.The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 2.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 198.§REF§ However, the source does not say whether this system was open to the public." }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 139, "name": "jp_jomon_2", "long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon", "start_year": -9200, "end_year": -5300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 141, "name": "jp_jomon_4", "long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 143, "name": "jp_jomon_6", "long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.328.§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " need to check whether postal station network was used only by government officials" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Administrative and trade communication was widespread, but their is no evidence of private communication channels." }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Administrative and trade communication was widespread, but their is no evidence of private communication channels. 'Though Khmer territory is not considered extremely fertile by global stan- dards, the low population density has almost always allowed for the production of a large rice surplus throughout the country. This abil- ity of all regions to produce their own food and the general uniformity of resources throughout the country led to a situation of minimal trade relations within the kingdom itself. Internal in- frastructure such as roads, bridges, and canals was never attended to, and there was little need for ordinary Khmers from different regions to communicate with one another. Instead all interactions moved up and down the social hi- erarchy. Externally Khmer royalty purchased gold, silk, porcelain, lacquerware, umbrellas, and other luxury goods from China and India, in turn trading beeswax, bird feathers, rhinoc- eros horn, and other tropical forest products.'§REF§(West 397)§REF§" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 42, "name": "kh_angkor_3", "long_name": "Late Angkor", "start_year": 1220, "end_year": 1432 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Administrative and trade communication was widespread, but their is no evidence of private communication channels." }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 43, "name": "kh_khmer_k", "long_name": "Khmer Kingdom", "start_year": 1432, "end_year": 1594 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Administrative and trade communication was widespread, but their is no evidence of private communication channels." }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 39, "name": "kh_chenla", "long_name": "Chenla", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 825 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Though Hendrickson points to the need of using couriers for quick communication as empires expand,§REF§(Hendrickson 2007, 32)§REF§ it doesn't seem that there has been relevant work conducted on this matter in relation to early Funan." }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 37, "name": "kh_funan_1", "long_name": "Funan I", "start_year": 225, "end_year": 540 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " unknown: Though Hendrickson points to the need of using couriers for quick communication as empires expand,§REF§(Hendrickson 2007, p. 32)§REF§ it doesn't seem that there has been relevant work conducted on this matter in relation to early Funan." }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 38, "name": "kh_funan_2", "long_name": "Funan II", "start_year": 540, "end_year": 640 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " unknown: Though Hendrickson points to the need of using couriers for quick communication as empires expand,§REF§(Hendrickson 2007, p. 32)§REF§ it doesn't seem that there has been relevant work conducted on this matter in relation to early Funan." }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 463, "name": "kz_andronovo", "long_name": "Andronovo", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 283, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1", "long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 583, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 288, "name": "mn_khitan_1", "long_name": "Khitan I", "start_year": 907, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The extensive <i>Yam</i> system was used to communicate royal orders and royal envoys across the empire.§REF§David Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford: Blackwell, 2nd ed. 2007), p.90-91.§REF§" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 442, "name": "mn_mongol_early", "long_name": "Early Mongols", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1206 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This refers to a postal service that not only serves the ruler's needs, but carries mail for private citizens." }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"With the collapse of the Mongol Empire by the mid-fourteenth century, the jam [postroad] system also broke down in China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Russia.\"§REF§(Shim 2022, no page number) Shim, H. 2022. The Jam System: The Mongol Institution for Communication and Transportation. In May and Hope (eds) The Mongol World. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K2ZP2CKP/library§REF§" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }